Judeo-Iranian languages
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TheJudeo-Iranian languages(or dialects) are a number of relatedJewish variantsofIranian languagesspoken throughout the formerly extensive realm of thePersian Empire.Judeo-Iranian dialects are generally conservative in comparison with those of their Muslim neighbours.Judeo-Shirazi,for example, remains close to the language ofHafez.
Like most Jewish languages, all the Judeo-Iranian languages contain great numbers ofHebrewloanwords,and are written using variations of theHebrew alphabet.Another name used for some Judeo-Iranian dialects isLatorayi,sometimes interpreted by folk etymology as"not [the language] of the Torah".This refers to a form of the language in which the number of Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords is deliberately maximised to allow it to function as a secret code. In general, however, the number of such loanwords is small compared with that in other Jewish languages such asYiddishorJudaeo-Spanish.[2]
Languages
[edit]The languages include:
- Dzhidi(literary Judeo-Persian)
- Luterā'i(a secret language combining an Aramaic and Hebrew vocabulary withPersianconjunctions and grammatical morphemes)[3][4][5]
- Bukhori(Judeo-Bukharic, Judeo-Tajik, the Jewish language of the distinctive Jewish community centered inBukhara)
- Judeo-Golpaygani,the Judeo-Persian language traditionally spoken by theJewishcommunity in the environs ofGulpaiganand westernIsfahan Province,Iran.[6]The first records of Jewish communities in this region date to approximately 750 BC. Like most Jewish languages, Judæo-Golpaygani was written usingHebrew characters[citation needed],and contained manyHebrewloanwords.[citation needed]Following the decline and consolidation of thePersian Jewishcommunity in the mid-20th century, Judæo-Golpaygani fell into disuse, being replaced byDzhidi,Judæo-Hamedani,andPersian,among those speakers remaining in Iran, and byEnglishandHebrewby those emigrating to theUnited StatesandIsrael.
- Judeo-Yazdi=Judeo-Kermani(spoken in the environs ofYazdand elsewhere inYazd Province,in central Iran; inKermanand elsewhere inKerman Province,in south-central Iran)
- Judeo-Shirazi(spoken inShirazand elsewhere inFars Province,in southwestern Iran)
- Judeo-Isfahani(spoken inIsfahanand environs, as well as elsewhere in central and southern Isfahan Province, Iran)
- Judeo-Hamedani(spoken inHamadanand elsewhere inHamadan Province,in western Iran)
- Judeo-Kashani(spoken inKashan,[7][8][9]Abyaneh,[9]and elsewhere in northern Isfahan Province, in western Iran)
- Luflā'i(aKashanivariant ofLuterā'i)[3][4][5]
- Judeo-Borujerdi(spoken inBorujerdand elsewhere inLorestan Province,in western Iran)
- Judeo-Nehevandi(spoken inNahavandand elsewhere in northern Hamadan Province, in western Iran)
- Judeo-Khunsari(spoken inKhansarand elsewhere in far-western Isfahan Province, in western Iran)
- Juhuri(Judæo-Tat) (A Jewish-Tatdialect spoken in theRepublic of Azerbaijan,Dagestan(North Caucasus).
- Judeo-Aramaic(not to be confused with severalJewish Neo-Aramaic languages).
Language samples
[edit]-
Oral history in Judeo-Shirazi
-
Oral history in Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi
-
Oral history in Judeo-Esfahani
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Oral history in Lishan Deni (Jewish Neo-Aramaic)
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Oral history in Lishan Didan (Jewish Neo-Aramaic)
-
Oral history in Lishan Noshan (Jewish Neo-Aramic)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Borjian, Habib (2014). "What is Judeo-Median and how does it differ from Judeo-Persian?".The Journal of Jewish Languages.2(2): 117–142.doi:10.1163/22134638-12340026.
- ^Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [1].
- ^ab"Judeo-Iranian".Archived from the original on 2016-07-29.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ab"Encyclopædia Iranica: Loterāʾi".Archived from the original on 2016-07-29.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ab"Encyclopædia Iranica: Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran x. Judeo-Persian Jargon (Loterāʾi)".Archived from the original on 2016-07-29.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^Levy, Habib (1999).Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran.Translated by George W. Maschke.
- ^"I Think, Therefore I Am - Original Persian"(PDF).Archived from the original on 2016-07-25.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^"I Think Therefore I am"(PDF).Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^abNorman “Nourollah” Gabay.I Think, Therefore I AmRetrieved 17 December 2022
- Schmidt, Rüdiger, ed. (1989).Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum.Wiesbaden: Reichert.ISBN3-88226-413-6.
External links
[edit]- Jewish dialect of Isfahan,Encyclopedia Iranica[permanent dead link]
- Article from Jewish Languages siteArchived2016-07-29 at theWayback Machine
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