July 1936
| << | July 1936 | >> | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
The following events occurred inJuly 1936:
- Salvador Dalígave a lecture at theLondon International Surrealist Exhibitiontitled "Authentic Paranoiac Fantasies". He brought twoRussian wolfhoundson leashes and wore a deep-seadiving suitto symbolize descending to the depths of the subconscious, but found it impossible to breathe inside the diving helmet. Dalí nearly suffocated before his companions realized something was wrong and freed him, which the audience enjoyed immensely in the belief that it was all part of the act.[1][2]
- An amalgamation of Australian air carriers calledAustralian National Airwaysbegan operations.
- The 1000th anniversary of the death ofKing Henry Iwas observed in Germany with a ceremony inQuedlinburg Abbey.Speeches made at the event depictedHitleras the rightful successor to Henry's legacy.[3]
- Born:Rex Gildo,singer, inStraubing,Germany (d. 1999)
- Slovak Jewish journalistStefan Luxcommitted suicide in the General Assembly of theLeague of Nationsby shooting himself in the chest. He left behind a note explaining that his act was carried out to draw attention to the plight of Jews in Germany.[4]
- Remington Rand strike:A four-day riot began between strikers and replacement workers at a plant inMiddletown, Ohio.[5]
- 36-year-old James W. McFerson ofOgden, Utah,fell backward into a hot spring while fishing in theWest Thumb Geyser BasinofYellowstone National Park.His wife pulled him out of the hot spring, but he died from his burns the following day.[6]
- Fred Perryof the United Kingdom beatGottfried von Crammof Germany in straight sets to win theGentlemen's Singlestitle atWimbledon.Perry was the first Wimbledon champion to win three consecutive men's titles sinceTony Wildingwon four straight in 1910–13.[7]
- Died:Stefan Lux,47, Slovak Jewish journalist (suicide)
- TheLeague of NationsCouncil voted to end economic sanctions against Italy.[8]
- First publication recognizingstressas a biological condition.[9][10]
- In tennis,Helen Hull Jacobsof the United States defeatedHilde Krahwinkel Sperlingof Germany to win theLadies' Singlestitle atWimbledon.[11]
- 15,000 members of the French far-right opposed to the government ofLéon Blumrioted along theChamps-Élysées.About 60 civilians and 31 police were injured in the clashes.[12]
- Born:Shirley Knight,actress, inGoessel, Kansas(d. 2020)
- Ethiopian Minister to the United KingdomWorkneh Esheteappealed to the British public for at least £2 million to continue the fight in Ethiopia.[13]
- Ethiopianguerrillafighters attacked a railway line 30 miles fromAddis Ababa.[14]
- Acourt-martialin Tokyo sentenced 17 leaders of theFebruary 26 Incidentto death. 49 others were given prison sentences ranging from 18 months to life.[15]
- TheNational Leaguebeat theAmerican League4-3 in the 4thMajor League Baseball All-Star GameatNational League ParkinBoston.
- Died:Georgy Chicherin,63, Russian diplomat
- An explosion at theRoyal ArsenalinWoolwichkilled 5 people.[16]
- The British government announced that German airships would no longer be allowed to fly over Britain except in cases of emergency due to weather. The decision was made after theHindenburgchose a course over England during a recent flight to the United States and back, drawing concerns that German officers aboard could be studying military bases and learning government secrets.[17]
- Died:Thomas Meighan,57, American film actor
- 1936 North American heat wave:168 people were reported dead over the past week in the drought-strickenMidwestern United Statesdue to blistering heat.[18][19]
- Britain announced it was reducing its naval presence in the Mediterranean to normal proportions, reversing the buildup it embarked upon last September when tensions were rising due to the impendingwar in Ethiopia.[20]
- Born:André Pronovost,ice hockey player, inShawinigan,Quebec,Canada;Richard Wilson,actor and theatre director, inGreenock,Scotland
- DiedJohn M. Bolton,Member of theIllinois House of Representativesand businessman; he was murdered by unknown assailants while driving inChicago,Illinois.[21]
- Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa,ruler ofBahrainand the richest sheik in the world, wasknightedbyEdward VIII.[22]
- The HMYBritannia,the favorite yacht of the lateGeorge V,wasscuttlednear theIsle of Wight.The king had requested shortly before his death that the yacht follow him to the grave.
- TheFrench Social Partywas dissolved.
- Maryland,Pennsylvania,New JerseyandWest Virginiareach their record high temperatures.
- Born:Herbert Boyer,biotechnology researcher and entrepreneur, inDerry, Pennsylvania;Tunne Kelam,politician, inTaheva,Estonia
- Austria and Germany signed an agreement in which Germany pledged to respect Austrian sovereignty in exchange for Austria favouring Germany in its policies.[8]
- U.S. PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltformally opened theTriborough Bridgein New York City.[23]
- Died:James Murray,35, American film actor
- Guardia de AsaltoLieutenantJosé Castillowas murdered byFalangistsin the streets ofMadrid.[5]
- Fifteen leaders of theFebruary 26 Incidentwere executed by firing squad in Tokyo. No explanation was given for why two others condemned to death were not shot.[24]
- Died:José Castillo,35, Spanish police officer
- Viscount Cranborneresponded to a question in the House of Commons by saying he understood thatHeligolandwas being refortified by Germany (in violation of Article 115 of theTreaty of Versailles).[25][26]Germany issued an official statement that same day denying "rumors that Heligoland will be made a forbidden area for military reasons and that bathing establishments will be closed."[27]
- Died:José Calvo Sotelo,43, Spanish politician (murdered)
- Bastille Daycelebrations along theChamps-Élyséeswere marred by further riots by right wing demonstrators.[28]
- The British government announced plans to mass-producegas maskswith the goal of one for every citizen. The masks would be stockpiled in centers around the country and then issued free of charge when the government deemed it necessary.[29]
- The League of Nations lifted sanctions against Italy.[5]
- 5 died in political and labour disorders across Spain. The government made 150 arrests.[30]
- Born:George Voinovich,politician, inCleveland,Ohio(d. 2016)
- An apparent attempt to assassinateEdward VIIIwas foiled onConstitution Hill.As the king's horse passed the crowd while returning toBuckingham Palacefrom a colours ceremony inHyde Park,a man raised a revolver. A woman grabbed the man's arm and shouted, alerting a constable who knocked the weapon from his hand. The man, identified as George Andrew McMahon, told police he had no intention of harming the king and was only making a protest.[31]
- Adolf Hitlersent Edward a telegram offering his "heartiest congratulations" on his escape.[31]
- Italy lifted its wartime restrictions on meat and nightlife curfews.[32]
- FatherCharles Coughlinaligned himself withFrancis Townsendand denounced President Roosevelt as a "great betrayer and liar", saying, "He who promised to drive the money changers from the temple has built up the greatest public debt in the nation's history. Is that driving the money changers from the temple?"[33]
- Born:Yasuo Fukuda,91stPrime Minister of Japan,inTakasaki, Gunma,Japan;Buddy Merrill,guitarist and musician, inTorrey, Utah(d. 2021)
- Died:Alan Crosland,41, American actor and film director (auto accident)
- Spanish coup of July 1936:Francisco Francoand other high-ranking officers in the Spanish Army launched a coup against theSecond Spanish Republic.The conspirators in theArmy of Africamoved to seize control ofSpanish Morocco.[34]
- Military uprising in Melilla:the Spanish rebels seized the radio station inMelillaand proclaimedmartial law.TheSpanish Civil Warhad begun.[35]
- TheFrench Chamber of Deputiesvoted 484-85 to nationalize the munitions industry.[36]
- The Spanish government announced on the radio that the uprising had been contained.[34][37]
- The Spanish uprisingspread to Seville.
- InMadrid,theSiege of Cuartel de la Montañabegan.
- TheFree City of Danzigsuspended its constitution. Senate PresidentArthur Greiserordered the move to crush opposition to the Nazi-controlled government.[38]
- At theMontreux Convention,the signatories of theTreaty of Lausanneagreed to grant Turkey the right to remilitarize theDardanelles.The Russian navy was granted the right to free passage through the straits during peacetime, but during wartime all belligerents would be prohibited from using the straits unless acting for the League of Nations or under a regional pact signed with Turkey.[39]
- Born:Ted Harris,ice hockey player, inWinnipeg,Manitoba,Canada
- Santiago Casares Quirogaresigned as Prime Minister of Spain. PresidentManuel AzañaappointedDiego Martínez Barrioto replace him, but Barrio resigned after only 7 hours when his attempt to negotiate a compromise with the rebels was rebuffed.José Giralbecame the new Prime Minister and decreed the formation of amilitiato defend the Republic.[34][37][40]
- The Spanish uprisingspread to Barcelona.
- The Sieges ofCuartel de Loyola,GijónandOviedobegan.
- Dolores Ibárrurimade a radio speech calling on Spaniards to fight against the military uprising. Her speech concluded with the famous words,¡No pasarán!(They shall not pass!), which became the rallying cry of theRepublicansthroughout the Civil War.[41]
- 17-year oldBob Fellerof theCleveland Indiansmade his major league baseball debut, pitching a scoreless inning against theWashington Senators.[42]
- TheSiege of Cuartel de la Montañaended inRepublicanvictory.
- The first long-range combatairliftin history took place when several Spanish aircraft on theNationalistside transported a small number of troops fromSpanish MoroccotoAndalusia.[43][44]The airlift across theStrait of Gibraltarwas necessary because most of theSpanish Navyremained loyal to the government.[45]
- TheCampaign of Gipuzkoabegan.
- TheMontreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straitswas signed.[46]
- Born:Barbara Mikulski,politician, inBaltimore,Maryland
- Died:José Sanjurjo,64, Spanish general (plane crash)
- Thesiege of the Alcázarbegan inToledo.
- The Tokyo Stock Exchange suspended trading because of a heavy slump caused by rumors that the stock exchanges would be placed under government control.[47]
- 50,000 Turkish troops began moving into the Dardanelles.[48]
- British authorities warned Spanish warships that if shells continued to fall onGibraltar,British artillery would return fire.[49]
- Charles Lindberghand wifeAnnearrived in Berlin. Although ostensibly a goodwill visit, the American Embassy had invited Lindbergh in the hope that the German Air Ministry would try to impress him by inviting him to inspect their planes and air bases. That way, Lindbergh could take notes on the Luftwaffe's capabilities and report back to the U.S. government. As it turned out, that is exactly what happened.[50][51]
- Alf Landonformally accepted the Republican nomination for president before a crowd of 80,000 inTopeka, Kansas."If I am elected chief executive of this nation, I propose to restore our government to an efficient as well as constitutional basis", Landon declared.[52]
- TheNationalistside in the Spanish Civil War set up a government (Junta) inBurgos.[5]
- White Terror:The Nationalists took overGranadaand began killing anyone suspected of Republican leanings.[5]
- The French government decided to aid the Spanish Republic in the Civil War.[53]
- ThreeMPswere ejected from theHouse of Commonsduring anincident of grave disorderin the 27th hour of a marathon session. On the topic of the government's unemployment assistance program, Home SecretaryJohn Simonspoke of the responsibility of children to support their parents whenJohn McGovernbroke in with, "Why does thekingnot support hismother?He must be a despicable individual. "(The latter line was stricken fromHansard.)George Buchananthen accused Simon of lying and refused to withdraw the charge. His colleagueCampbell Stephenthen stood and called the government "robbers and murderers of the working class" and Simon a "lying scoundrel" (this latter insult too was stricken from Hansard). Following a 15-minute recess, votes were taken and Buchanan, Stephen and McGovern were all suspended from the House.[54]
- Eleanor Holmwas suspended from the U.S. Olympic swimming team for attending drinking parties while aboard the SSManhattantransporting the athletes to Germany.[55]
- Born:Don Drysdale,baseball player, inVan Nuys, California(d. 1993)
- TheBattle of Guadarramawas fought, resulting in Republican victory.
- Eleanor Holm's teammates arranged apetitionasking American Olympic Committee ChairmanAvery Brundageto reinstate her. German officials told Brundage, "she has been punished enough and discipline is bound to prevail after this public warning."[55]
- Aspeaking clockservice was introduced in the United Kingdom.[45]
- The French right-wing press led byL'Écho de Parisattacked France's policy of support for the Spanish Republic, arguing it would could lead France into open conflict with Germany and Italy.[53]
- Born:Ruth Buzzi,comedian and actress, inWesterly, Rhode Island;Mark Goddard,actor, inLowell, Massachusetts(d. 2023)
- Died:Georg Michaelis,78, German politician
- Germany became the first country to recognize Italian rule of Ethiopia by abolishing its legation inAddis Ababaand replacing it with a general consulate.[56]
- Emilio Molawas formally designated commander of Nationalist operations in the north, andFrancisco Francothe commander of the south.[57]
- The French government announced it had decided not to sell aircraft to Spain at the moment.[53]
- TheCanadian National Vimy Memorialwas unveiled in France.Edward VIII,making his first trip abroad since becoming king, spoke at the event in a speech broadcast around the world.[58]
- Adolf Hitleragreed to support the Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War by sending 26 transport planes and other equipment.[43]
- TheCominternagreed to establishInternational Brigadesto fight in Spain.[59]
- TheSalazargovernment in Portugal promised to cooperate with the Nationalists.[43]
- 16-year-old Herbert Gray ofGuilford, Maine,fell to his death while climbing theGarden Wall,a rock face on theHighline TrailinGlacier National Park,Montana.Gray's body was discovered on August 12.[60]
- Born:Mary Millar,actress and singer, inDoncaster,South Yorkshire,England (d. 1998)
- Died:F. J. Harvey Darton,57, English children's author and publisher
- TheSiege of Cuartel de Loyolaended in Republican victory.
- Mussolinidecided to send 12 bomber planes and other equipment to aid the Nationalists.[43]
- The Burgos Junta declared totalmartial lawin all Nationalist-held parts of Spain.[43]
- The Spanish Republic confiscated all church property in Spain to consolidate its resources to fight the uprising.[8]
- German aircraft arrived in Morocco to assist the Nationalist side.[59]
- Francisco Francogranted an interview toJay Allenof theChicago Tribunein which he claimed that his government was neither monarchist nor fascist, but "Nationalist Spanish", and that he had launched the rebellion to save Spain from communism. When asked what form his government would take, Franco replied it would be a "military dictatorship" with a plebiscite later on "for the nation to decide what it wanted."[61]
- The Lindberghs metHermannandEmmy Göringat a luncheon.[62]
- Born:Russ Jackson,Canadian football player, inHamilton, Ontario,Canada
- The Nationalists capturedHuelva.[57]
- TheBerliner Tageblattrevealed that Germany had begun to refortifyHeligoland,contradicting its denial of July 13. The matter came up again in the House of Commons where Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden expressed the government's feeling that "individual matters of this kind, though they cannot pass unobserved, should not be raised at a moment and in a manner which might react unfavourably" on negotiations underway for a new European peace settlement.[63][64]
- The epic costume drama filmAnthony AdversestarringFredric Marchpremiered in Los Angeles.[65]
- Born:Elizabeth Dole,politician, inSalisbury, North Carolina
- Died:Frank Gavan Duffy,84, Australian judge
- Twelve Italian bomber planes, their markings and numbers painted over, took off fromSardiniaheading for Spanish Morocco where they were to join the Nationalist side under the banner of theSpanish Legion.Nine completed the flight but one crashed at sea and two were forced down on theFrench sideof the Moroccan border. Italian military markings still visible under the fresh paint, as well as documentation that French authorities found aboard the planes, exposed the Italian scheme. The next day, newspapers around the world published the revelation that Italy was providing military assistance to the rebels.[53]
- Two days before theSummer Olympicswere set to start in Berlin,Ernest L. Jahnckeof the United States became the first person ever expelled from theInternational Olympic Committee.He was removed for his outspoken opposition to holding the Olympics in Germany.[66]
- The historical filmMary of ScotlandstarringKatharine Hepburnpremiered atRadio City Music Hallin New York City.[67]
- Born:Buddy Guy,blues guitarist and singer, inLettsworth, Louisiana;Ted Rogers,comedian, inKennington,London, England (d. 2001)
- TheInternational Olympic Committeeawarded the1940 Summer Olympicsto Tokyo.[68]
- President Roosevelt made his first visit to Canada in an official capacity and met withGovernor GeneralJohn BuchaninQuebec City.[69]
References
[edit]- ^Jones, Jonathan (March 1, 2001)."Me, Dali and the deep-sea diving suit".The Guardian.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Shanes, Eric (2011).The Life and Masterworks of Salvador Dalí.e-Parkstone International. p. 42.ISBN978-1-78042-879-6.
- ^Schultz, Sigrid(July 3, 1936). "Glorify Hitler in Germany as New King Henry I".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 10.
- ^"Jew Shoots Self in Hall of League".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 3, 1936. p. 1.
- ^abcde"1936".MusicAndHistory.Archived fromthe originalon June 10, 2013.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Whittlesey, Lee H. (2014).Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park.Roberts Rinehart Publishers.p. 16.
- ^"Perry Defeats Von Cramm in Straight Sets".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 4, 1936. p. 11.
- ^abc"Chronology 1936".indiana.edu.2002.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Selye, Hans(1936)."A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents".Nature.138(3479): 32.doi:10.1038/138032a0.S2CID4014154.
- ^Szabo, S.; Yoshida, M.; Filakovszky, J.; Juhasz, G. (2017).""Stress" is 80 Years Old: From Hans Selye Original Paper in 1936 to Recent Advances in GI Ulceration ".Current Pharmaceutical Design.23(27): 4029–4041.doi:10.2174/1381612823666170622110046.PMID28641541.
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^"Helen Jacobs Wins English Tennis Crown".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 5, 1936. p. Part 2 p. 9.
- ^"French Cities Torn by Riots".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 6, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Hailes Appeals to Britain for 10 Million Loan".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 7, 1936. p. 3.
- ^"Ethiopians Open Guerrilla War Against Italy".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 10, 1936. p. 6.
- ^"Japan Dooms 17 to Die for Revolt".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 6, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Explosions Kill 5 at Britain's Main Arsenal".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 9, 1936. p. 4.
- ^Darrah, David (July 9, 1936). "German Airships Barred from Air Lanes of Britain".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 4.
- ^"72 Die, Drought Loss Mounting".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 8, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Half of U. S. Seared; 168 Dead".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 9, 1936. p. 1.
- ^Darrah, David (July 10, 1936). "Britain Recalls Warships from the Mediterranean".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 7.
- ^'Legislator Is Slain In Auto,'Chicago Tribune,July 9, 1936, pg. 1, 11
- ^"Richest Shek in World Made British Knight".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 11, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Roosevelt Dedication Opens Triboro Bridge".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 11, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Japan Executes 15 Leaders of Military Revolt".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 13, 1936. p. 10.
- ^"Heligoland".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).July 13, 1936.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Martin, Lawrence; Reed, John (2007).The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923, Volume 1.Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. xiv.ISBN978-1-58477-708-3.
- ^"Briton Charges Reich Arming Of Helgoland".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 13, 1936. p. 1.
- ^Taylor, Edmond (July 15, 1936). "Riot in Franve Mars Fete for Bastille's Fall".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^"Britain Will Make New Gas Masks for Entire Population".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 15, 1936. p. 15.
- ^"5 in Spain Die in Labor Riots".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 15, 1936. p. 1.
- ^ab"Edward's would-be killer leaves a trail of doubt".The Age.January 7, 2003.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^"Italy to Lift All Wartime Bans on Eating and Playing".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 10, 1936. p. 6.
- ^"Coughlin Calls Roosevelt Liar, Great Betrayer".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 16, 1936. p. 1.
- ^abcAlexander, Robert J. (1999).The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, Volume 1.Janus Publishing. p. 124.ISBN978-1-85756-400-6.
- ^Jackson, Gabriel (1967).The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939.Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 232.ISBN978-0-691-00757-1.
- ^Taylor, Edmond (July 18, 1936). "French Chamber Votes to Seize War Industries".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 10.
- ^abGraham, Helen.The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939.Cambridge University Press. pp.81–83.ISBN978-0-521-45932-7.
- ^"Liberty Ended in Danzig by Nazi Decrees".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 19, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"8 Nations Grant Turkey Right to Rearm Straits".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 19, 1936. p. 13.
- ^"Civil War Rages in Spain".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 20, 1936. p. 1.
- ^""No pasarán!" – They shall not pass! ".This Day in Quotes.July 19, 2013.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^"Bob Feller 1936 Pitching Gamelogs".Baseball-Reference.com.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^abcdePayne, Stanley G.(1987).The Franco Regime, 1936–1975.University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 123, 211.ISBN978-0-299-11070-3.
- ^Per photograph caption pg.146 and also text pg.201,Air Power,Budiansky, Stephen. Penguin Group, London, England. 2005.
- ^abMercer, Derrik, ed. (1989).Chronicle of the 20th Century.London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 467.ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^"Le Montreaux Palace over the years..."Le Montreaux Palace.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^"Stock Exchange in Tokyo Closed by Heavy Slump".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 21, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Turkish Troops Move into Zone at Dardanelles".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 21, 1936. p. 9.
- ^"British Cannon Warn Spain".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 23, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Col. Lindbergh Lands in Berlin".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 22, 1936. p. 1.
- ^Wagner, Heather Lehr (2003).Charles Lindbergh.Chelesea House. pp.78–79.ISBN978-0-7910-7212-7.
- ^Kinsley, Philip (July 24, 1936). "Nation Hears Landon Views".Chicago Daily Tribune.pp. 1, 4.
- ^abcdCoverdale, John F. (1975).Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War.Princeton University Press. pp. 3–4, 90.ISBN978-1-4008-6790-5.
- ^"Unemployment Assistance Act, 1934".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).July 22, 1936.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^ab"Germans Ask U. S. to Forgive Eleanor Holm".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 25, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Italian Rule of Ethiopia is Given Nazi Recognition".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 26, 1936. p. 17.
- ^abCortada, James W., ed. (1982).Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 500.ISBN0-313-22054-9.
- ^"100,000 See King Edward Unveil War Memorial".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 27, 1936. p. 5.
- ^abSimkin, John (2014)."Spanish Civil War: Chronology".Spartacus Educational.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Minetor, Randi (2016).Death in Glacier National Park: Stories of Accidents and Foolhardiness in the Crown of the Continent.Guilford, Connecticut:Lyons Press.pp. 44–45.ISBN9781493025473.
- ^Allen, Jay(July 29, 1936). "Military Dictatorship Will Follow Rebel Success in Spain, Gen. Franco Declared".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 2.
- ^Berg, Scott A. (1998).Lindbergh.New York: Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-1-4711-3008-3.
- ^"Nazis Arm Heligoland; Britain Ignores It as 'Minor Affront'".Chicago Daily Tribune.July 30, 1936. p. 2.
- ^"Heligoland".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).July 29, 1936.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993).The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940.Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 70.ISBN0-520-07908-6.
- ^Cymet, David (2010).History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church.Plymouth: Lexington Books. pp. 85–86.ISBN978-0-7391-3295-1.
- ^"The Broadway Parade".Film Daily.New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk, Inc. July 27, 1936. p. 2.
- ^"Tokio Is Awarded 1940 Olympic Meet on Bid of $485,000".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.July 31, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Presidents Travels to Canada".Office of the Historian.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.