July 1919
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The following events occurred inJuly 1919:
- TheGeneral Conference of Seventh-day Adventistsof theUnited Statesled byA. G. Daniellsheld a month longBible Conferenceto discuss and reach decisions on scripture, including theinspiration of Ellen G. White,co-founder of theSeventh-day Adventist Churchwho died in 1915.[1]
- The city government ofEdinburghtook over the city's private tramway system, eventually leading to the formation ofLothian Buses.[2]
- Newport News ShipbuildingestablishedThe Apprentice SchoolinNewport News, Virginiato offer apprenticeship programs for students interested in pursuing a career inshipbuilding.[3]
- Several rail stations were reopened inGreat Britainafter being closed down duringWorld War I,including stations inLondon Fields,[4]andLeman StreetinEngland,[5]andStar CrossinginWales.[6]At the same time, theLondon Overgroundclosed the stations ofSouthbury,Theobalds GroveandTurkey Streetwhich had been opened in 1915 to transport munitions duringWorld War I.[7]
- New rail stations were added to serve theNorth Coast railway lineinNew South Wales,Australia,includingEungaiandMacksville.[8]Opposite the station lies a passing loop.[9][10]
- The football clubScheveningenwas established inScheveningen,Netherlands.[11]
- The city ofAlcoa, Tennesseewas established.[12]
- Hol MunicipalityandLangenes Municipality(Norway) were established.[13]
- Born:Mikhail Shultz,Russian chemist, known for his research intoelectrochemistryof glass, recipient of theOrder of Lenin,inPetrograd(d.2006);Arnold Meri,Estonian army officer, known for his involvement inOperation Priboi,inTallinn,Estonia(d.2009)
- Died:John Brunner,British industrialist, co-founder of chemical manufacturerBrunner Mond & Co.(b.1842)
- Iowaratified theNineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitutionwhich gave women the right to vote.[14]
- BritishairshipR34departed fromEast Fortune,Scotlandin an attempt to make the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, toMineola, New York.[15]
- U.S. NavyblimpC-8exploded while landing atCamp Holabird,Maryland,injuring around 80 adults and children who were watching it and shattering windows in homes a mile away.[16][17]
- The2nd Special Squadronof theImperial Japanese Navywas disbanded.[18]
- The41st Aero Squadronof theUnited States Army Air Servicewas disbanded.[19]
- Lieutenant ColonelCharles W. Whittleseystarred as himself in the filmThe Lost Battalion,which recreated his experiences with the308th Infantry Regimentwhen the unit was cut off from the rest of the77th Infantry Divisionduring theMeuse–Argonne offensivein October 1918. Directed byBurton L. King,the film also starredMajor-GeneralRobert Alexander,Whittlesey's real-life superior, andGeorge G. McMurtrywho was the unit's captain during the battle.[20]
- Born:Jean Craighead George,American children's writer, author ofJulie of the WolvesandMy Side of the Mountain,inWashington, D.C.(d.2012)
- Died:Friedrich Soennecken,German inventor, developed office tools including the hole punch and ringbinder, founder ofSoennecken(b.1848);Anna Howard Shaw,American activist, leading member of theNational Woman Suffrage Association(b.1847)
- A cease-fire was called betweenGermany,LatviaandEstonia.German forces were ordered to leaveLatviaand the pro-GermanBaltische Landeswehrwas put under the authority of the Latvian government, effectively ending both theEstonianandLatvian Wars of Independence(although fighting continued againstSoviet Russia). As part of the ceasefire's terms, pro-GermanPrime Minister of LatviaAndrievs Niedraresigned and Latvian forces were allowed to occupyRigaon July 8.[21]
- Russian Civil War– GeneralAnton Denikinof theWhite armiesinTsaritsynissued a directive for an army of 70,000 White troops positioned on theSouthern Front of the Russian Civil Warto push north andattackthe main Bolshevik stronghold inMoscow.[22]
- Missouriratified theNineteenth Amendmentto theU.S. Constitution.[23]
- Red Summer– Ariotbroke out inBisbee, Arizonawhen local police attempted to disarm members of the all-black10th U.S. Cavalry(better known as the "Buffalo Soldiers") who were in town to march in theFourth of Julymilitary parade the following day. The hour-long street battle resulted in eight injuries, including the shooting of four soldiers, but no deaths. TheUnited States Armydid not formally charge the soldiers for rioting, believing local police harassment resulted in the riot, and allowed the unit to march the following day.[24]
- American envoysArthur E. Sutherland Jr.and Captain Emory H. Niles of theUnited States Armybegan an investigation aroundVan, Turkeyto determine the extent of theArmenian genocidein 1915, eventually releasing findings in areportto Congress along with a report by theHarbord Commissionthat covered regions outside of Van.[25]
- The Helical Bar and Engineering Company was established as a steel construction company inLondon.It sold its steel reinforcement business in 1986 and became property developerHelical plc.[26]
- TheBritish-Israel-World Federationwas established inLondonto promoteBritish Israelism,or the belief the British people and its nobility were direct descendants of one of theTen Lost TribesofIsrael(disproved by most biblical historians).[27]
- Died:Thomas Millie Dow,Scottish artist, member of theGlasgow Boys(b.1848);William MacGregor,British-Australian politician, 11thGovernor of Queensland,60thGovernor of Newfoundland(b.1846)
- Ibn Saud,ruler of theEmirate of Nejd and Hasa,submitted to a British ultimatum to stand down from taking theKingdom of Hejaz(nowSaudi Arabia), ending theconflictbetween the two Arab kingdoms that been ongoing for about a year.[28]
- Food riots and strikes broke out inRomagnaandBolognaand soon spread throughoutItalytoMilan,Genoa,Livorno,Pisa,Florence,Palermoand other cities. The violence left several people dead, and shopkeepers slashed food prices by as much as 50% to 70% to discourage rioting.[29]
- José Pardo y Barredawas ousted asPresident of PerubyAugusto B. Leguía,who remained head of state for over a decade before being overthrown in 1930.[30]
- Women inBritish Rhodesiawho were the age of 21 or older were allowed to vote and run for office, provided they met specific occupational and salary qualifications.[31]
- The57th Infantry Divisionof theBritish Armywas disbanded.[32]
- TheRoyal Air Forcedisbanded squadronNo. 38atRAF Hawkinge,Folkestone,England.[33]
- The73rd Aero Squadronof theUnited States Army Air Servicewas disbanded atHazelhurst Field,Mineola, New York.[34]
- Jack DempseybecameWorld Heavyweight Championby knocking outJess Willard,the defending champion, in four rounds during a match inToledo, Ohio.[35]
- British news magazineThe Guardian Weeklybegan publication inLondonas one of the first newspapers intended to have an international reach.[36]
- TheHellenic Coast Guardwas established to protect the coastlines ofGreece.[37]
- TheRoyal Air Forcedisbanded squadronNo. 273atGreat Yarmouth,England.[38]
- Bella Wright ofLeicestershire,Englandwas murdered with a single gunshot to the face. Previous to her murder, witnesses saw her riding with a man on a green bicycle, resulting in the press calling the murder investigation theGreen Bicycle Case.Ronald Light, a mathematics teacher, became the prime suspect in the case but was acquitted of murder during his trial after defense lawyerEdward Marshall Hallconvinced the jury Wright's death had been the result of an accidental shooting.[39]
- TheGeneral German Trade Union Federationwas established inNurembergas the first postwar congress of trade unions inGermany,with labor leaderCarl Legienthe first chairperson. It replaced theGeneral Commission of German Trade Unionsthat operated before the war.[40]
- Born:Bep Voskuijl,Dutch administrator, secretary forOtto Frank,father ofAnne Frank,and member of theVoskuijl familythat hid the Frank family duringWorld War II,inAmsterdam(d.1983)
- Died:Eugen Leviné,German revolutionary, president of theBavarian Soviet Republic(executed) (b.1883)
- BritishairshipR34arrived atMineola, New YorkfromScotland,achieving the first transatlantic flight by dirigible as well as the first westbound flight. To commemorate the achievement, Major E. M. Pritchard parachuted from the airship, becoming the first person to arrive in theUnited Statesby air fromEurope.[41]
- German physicianMagnus Hirschfeldopened theInstitut für SexualwissenschaftinBerlinto begin providing formal institutional research on human sexuality.[42]
- ThePershing Stadium,built by theUnited States ArmyatBois de Vincennesjust outsideParis,was presented as a gift toFrancefrom theUnited Statesafter the completion of theInter-Allied Games.The stadium hosted thefirst Women's World Gamesin 1922 andfootballmatches during the1924 Summer Olympics.It closed in 1960.[43]
- TheAk-Sar-Benrace track opened inOmaha, Nebraska.[44]
- Born:Lucius D. Clay Jr.,American air force officer, 7thCommander of NORAD,recipient of theLegion of Merit,Distinguished Flying Cross,and 11Air Medals,son ofLucius D. ClayinAlexandria, Virginia(d.1994)
- Forces withCzechoslovakiaoccupiedPrešov,Slovakiaand dissolved theSlovak Soviet Republic.[45]
- TheUnited States Armysent members of theMotor Transport Corpson a motor convoyacross the continentalUnited States,starting inWashington, D.C.,to assess how troops could be moved acrossNorth Americaby road. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles W. McClure and Captain Bernard H. McMahon were the convoy's principal commanders, and future generalDwight D. Eisenhower,then a lieutenant-colonel, came along as one of the official observers. The trek eventually lead to the building of theU.S. Highway System.[46]
- Around 2,100 cigar makers inBostonwent onstrikeagainst manufacturers that failed to provide a pay raise.[47]
- The39thstaging of theWimbledon ChampionshipsinLondonwith the following results:
- Australian tennis playerGerald Pattersondefeated fellow countrymanNorman Brookes6–3, 7–5, 6–2 inmen's singles.[48]
- French tennis playerSuzanne Lenglendefeated British contenderDorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers10–8, 4–6, 9–7 inwomen's singles.[49]
- Australian pairRonald ThomasandPat O'Hara Wooddefeated fellow countrymenRodney HeathandRandolph Lycett6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–2 inmen's doubles.[50]
- Lenglen with American playerElizabeth Ryandefeated Chambers and British partnerEthel Thomson Larcombe,4–6, 7–5, 6–3 inwomen's doubles.[51]
- Lycett and Ryan defeated Chambers and British partnerAlbert Prebble6–0, 6–0 inmixed doubles.[52]
- The firstCitroëncar was sold, a model called theCitroën Type A.[53]
- The soft drinkCalpiswas introduced at the annualStar FestivalinJapan,using the event's focus on theMilky Wayto brand its bottles with trademark white dots on a blue background.[54]
- TheKnights of the Southern Crosswere established inCampbell, Australian Capital Territory,Australia.[55]
- Several rail stations were reopened inEnglandafter being closed down duringWorld War I,including stations inCheltenham.[56]
- Born:Jon Pertwee,British actor, best known as theThird Doctorin the science fiction television seriesDoctor Whoand the title character in the children's television seriesWorzel Gummidge,inChelsea, London,England(d.1996);William Kunstler,American lawyer and activist, defense lawyer for theBlack Panther Partyand theAmerican Indian Movement,co-founder of theCenter for Constitutional Rights,inNew York City(d.1995)
- Latvian forces formally took overRiga.[57]
- Four-year-old James Baxter Hughes ofGueydan, Louisiana,fell into a hot spring atWest ThumbinYellowstone National Park.He died the next day from shock caused by burns.[58]
- Born:Walter Scheel,German state leader, 4thPresident of Germany,inSolingen,Germany(d.2016);Hans-Dieter Frank,German air force officer, commander ofNachtjagdgeschwader 1for theLuftwaffeduringWorld War II,recipient of theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross,inKiel,Germany(d.1943,killed in action);Grant F. Timmerman,American marine, recipient of theMedal of Honorfor action during theBattle of Saipan,inAmericus, Kansas(d.1944,killed in action)
- TheWeimar National AssemblyinGermanyformally ratified theTreaty of Versaillesby a vote of 209 to 116.[59]
- A delegation consisting of: Vice PresidentThomas R. Marshall;Josephus Daniels,theSecretary of the Navy;Carter Glass,theSecretary of the Treasury;William B. Wilson,theSecretary of Labor;Newton D. Baker,theSecretary of War;Franklin K. Lane,theSecretary of the Interior;and SenatorChamp Clarkcame aboard theUSS Pennsylvaniato welcome President Wilson home to New York from theVersailles Peace Conference.
- Red Summer– Arace riotbroke out inLongview, Texas,starting with the beating of a local black reporter accused of writing an article about the lynching of Lemuel Walters in June. A local doctor who defended the reporter had his house under siege later that night, resulting in a firefight where over 100 rounds of ammunition were expended.[60]
- French aviator and celebrated war aceJean Navarredied in an airplane crash while practicing an aerial stunt forBastille Day.Navarre flew aMorane airplanerepeatedly between two telephone poles and under a wire between them to simulate flying under the arches of theArc de TriompheatChamps-ÉlyséesinPariswhen he lost control and crashed into the ground. It was to have been an unauthorized first-ever flight under the Parisian landmark to protest pilots having to parade on foot at the upcoming July 14World War Ivictory parade.[61]
- BritishairshipR34departed fromMineola, New Yorkfor a 75-hour return flight from theUnited StatestoPulham,Norfolk,Englandin what would be the first two-way crossing of theAtlantic Oceanby air.[62]
- The74th Infantry Divisionof theBritish Armywas disbanded, along with the229th,230th,and231st Brigades.[63]
- TheGossner Evangelical Lutheran ChurchinBihar,Indiadeclared its independence from theAnglican Church,which had managed the parish when its German missionaries leftIndiaat the start ofWorld War I.[64]
- New subway stations were added to theBMT Broadway LineinNew York City,including49th Streetand57th Street.[65]
- Born:Ian Wallace,British opera singer, best known for performances on television programRoyal Variety Performanceand radio programMy Music,inLondon(d.2009);Pierre Gamarra,French writer, best known for his children's booksLa Maison de feu,Le Maître d'école,andLa Mandarine et le Mandarin,inToulouse,France(d.2009);Lawrence Edwards,American engineer, designer of thegravity-vacuum transit,inDelaware, Ohio(d.2009)
- Died:Abraham Jacobi,German-American physician, considered the father of modernpediatrics,opened the first children's hospital in theUnited States(b.1830)
- U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilsonsigned an appropriations bill for theUnited States Navywhich included funding to convertcollier shipUSSJupiterinto the navy's firstaircraft carrier.[66]
- TheInternational Federation of University Womenwas established inLondonto advocate for the right for women to access university and college education around the globe.[67]
- TheDAV Collegewas established inKanpur,India,the second oldest college in the city.[68]
- Four students at theTokyo Institute of Technologypublished the first edition ofSeasonal Cinema News,the first and oldest Japanese film magazine.[69]
- The Norwegian newspaperGudbrandsdalens Arbeiderbladbegan publication inLillehammeras the organ for theLabour Party.[70]
- Women suffrage was extended to married women whose husbands were ratepayers and women over 30 who paid annual rent of £10 or more on theIsle of Jersey.[71]
- Red Summer– Arace riotinLongview, Texasresulted in its sole fatality, when 60-year old Marion Bush, a black public worker, was shot dead. Conflicting accounts suggested Bush was shot fleeing local police on a perceived arrest while others suggested he had been attacked by a white lynch mob.[72]
- TheGheorghe Șincai National College,named after Romanian historian and educatorGheorghe Șincai,was established inBaia Mare,Romania,becoming one of three major Romanian secondary schools to prepare students for university education.[73]
- Birkenhead Transportbegan providing bus services inBirkenhead,England.[74]
- BritishairshipR34arrived atPulham,Norfolk,England,completing the first ever two-way transatlantic crossing by air.[75]
- Red Summer– TheTexas National Guardarrived torestore orderinLongview, Texas.[76]
- TheTahmoor railway stationopened on theMain Southern railway lineinTahmoor, New South Wales,Australia.[77]It was added to theNew South Wales State Heritage Registeron 2 April 1999.[78]
- Born:Hau Pei-tsun,Chinese state leader, 13thPremier of the Republic of China,inYancheng,China;(d. 2020)Grisha Filipov,Bulgarian state leader, 38thPrime Minister of Bulgaria,inKadiivka(d.1994)
- Born:William F. Quinn,American politician, firstGovernor of Hawaii,inRochester, New York(d.2006);Joe Gill,American comic book writer, co-creator ofCaptain Atom,inScranton, Pennsylvania(d.2006);Jack Wheeler,English football player,goalkeeperforBirminghamandHuddersfieldfrom 1938 to 1956, inEvesham,England(d.2009)
- Red Summer– Hundreds of white male youthsbegan attackingblack patrons attendingGarfield ParkinIndianapolis,At one point, several black persons took refuge in a nearby house that was soon set upon by the mob. Defenders fired into a crowd, wounding an 18-year old youth and a seven-year-old girl bystander. Police arrived to end the riot.[79]
- The first international commercial flight arrived atHounslow Heath AerodromenearLondonfromParis–Le Bourget Airport.[80]
- Italian aviator Francesco Breck-Papa made the first nonstop flight fromRometoPariswhile piloting aFiatairplane. The 1,200-kilometer (745-mile) flight was also the first nonstop flight between two European capitals. Breck-Papa later flew fromParistoLondonand then on toAmsterdam.[81]
- Born:John Pott,British army officer, commander of theParachute RegimentduringWorld War II,recipient of theOrder of the British EmpireandMilitary Cross,inKhartoum(d.2005);Lino Ventura,Italian actor, known for his roles inFrench cinemaincludingTouchez pas au grisbiandArmy of Shadows,inParma,Italy(d.1987)
- Pope Benedictissued a declaration in support of women's political rights.[82]
- Royal Air ForceairshipNS.11exploded over theNorth Seaduring a mine-hunting patrol andcrashedin a ball of fire offCley next the Sea,Norfolk,England,killing all nine members of her crew.[83]
- SloopsHMSGentianand HMSMyrtlewere sunk byminesin theGulf of Finlandwhile assistingEstoniaagainstRussia,with nine crew lost.[84]
- TheUnited Farmers of Albertaabsorbed theAlberta Non-Partisan Leagueto create its own political arm for federal politics.[85]
- TheTadas Ivanauskas Zoological Museumwas established inKaunas,Lithuania.[86]
- TheBroken Hill railway linewas extended inBroken Hill,New South Wales,Australia,with stationsBroken Hill,[87]Mount Gipps,[88]The Gorge,[89]andMenindeeserving the line.[90]
- The football clubAuersmacherwas established inKleinblittersdorf,Germany.[91]
- King Albertissued a royal decree that established theVictory Medalto be awarded to all members of theBelgian Armed Forcesthat served inWorld War I.[92]
- Born:Iris Murdoch,Irish writer and philosopher, author ofUnder the Net,Sartre: Romantic Rationalist,andThe Sovereignty of Good,inDublin(d.1999)
- Died:Emil Fischer,German chemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Chemistryfor research intoesterification(b.1852)
- TheSecond Red Armywas disbanded after which the leadership was transferred to theSouthern Frontarmy group.[93]
- Born:Choi Kyu-hah,Korean state leader, 10thPrime Minister of South Koreaand 4thPresident of South Korea,inWonju,Korea(d.2006)
- Born:Everett P. Pope,American marine officer, commander of the1st Battalion, 1st MarinesduringWorld War II,recipient of theMedal of Honorfor action at theBattle of Peleliu,inMilton, Massachusetts(d.2009);Hermine Braunsteiner,Austrian army officer and war criminal, camp guard at theRavensbrückandMajdanek concentration campsduringWorld War II,inVienna(d.1999)
- Died:Itagaki Taisuke,Japanese politician, leader of theFreedom and People's Rights Movement(b.1837)
- Finlandformally adopted arepublican constitutionthat formally put an end to any plans of forming amonarchy.[94]
- TheSocialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussiaformally dissolved after most of its territory had been captured byPoland.The Soviet republic had barely lasted five months.[95]
- TheAlabama Senaterejected ratification of theNineteenth Amendmentof theU.S. Constitutionwith a vote of 19 against and 13 in favor.[96]
- The firstBetty and Taylors Tea Roomopened inHarrogate,West Riding of Yorkshire,Englandby Swiss entrepreneur Fredrick Belmont.[97]
- French aviatorRaymonde de Laroche,the first woman to receive a pilot's license, died when the experimentalCaudronairplane she was flying in as a passenger crashed atLe Crotoyairfield inFrance.[98][99]
- A temporarycenotaph,as designed byEdwin Lutyens,was completed inLondonto commemorate the dead ofWorld War I.[100]
- Born:Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar,Indian noble, fifth and lastMaharajaof theKingdom of Mysore(d.1974);Tamara Tchinarova,Ukrainian ballet dancer, known for her collaborations withHélène Kirsova,Edouard BorovanskyandThe Australian Ballet,inCetatea Albă,Kingdom of Romania(now part ofUkraine) (d.2017)
- TheUnited Kingdomformally celebrated the end ofWorld War Iwith victory parades across country, often referred to as "Peace Day" events.[101]
- Red Summer– Arace riotbroke out inWashington, D.C.following an altercation between two black men and a white woman onNew York Avenue.After police released both men with the charges dropped, enraged white mobs formed and began attacking black residents throughout the city.[102]
- Veterans fromWorld War Iunhappy with unemployment and other issues began to riot during a Peace Day event inLuton,England,burning downLuton Town Hallbefore order could be restored.[103]
- The Foreign Ministry of theAzerbaijan Democratic Republicwas established, by decree of the chancellery for foreign affairs.[104]
- The football clubBrasilwas established inBlumenau,Brazil.It underwent several names changes over the next few decades before becomingBlumenauin 1980.[105]
- Born:Richard H. Ellis,American air force officer, commander ofStrategic Air Commandfrom 1977 to 1981, three-time recipient of theLegion of Merit,Navy Distinguished Service MedalandDistinguished Flying Cross,inLaurel, Delaware(d.1989);Robert Pinget,French writer, known for works includingPancarte pour une porte d'entrée,inGeneva(d.1997)
- Died:Walter Brack,German swimmer, gold and silver medalist at the1904 Summer Olympics(b.1880)
- A general strike in solidarity with theRussian Revolutionwas proclaimed throughoutItalyduring the height ofBiennio Rosso(Red Biennium).The general strike proved unsuccessful and lead to the rise of fascistic movements, particularly by those led byBenito Mussolini.[106]
- Born:Edmund Hillary,New Zealand mountain climber, first person along withTenzing Norgayto reach the summit ofMount Everest,recipient of theOrder of the Garter,inAuckland(d.2008);John F. Collins,American politician, 50thMayor of Boston,inBoston(d.1995);Ross T. Dwyer,American marine officer, commander of the5th Marine Divisionand1st Marine Divisionduring theVietnam War,three-time recipient of theLegion of Merit,Navy Distinguished Service Medal,andBronze Star Medal,inHonolulu(d.2001)
- Red Summer– Therace riotinWashington, D.C.intensified with both sides arming themselves after police refused to intervene. Clashes were particularly violent aroundLeDroit Park.In some cases, sharpshooters took to rooftops to shoot at targets while others cruised around in automobiles and committed drive-by shootings.[107]
- Red Summer– Arace riotbroke out inNorfolk, Virginiaduring a homecoming parade for African-American soldiers who served inWorld War I.City police and sailors from the nearby naval base were called in restore order.[108]
- Women in Azerbaijanwere granted the right to vote.[109][110]
- TheairshipWingfoot Air Expresscaught fire over downtownChicagoand crashed into the Illinois Trust and Savings Building, killing three of the five passengers and crew on board, and 10 people in the office building. Another 27 were injured in the disaster but two of the airship's crew were able to parachute to safety.[111]
- TheCrimean Soviet Armywas disbanded after theRed Armywas forced out ofCrimea.[112]
- German airplane designerAnthony Fokkerfounded the Dutch Aircraft Factory atSchiphol,Netherlands,using smuggled airplanes and parts out ofGermany.[113]
- King Albertissued a royal decree that established theCommemorative Medalto be awarded to all members of theBelgian Armed Forcesthat served inWorld War I.The King ofBelgiumhimself was a recipient of the decoration.[114]
- Died:James Bradley Orman,American politician, 12thGovernor of Colorado(b.1849)
- NorwayForeign MinisterNils Claus Ihlendeclaredattempts byDenmarkto seek sovereignty overGreenland"would be met with no difficulties on the part of Norway."[115]
- Pilots with theU.S. Airmail Servicewent on strike to protest the risks of flying inzero visibilityto make scheduled air mail deliveries insisted by Second AssistantUnited States Postmaster GeneralOtto Praeger- a policy that resulted in 15 crashes and two fatalities in the previous two weeks alone.[116]
- The168th Aero Squadronof theUnited States Army Air Servicewas disbanded atCamp Mills,Long Island,New York.[117]
- TheBallets Russesgave the world premiere ofManuel de Falla's balletThe Three-Cornered HatinLondon,which fused traditional Spanish dance with classical ballet.[118]
- Red Summer– U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilsonordered theNational Guardto mobilize inWashington, D.C.as therace riotcontinued.[119]
- TheTurkish National MovementheldcongressinErzurum,Turkeyto discuss means to regain sovereignty from theAlliesthat occupied many parts ofTurkeyonce part of theOttoman Empire.Mustafa Kemal Atatürkwas elected to lead the congress on the first day.[120]
- TheNew India Assurancecompany was established inBombay.[121]
- Born:Héctor Germán Oesterheld,Argentine journalist and comic book writer, creator ofThe Eternaut,inBuenos Aires(d.1977,disappeared);Ray Rayner,American television personality, known for his children's television showsRay Rayner and His FriendsandThe Bozo Show,inNew York City(d.2004)
- Red Summer– Violence subsided inWashington, D.C.followingclashesbetween white and black residents. The official death toll was 15, with 10 whites and five blacks although some historians report another 30 black deaths had not been officially counted. Another fifty people were seriously wounded and another 100 less severely wounded.[122][123]
- Both state government houses inGeorgiarejected the ratification ofNineteenth Amendmentto theU.S. Constitution.[124]
- IncumbentAubin-Edmond Arsenaultlost his seat asPremier of Prince Edward IslandtoJohn Howatt Bellduring thePrince Edward Island provincial election.[125]
- Polandestablished its ownnational police force.[126]
- Mendel Universitywas established inBrno(then part ofCzechoslovakia).[127]
- Born:Ferdinand Kübler,Swiss cyclist, winner of the1950 Tour de Franceand1951 UCI Road World Championships,inMarthalen,Switzerland(d.2016);Asadollah Alam,Iranian state leader, 40thPrime Minister of Iran,inBirjand,Persia(d.1978);John Winkin,American baseball coach, managedColby Collegeand theMaine Black Bearsfrom 1954 to 1986, inEnglewood, New Jersey(d.2014)
- Egyptian Revolution– The revolution formally ended inEgypt.A total 800 Egyptians were killed in fighting and another 1,600 wounded while British forces lost 29 men.[128]
- Kaarlo Juho Ståhlbergwas elected to become the firstPresident of Finland,winning 71.5% of the vote overCarl Gustaf Emil Mannerheimin the firstpresidential electionsinceFinlandachieved independence from theRussian Empire.The upset was even more extraordinary since Mannerheim was instrumental in winning theFinnish Civil Warin 1918 and cementing Finnish independence. Mannerheim eventually did win the presidency in 1944 when the Soviet threat was highest inWorld War II.[129]
- Lev Karakhan,commissioner for foreign affairs for SovietRussia,released astatementthat the Soviets would relinquish many of the rights and reparations theRussian Empirehas obtained through theBoxer Protocolfollowing the end of theBoxer Rebellion,which helped lay down the groundwork for relations with the communist movement inChina.[130][131]
- TheFylde Rugby Clubwas established inManchester,literally on a coin toss between forming the rugby club or a football club. It has since been a competitive club in theNational Leagues.[132]
- Born:James Lovelock,English environmentalist, proponent of theGaia hypothesis,inLetchworth,England(d.2022)
- Died:Edward Poynter,British painter, known for works includingThe Cave of the Storm Nymphs,president of theRoyal Academy of Artsfrom 1896 to 1902 (b.1836);Tanner Smith,American gangster, leader of theMarginalsgang inNew York City(murdered) (b.1887)
- Red Summer– Arace rioterupted inChicago,starting when a white man threw stones at a group of four black teens on a raft at a segregated beach, resulting in one of the rocks hitting teenager Eugene Williams and killing him. Despite witness testimony, a police officer on scene arrested a black man instead of the white perpetrator for Williams' death. Further protests escalated the violence.[133]
- Belgian cyclistFirmin Lambotwon the13thTour de France.Most of the roads were still damaged from fighting inWorld War I,making cycling more difficult and resulting in the lowest number of cyclists finishing the race in the Tour's history.[134]
- The football clubOlympiawas established inCentrum, Paramaribo,Suriname.[135]
- Died:Nykyfor Hryhoriv,Ukrainian army officer, member of the National Army of Ukraine during theUkrainian War of Independence,recipient of theCross of St. George(executed) (b.1885)
- Russian Civil War– TheWhite RussianCaucasus ArmycapturedKamyshin,Russiawhile theCossackscrossed theVolga Rivereast ofMoscow.However, theDon Armywas forced backed and lost the towns ofLiskiandBalashovto theRed Army,and so prevented theeastern pushonMoscow.[136]
- TheArkansas Senatevoted 29–2 in favor of women suffrage, and theArkansas House of Representativespassed 75–17 in favor, making it the 12th state to ratify theNineteenth Amendmentto theU.S. Constitution.[137][138]
- Epitácio PessoabecamePresident of Brazil,replacingDelfim Moreirawho continued asVice President.
- TheInternational Astronomical Unionwas founded inParis.[139]
- TheDaegu Metropolitan Jungang Librarywas established inDaegu,Korea.[140]
- The borough ofForest Hills, Pennsylvaniawas incorporated.[141]
- Born:Luis Miquilena,Venezuelan politician, cabinet minister for theHugo Chávezadministration, inCoro, Venezuela(d.2016)
- Died:Frederick Peters,Canadian politician, 6thPremier of Prince Edward Island(b.1851)
- Baltic campaign–Royal Air Forcesquadron leaderGrahame Donaldled 11 aircraft for a dawn raid on the naval Russian base atKronstadt,returning to report that at least one Russian destroyer had been sunk.[142]
- Red Summer– Around 6,000 troops with theIllinois Army National Guardwere called intoChicagoto regain order asracial violencespread throughout the city.[143]It was reported in many cases, criminal Irish gangs donned blackface and vandalized businesses and homes in neighbourhoods composed of eastern European immigrants to incite them to attack black neighbourhoods. Most violence was stopped but it would take until August 3 for full order to be restored.[144]
- TheIrish Republican Armyunit, simply known as "The Squad",carried out the first assassination of aRoyal Irish Constabularyofficer when Detective Sergeant Pat "the Dog" Smyth of theDublin policewas shot dead nearDrumcondra, Dublin.[145]
- During a reconnaissance mission over southernRussia,a leadAirco aircraftpiloted by Captain Walter Anderson with theRoyal Air ForceNo. 47 Squadronwas hit by ground fire. Some of the bullets struck the fuel tank of the planes, forcing co-pilot Lieutenant John Mitchell to climb onto the wing and plug the holes with his fingers. After a second plane with the reconnaissance team was forced down, Anderson and Mitchell landed to pick up its crew. Mitchell held off Russiancavalrywith theLewis gunin the rear cockpit before again climbing onto the wing to plug the fuel tank's hole with his fingers. The plane managed to return to base with all of the rescued crew. Anderson and Mitchell both received theDistinguished Service Orderand later theDistinguished Flying Crossfor their actions.[146]
- The638th Aero SquadrontheUnited States Army Air Servicewas disbanded at Mitchell Field,New York.[147]
- Due to public demand, the Britishwar cabinetagreed to replace the temporarycenotaphbyEdwin Lutyenswith a permanent memorial and designate it as Britain's official national war memorial.[148]
- The last train used theAltoona and Beech Creek Railroad.Effort failed to reopen the rail line and it was ripped up in 1921.[149]
- TheOrder of the Cross of Vytiswas established to honor those that led the heroic defense ofLithuaniaduring theLithuanian–Soviet War.[150]
- Died:Simon Fraser,Canadian-Australian politician, member of theAustralian SenateforVictoriafrom 1901 to 1913 (b.1832)
- Russian Civil War–White Russianforcesadvanced on Moscowfrom the west and southwestern directions, capturingPoltavain the west and defeatingRed Armyforces atNorthern Tavriaand west ofYekaterinoslav.Most White troops reached the line running fromVerkhnodniprovsktoNikopolalong theDnieper River.The Red Army did manage to halt the direct northward advance onMoscow.[151]
- TheMontanaState Senate ratified theNineteenth Amendmentto theU.S. Constitutionapproving women's suffrage.[152][153]
- Members of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers voted tostrikeinLondonandLiverpool,but the actual number of officers that actually participated was significantly lower than in 1918. Over 2,000 strikers were eventually dismissed.[154]
- TheBritish Housing Actwas enacted to provide government subsidy for the provision ofcouncil houses,with the target of completing 500,000 houses by 1922.[155][156]
- The1st Hull Heavy Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillerywas disbanded inClipstone,Nottinghamshire,England.[157]
- The85th Aero Squadronof theUnited States Army Air Servicewas disbanded atCamp Mills,Long Island,New York.[158]
- TheSeabirdbecame the firstaircraftto fly non-stop fromLondontoMadrid,a total 900 miles in under eight hours.[159]
- Born:Primo Levi,Italian chemist and writer, author ofThe HolocaustmemoirIf This Is a ManandThe Periodic Table,inTurin(d.1987);Robert Morgenthau,American lawyer,United States Attorney for the Southern District of New Yorkfrom 1962 to 1970,New York County District Attorneyfrom 1975 to 2009, inNew York City(d. 2019);Curt Gowdy,American sportscaster, known for his work withNBC SportsandABC Sportsand as the voice of theBoston Red Sox,inGreen River, Wyoming(d.2006)
- Died:Dick Barlow,English cricketer, batsman for theEngland cricket teamfrom 1881 to 1887, and theLancashire County Cricket Clubfrom 1871 to 1891 (b.1851)
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- ^Voogd, Jan (2008).Race Riots and Resistance: The Red Summer of 1919.Peter Lang. pp. 89–93.ISBN978-1433100673.
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Federal Highway Administrationtranscription oftypescript
{{cite web}}:External link in|quote= - ^"2000 Cigarmakers Strike in Boston".The Boston Daily Globe.July 8, 1919.
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{{cite web}}:Check|url=value (help)
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- ^Lee, William (July 19, 2019)."'Ready to Explode': How a Black Boy's Drifting Raft Triggered a Deadly Week of Riots 100 Years Ago in Chicago ".Chicago Tribune.RetrievedJuly 21,2019.
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- ^Denikin 1990, p. 15
- ^Harper 1922,p. 21.
- ^"Suffrage is Ratified by Legislature".The Arkansas Gazette.Vol. 99, no. 239. Little Rock, Arkansas. 29 July 1919. p. 1.Retrieved17 December2018– viaNewspapers.com.
- ^Blaauw, Adriaan (1994).History of the IAU: the birth and first half-century of the International Astronomical Union.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.ISBN0-7923-2979-1.
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- ^"Troopers Restore Order in Chicago"(PDF).The New York Times.August 2, 1919.RetrievedMay 8,2008.
- ^Lee 2019, Chicago Tribune
- ^Mackay, James (1996).Michael Collins: A Life.Edinburgh: Mainstream. p.132.ISBN1851588574.
- ^Dobson & Miller 1986, p. 20
- ^Series "E", Volume 24, History of the 636th-667th Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
- ^Allan Greenberg (1989). "Lutyens's Cenotaph".Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.48(1): 5–23.doi:10.2307/990403.JSTOR990403.
- ^Adams, Richard D. (1980),The Alley Popper,Victor, New York: Richard D. Adams, p. 32
- ^Ruzas, Vincas (2002)."Karininkai Vyčio kryžiaus kavalieriai 1919-1926".Karo Archyvas(in Lithuanian).17:100–104.doi:10.47459/ka.2002.17.4.ISSN1392-6489.
- ^Denikin 1990, p. 15
- ^"Lawmakers Wrestle with Problems for Relief for Farmers".The Anaconda Standard.Anaconda, Montana. 31 July 1919. p. 5.Retrieved18 December2018– viaNewspapers.com.
- ^"House Unanimous in Its Approval (pt. 1)".The Evening State Journal.Lincoln, Nebraska. 2 August 1919. p. 1.Retrieved18 December2018– viaNewspapers.com.and"House Unanimous in Its Approval (pt. 2)".The Evening State Journal.Lincoln, Nebraska. 2 August 1919. p. 4.Retrieved18 December2018– viaNewspapers.com.
- ^Webb, Simon (2016).1919: Britain's year of revolution.Barnsley: Pen & Sword.ISBN978-1-47386-286-9.
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- ^Series "H", Section "O", Volume 29, Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918-May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
- ^ "D. Napier & Son, Ltd". Display Advertising.The Times.No. 42210. London. 20 September 1919. col F, p. 5.
