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Joust
A blue, vertical rectangular poster. The poster depicts a man in a dress shirt and slacks in front of a black arcade cabinet with the title "Joust" displayed on the top portion. Above the cabinet, the poster reads "Joust the one game ..." in orange letters.
Arcade flyer
Developer(s)Williams Electronics
Publisher(s)Williams Electronics
Designer(s)John Newcomer
Programmer(s)Bill Pfutzenreuter
Artist(s)Jan Hendricks
Python Anghelo
Composer(s)Tim Murphy
John Kotlarik (sounds)
Platform(s)Arcade(original)
Apple II,Atari 2600,Atari 5200,Atari 7800,Atari 8-bit,Lynx,Atari ST,IBM PC,Macintosh,NES
ReleaseJuly 16, 1982
Genre(s)Action/Platform
Mode(s)Up to 2 players simultaneously

Joustis anarcade gamedeveloped byWilliams Electronicsand released in 1982. While not the first game to feature two-player cooperative play,Joustwas more successful than its predecessors and popularized the concept. The player uses a button and joystick to control aknightriding a flyingostrich.The objective is to progress through levels by defeating groups of enemy knights ridingbuzzards.

John Newcomerled the development team, which included Bill Pfutzenreuter, Janice Woldenberg-Miller (former surname: Hendricks),Python Anghelo,Tim Murphy, and John Kotlarik. Newcomer aimed to create a flying game with cooperative two-player gameplay, but wanted to avoid a space theme, which was popular at the time.

The game was well received in arcades and by critics, who praised the gameplay, the mechanics of which influenced titles by other developers.Joustwas followed by a sequel four years later, and was ported to numerous home and portable platforms.

Gameplay

A horizontal rectangular video game screenshot that is a digital representation of a fictional lava world. A small yellow character on a blue ostrich flies around an area populated with floating brown platforms and red and grey knights green buzzards. At the bottom center is a large brown platform protruding from a pit of red lava. Within the platform is a set of yellow numbers. The player navigates the yellow knight (top center) around the game world to defeat the enemy knights. Scores are kept track in the center portion of the bottom platform

The player controls a yellowknightriding a flyingostrichor stork, from a third-person perspective. Using the two-way directional joystick and the button for flapping the ostrich's wings, the player flies the knight amidst the floating rock platforms and above pools of lava; when maneuvering off the screen to either side, the player will continue its path reappearing from the opposite side. The rate at which the player repeatedly presses the button causes the ostrich to fly upward, hover, or slowly descend.

Players navigate the knight to collide with enemies. If the protagonist's jousting lance is higher than that of the enemy, the villain is defeated and vice versa. A collision of equal height results in the two knights bouncing off each other. A defeated enemy will turn into an egg that falls toward the bottom of the screen, which a player can collect for points. An egg that sits on a platform long enough will hatch into a new knight; if the player does not pick him up, he will gain a new mount and must be defeated again.

The objective is to defeat groups of enemy knights riding buzzards that populate each level, referred to as a "wave". Upon completing a wave, a subsequent, more challenging wave begins. The game features three types of enemy knights—Bounder, Hunter, and Shadow Lord—that are worth different quantities of points. An almost indestructiblepterodactylappears after a predetermined time frame to hunt the heroes (up to three at a time depending on wave number and the time taken to complete a specific wave, since there are also Pterodactyl Waves where they appear first), as an incentive to complete the wave, and it must be lanced exactly in the center of the mouth when open to eliminate it for 1000 points.

There is another indestructible enemy, the Lava Troll, who is usually never seen except for its fire. When the player gets too low near the flames, a floating hand will grasp any knight/steed who approaches the lava pools, and will drag them to a fiery demise unless the knight/steed breaks free by flapping rapidly out of the grasp.

A second player, controlling a blue knight on astork,can join the game. The two players can eithercooperativelycomplete the waves or attack each other while competitively defeating enemies (especially during special Gladiator Waves offering a one-time competitive bonus).[1][2]

Development

Joustwas developed byWilliams Electronics,with John Newcomer as the lead designer. Programmer Bill Pfutzenrueter and artists Janice Woldenberg-Miller andPython Angheloassisted him. Tim Murphy and John Kotlarik handled the audio design.[3]The game features amplifiedmonauralsound andraster graphicson a 19-inch colorCRT monitor.[4]Like other Williams arcade games,Joustwas programmed inassembly language.[5]A pack of threeAA batteriesprovide power to save the game's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet.[6][7]The cabinet artwork, by Anghelo, is stenciled on a wooden frame.[3][6]Anghelo also designed artwork for promotional materials;[3]one suchflyerfeaturedarchaic English,which was also incorporated into the game's onscreen instructions and game-over message.[2]

Conception

Following the success of the 1981 titleDefender,Williams searched for new creative staff.[3][5]Believing video games to be the future of entertainment, Newcomer left his job as a toy designer to work at the company who hired him to create game ideas as support for development staff. After a few days, he generated a list of ideas that included game ideas forThe War of the WorldsandJoust,Newcomer's top two choices. Technical specifications dictated the selection; Newcomer's vision ofThe War of the Worldswas infeasible, butJoustcould be accomplished with Williams' available hardware.[3]A development team was formed, which decided to create the game usingDefender's hardware.[3][8]

Newcomer conceivedJoustas a "flying game" with cooperative two-player gameplay; however, he did not wish to emulate the popular space theme of previous successful flying games likeAsteroidsandDefender.To that end, Newcomer made a list of things that could fly: machines, animals, and fictional characters. After evaluating the positive and negative of each idea, he chose birds, believing that they would have a wide appeal. Newcomer also felt that birds were a good fit as he was familiar with fantasy and science fiction media featuring birds. To further increase his understanding, Newcomer went to the library to study mythology. He felt that the primary protagonist should ride a majestic bird. The first choice was an eagle, but the lack of graceful land mobility dissuaded the designer. Instead, Newcomer chose an ostrich because he thought a flying ostrich was more believable than a running eagle. To differentiate between the first and second player characters, the developers picked a stork, believing the proportions were similar to an ostrich while the color difference would avoid confusion among players. Newcomer chose vultures as the main enemies, believing that they would be recognizably evil. Anghelo created concept art of the characters as guidance for further design.[3]

Creative and technical design

At the timeJoustwas done I was hoping to get a broader audience who may want to try a different skill. There were already plenty of shooting games they could play. I wanted to break some new ground. I felt I was already giving the player new things to do like having to flap, run and become so adept at flying that it would be the determining factor in how you collided and defeated an enemy. The cleanest thing I could think of to visually determine a winner was height.

—John Newcomer on the premise and gameplay ofJoust[3]

The decision to use birds prompted Newcomer to deviate from the then standard eight-direction joystick. He implemented a "flapping" mechanism to allow players to control the character's ascent and descent. With the vertical direction controlled via the arcade cabinet's button, a two-way joystick was added to dictate horizontal direction.[3]Though other Williams employees were concerned over the design, Newcomer believed that a direct control scheme for flight would strengthen the connection between the player and the character. The combat is devised to allow for higher levels of strategy than traditional shooting games.[3][8]Because flying became an integral gameplay element, he chose to have characters collide as a means of combat. Newcomer felt that the characters' heights on the screen were the best way to determine a victor.[3]

The developers created the game using 96K of memory, which limited the file size of individual graphics and sound effects they could use.[3][8]The memory limits also prohibited Newcomer from creating more characters. The graphics werecreated at the pixel leveland hand-animated.[8]To animate the birds, Woldenberg-Miller usedEadweard Muybridge's bookAnimals In Motionas a reference. Given the limited memory, she had to balance the number of frames to minimize file size, while maintaining realistic animation. Woldenberg-Miller originally picked gray for the buzzards, but chose green instead to optimize thecolor paletteas the developers had only 16 colors to create the visuals. Once the colors were decided for the charactersprites,Newcomer finalized the look of the platforms. The hardware had limited audio capabilities, and sounds typically required larger amounts of memory than graphics. Working with these restrictions, Newcomer instructed Murphy and Kotlarik to focus on select sounds he deemed important to reinforcing gameplay. He reasoned that the audio would serve as conspicuous hints that players could use to adjust their strategy. Though Newcomer prioritized the wing flap, other sound effects like those related to the pterodactyl, collisions, and hatching eggs were considered important as well.[3]

In designing the levels, Newcomer added platforms to the environment after the combat was devised. A static game world was chosen over a scrolling world to showcasevisual texturesapplied to the platforms. The hardware could not easily display the textures while scrolling, and the team felt that displaying the whole environment would aid players. The last game world element was a lava pit and a hand reaching out of it to destroy characters too close to the bottom. Newcomer placed the platforms to optimize Pfutzenrueter's enemyartificial intelligence(AI), which factors attack patterns based partly on platform placements. The knight enemies were designed to exhibit progressively more aggressive behavior. Bounders fly around the environment randomly, occasionally reacting to the protagonist. Hunters seek the player's character in an effort to collide. Shadow Lords fly quickly and closer to the top of the screen. Pfutzenrueter designed them to fly higher when close to the protagonist to increase the Shadow Lord's chances of victory against the player.[3]The pterodactyl was designed to attack idle players and be difficult to defeat. The only vulnerability was attacking the creature in its open mouth during a specific animation frame. Newcomer and Pfutzenrueter designed the pterodactyl to quickly fly upward at the last moment when approaching a player waiting at the edge of a platform. This was done to prevent an easy defeat of the enemy.[3][9]When processing the graphics, the game gives priority to the player characters over the enemies. As a result, enemies begin to react more slowly when the number of on-screen sprites increases.[10]

Whileplaytestingthe game, the team discovered an animationbugthey described as a "belly flop".[8][11]The flaw allows players to force the ostrich or stork sprite through an otherwise impassable small gap between two adjacent platforms of very close elevation. Because it provided an interesting method to perform a sneak attack on an opponent below the gap, the developers decided to keep the defect rather than fix it.[11]Newcomer also attributed the inclusion to excessive playtesting that limited the time available to find a solution.[8]

A second bug, which allows the pterodactyl to be easily defeated, was discovered after the game was first distributed. Newcomer designed the game and its AI with each sprite's dimension in mind. A day before the game was finished, however, the pterodactyl's sprite was altered to improve the appearance. The new sprite allowed the pterodactyl to be easily defeated an unending number of times. The player could sit on the center ledge, with a single enemy knight caught indefinitely in the hand of the "lava troll", and kill an unlimited number of pterodactyls simply by turning to face them as they entered the screen in a rapid, never-ending sequence. Using this flaw, the player could quickly accumulate a very high score and a large cache of lives, with no significant skill required. Upon learning of the flaw, Williams shipped a new ROM for the arcade cabinets to assuage distributors' complaints.[3][9]

Reception and legacy

Given the different control scheme, Williams was concerned that the game would be unsuccessful. Though arcades were hesitant to purchase the game for the same reason,Joustsold well. Williams eventually shipped 26,000 units,[8]andElectronic Gamesin 1983 described it as "tremendously popular".[13]A cocktail table version was later released, engineered by Leo Ludzia.[8]It differs from other cocktail games in that it features side-by-side seating rather than opposing sides.[6][8]This setup allowed Williams to use the same ROM chip as in the upright cabinets.[3]The cocktail version is a rare, sought-after game.[6][14]Between 250 and 500 units were manufactured.[6][8]

In 1996,Next Generationlisted the arcade version as number 83 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time", calling it "a perfect example of the three ingredients that all too often make a classic: Original concepts, quirky designs, and - above all - playability. With only three controls (left, right, and flap),Joustcreates an entire world of elegant combat. "[15]Author Steve Kent consideredJoustone of the more memorable games of its time.[16]Author David Ellis agreed, and stated that the game remains enjoyable to this day.[6]In 2008,Guinness World Recordslisted it as the number sixty-nine arcade game in technical, creative, and cultural impact.[17]A writer forVideo Gaming IllustratedcalledJoustexotic and praised the animation as lifelike.[18]Anticcalled the Atari 8-bit version an "unique, addictive arcade game" that was "almost identical" to the original. The magazine concluded thatJoustwas "Atari's finest sinceStar Raiders".[19]

Kevin Bowen ofGameSpy's Classic Gaming wrote that despite a concept he described as "incredibly stupid",Joustis an appealing game with good controls and competitive gameplay. Bowen further commented that the multiplayer aspect differentiated the game from others at the time. He described it as "one of the first really fun multiplayer games" and a precursor to thevideo game deathmatch.[20]

Retro Gamerwriter Mike Bevan praised the game's physics, calling them "beautifully realised", and describedJoustas one of Williams' "most remarkable and well-loved titles".[3]AComputer and Video Gameswriter called the game "weird and wonderful".[21]Author John Sellers praised the competitive two-player gameplay, and attributed the game's appeal to the flapping mechanism.[2]In 2004, Ellis describedJoustas an example of innovative risk absent in the then-current video game industry.[6]

In retrospect, Newcomer commended Williams' management for taking a risk on him and the game.[3]The game has garnered praise from industry professionals as well. Jeff Peters of GearWorks Games lauded the gameplay, describing it as unique and intuitive. Fusion Learning Systems' Jeff Johannigman praised the flapping mechanism and Kim Pallister ofMicrosoftenjoyed the multi-player aspect.[22]

Sequels and remakes

AJoust-themedpinballtable was released in 1983, designed by Barry Oursler and Constantino Mitchell. The game includes artwork and themes from the arcade version. In addition to single player gameplay, it features competitive two-player gameplay with the players on opposing sides of the machine. Fewer than 500 machines were produced.[8]

An arcade sequel,Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest,was released in 1986. It features similar gameplay with new elements on a vertical screen.[23]

Joust was ported to theNintendo Entertainment System—programmed bySatoru Iwata[24]—and to several Atari platforms: theAtari 2600,Atari 5200,Atari 7800,andAtari Lynxconsoles, as well asAtari 8-bitandAtari SThome computers.[3]Entertainment WeeklycalledJoustone of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013.[25]Apple II,MacintoshandMS-DOSversions were also released.[26]Tiger Electronicsreleased a smallkeychain versionofJoustin 1998.[27]A mobile phone version was released in 2005, but omitted the flapping control scheme.[28]In 2000, a web-based version ofJoust,along with nine other classic arcade games, was published onShockwave.com.[29]

Four years later,Midway Games[Note 1]also launched a website featuring the Shockwave versions.[30]The game was included in several multi-platform compilations: the 1996Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits,the 2000Midway's Greatest Arcade Hits,and the 2003Midway Arcade Treasures.[31][32][33]Other compilation titles are the 1995Arcade Classic 4for theGame Boyand the 2005Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Playfor thePlayStation Portable.[34][35]Joustwas released viadigital distributiononGameTap,Xbox Live Arcade,and thePlayStation Network.[36][37]In 2012,Joustwas included in the compilationMidway Arcade Origins.[38]

Other remakes were in development, but never released. Previously unreleasedAtarisoftprototypes ofJoustfor theColecoVisionsurfaced in 2001 at the Classic Gaming Expo in Las Vegas.[39]An adaptation withthree-dimensional (3D) graphics(and a port of the originalJoustas a bonus[40]) was in development for theAtari Jaguar.TitledDactyl Joust,it was eventually canceled.[41]Another remake in development wasJoust 3Dfor theNintendo 64.Since the arenas for the game were in 3D, it was to use a split screen for the multiplayer battles.[42]Newcomer pitched an updated version of the arcade game for theGame Boy Advanceto Midway Games. The company, however, did not sanction it. The prototype featured multi-directional scrolling, more detailed graphics based on3D renders,and new gameplay mechanics.[3]

Midway Games optionedJoust's movie rights to CP Productions in 2007.[36][43]Michael Cerenzie and Christine Peters of CP Productions planned to expand on a game element for the film's premise. Cerenzie described the script by Marc Gottlieb as "GladiatormeetsMad Max",set 25 years in the future, and Peters commented that the action oriented film would appeal to a general audience. The movie was planned as atent-pole movie,with a graphic novel bySteven-Elliot Altmanas part of the media franchise's release. Midway Games also considered a video game adaptation of the film.[44]Joust's expected release date was set in June 2008 and then later pushed back to 2009.[44][45]The video game company, however, filed forChapter 11 bankruptcyin 2009.[46]Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainmentpurchased most of Midway's assets, includingJoust,with the intent to develop movie adaptations.[47][48]

Influenced games

Several titles by other developers feature gameplay that either copies or builds uponJoust's design.[20]The 1983JetpacandMario Bros.feature elements inspired by it, as does the 1984Balloon Fight.[49][50][51][52]The flying mechanics in the 2000 gameMessiahwere inspired byJoust.[53]

Jousthas been parodied in popular culture. References appear in theRobot Chickenepisode "Celebutard Mountain",[54]theCode Monkeysepisode "Just One of the Gamers",[55]and the video gamesMortal Kombat 3[56]andWorld of Warcraft: Cataclysm.[57]

Joustfeatures prominently in the bookReady Player One.

Notes

  1. ^Williams Electronics purchased Midway in 1988, and later transferred its games to theMidway Gamessubsidiary.

References

  1. ^Heineman, Bill (July 1983). "Coin-Op Classroom: Some Knights to Remember".Electronic Games.1(17). Reese Communications: 114–115.
  2. ^abcSellers, John (August 2001).Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to The Golden Age of Video Games.Running Press.pp. 94–95.ISBN0-7624-0937-1.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuBevan, Mike. "The Making of Joust".Retro Gamer(63).Imagine Publishing:36–41.
  4. ^"Joust – Videogame by Williams Electronics".International Arcade Museum.Retrieved2010-07-13.
  5. ^abJames Hague, ed. (1997). "Eugene Jarvis".Halcyon Days:Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Games Programmers.Dadgum Games.{{cite book}}:External link in|chapterurl=(help);Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
  6. ^abcdefgEllis, David (2004). "Arcade Classics".Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games.Random House.pp. 337–338.ISBN0-375-72038-3.
  7. ^Ellis, David (2004). "Classic Arcade Game Setup, Restoration, and Repair".Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games.Random House.pp. 433–437.ISBN0-375-72038-3.
  8. ^abcdefghijkDigital Eclipse(2003-11-18).Midway Arcade Treasures(PlayStation 2).Midway Games.Level/area: The Inside Story On Joust.
  9. ^abDigital Eclipse(2003-11-18).Midway Arcade Treasures(PlayStation 2).Midway Games.Level/area: Joust Interview Clip #3.
  10. ^Vavasour, Jeff (2005-01-13)."Back To The Classics: Perfecting The Emulation For Digital Eclipse's Atari Anthology".Gamasutra.Retrieved2010-10-29.
  11. ^abDigital Eclipse(2003-11-18).Midway Arcade Treasures(PlayStation 2).Midway Games.Level/area: Joust Interview Clip #2.
  12. ^Weiss, Brett Alan."Joust Review".AllGame.Archived fromthe originalon November 14, 2014.RetrievedAugust 6,2017.
  13. ^"The Players Guide to Fantasy Games".Electronic Games.June 1983. p. 47.Retrieved6 January2015.
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  18. ^Video Gaming Illustrated Staff (December 1982). "Eye On: Tilting at Videogames".Video Gaming Illustrated(3). Ion International: 61.
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  21. ^"Arcade Action".Computer and Video Games.EMAP:30. February 1983.
  22. ^Hong, Quang (2005-08-05)."Question of the Week Responses: Coin-Op Favorites?".Gamasutra.Retrieved2009-05-12.
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  24. ^Andersen, John (October 9, 2015)."A former mentor recalls the early career of Satoru Iwata".Gamasutra.UBM plc.Archived fromthe originalon October 11, 2015.RetrievedOctober 11,2015.{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
  25. ^Morales, Aaron (January 25, 2013)."The 10 best Atari games".Entertainment Weekly.RetrievedApril 17,2016.
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  28. ^Leeper, Justin (2005-03-16)."Joust Review".GameSpy.Retrieved2010-10-29.
  29. ^Parker, Sam (2000-05-05)."Midway Coming Back At You".GameSpot.Archived fromthe originalon August 27, 2009.{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
  30. ^Kohler, Chris (2004-09-24)."Midway Arcade Treasures Web site goes live".GameSpot.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-01-02.{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
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  32. ^All Game Staff."Midway's Greatest Arcade Hits: Vol. 1 - Overview - allgame".Allgame.Retrieved2010-07-10.
  33. ^Harris, Craig (2003-08-11)."Midway Arcade Treasures".IGN.Retrieved2010-07-10.
  34. ^"Arcade Classic 4 Defender / Joust".GameSpot. Archived fromthe originalon June 7, 2007.Retrieved2010-07-10.{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
  35. ^Harris, Craig (2006-02-13)."Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play".IGN.Retrieved2010-07-10.
  36. ^abIGN Staff (2007-09-04)."Joust: The Movie".IGN.Retrieved2010-10-29.
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  38. ^"Midway Arcade Origins Review".IGN.
  39. ^Ellis, David (2004). "ColecoVision".Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games.Random House.pp. 146–148.ISBN0-375-72038-3.
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  42. ^"Gaming Gossip".Electronic Gaming Monthly.No. 90.Ziff Davis.January 1997. p. 34.
  43. ^Fritz, Ben; McNary, Dave (2007-09-03)."'Joust' Clicks with CP: Cerenzie-Peters Banner Gets First Project ".Variety.Retrieved2008-09-01.
  44. ^abGaudiosi, John (2007-08-27)."New Hollywood Company Bringing Joust to the Big Screen".GameDaily. Archived fromthe originalon January 4, 2011.Retrieved2010-10-29.{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
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  47. ^VanBurkleo, Meagan (2010-05-12)."Warner To Revive DOA Midway Titles?".Game Informer.Retrieved2010-10-29.
  48. ^McNary, Dave (2010-03-22)."Warner Bros. to make 'Spy Hunter' film".Variety.Retrieved2010-10-29.
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  50. ^Fox, Matt (2006).The Video Games Guide.Boxtree Ltd. pp. 261–262.ISBN0-7522-2625-8.
  51. ^Thomas, Lucas (2007-07-20)."Balloon Fight Review".IGN.Retrieved2010-07-10.
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  53. ^"NG Alphas: Messiah".Next Generation.No. 33.Imagine Media.September 1997. p. 57.
  54. ^Seth Green (2007-10-07). "Celebutard Mountain".Robot Chicken.Episode 49.Adult Swim.{{cite episode}}:Unknown parameter|episodelink=ignored (|episode-link=suggested) (help);Unknown parameter|serieslink=ignored (|series-link=suggested) (help)
  55. ^Adam de la Peña (2007-08-01). "Just One of the Gamers".Code Monkeys.Episode 5.G4.{{cite episode}}:Unknown parameter|episodelink=ignored (|episode-link=suggested) (help);Unknown parameter|serieslink=ignored (|series-link=suggested) (help)
  56. ^UGO staff."Top 11 Mortal Kombat Fatalities Pics".UGO.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-06-15.Retrieved2008-09-01.{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
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