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July 1961

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July 21, 1961: U.S. astronaut Gus Grissom escapes sinking space capsule on return to Earth
July 2, 1961: Author Ernest Hemingway commits suicide
July 4, 1961: Soviet nuclear subK-19has reactor accident

The following events occurred inJuly 1961:

July 1,1961 (Saturday)

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July 2,1961 (Sunday)

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  • In a meeting at the Kremlin, Soviet leaderNikita KhrushchevwarnedSir Frank Roberts,the British Ambassador, that Britain and France should avoid joining the United States in going to war overWest Berlin,telling him, "Six hydrogen bombs would be quite enough to annihilate the British Isles, and nine would take care of France."[9]
  • Inelections for the Chamber of Deputiesin Mexico, voters went to the polls to elect 178 members to serve for three-year terms.[10]The ruling PRI party won a majority of the seats.[11]
  • Died:American novelistErnest Hemingway,61, committed suicide at his home inKetchum, Idaho,[12]two days after returning home to Idaho from a course of treatment for depression at theMayo Clinic.[13]After shooting himself, Hemingway reportedly died shortly after 7:30 in the morning. His wife, Mary, told reporters initially that the renowned author had accidentally died while cleaning a double-barrelled shotgun.[14]

July 3,1961 (Monday)

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  • GeneralDouglas MacArthur,81, returned to the Philippines for the first time since the end of World War II, and received a tumultuous welcome. MacArthur, who had led the liberation of the islands from the Japanese, had been given honorary citizenship, and declared, "You have no more loyal and devoted a Filipino."[15]
  • Major GeneralPark Chung Heeforced the resignation of Korean leader Chang Do-Young and became chief of the military junta that had taken over in May. Chang's job of Prime Minister of South Korea was assigned to Lt. Gen.Song Yo-chan.[16]
  • Dan Ingram,considered by many in broadcasting to be the greatest Top 40 disc jockey of all time, joined 77 WABC in New York. Ingram remained with WABC for 21 years until the station switched to a talk format in 1982.
  • The stage première of the operaKrapp, ou, La dernière bande(Krapp's Last Tape)byMarcel Mihaloviciwith libretto bySamuel Beckett,took place at theThéâtre des Nationsin Paris.
  • Invoking theTaft–Hartley Act,a U.S. federal court ordered a temporary halt to the 19-day-old, nationwide maritime strike that had held up freight shipping.[17]
  • As a result of the lobbying of Dr.Harold Griffith,the Queen Elizabeth Hospital of Montreal opened the firstintensive care unitin Canada.[18]
  • Malcolm Arnoldconducted the first performance of hisSymphony No. 5at theCheltenham Music Festival.
  • Died:Edwin Perkins,72, American inventor ofKool-Aid

July 4,1961 (Tuesday)

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July 5,1961 (Wednesday)

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July 5, 1961: Launch of Shavit 2
  • The first Israeli rocket,Shavit 2,was launched.[20][21]At 4:41 a.m., the missile, ostensibly for "meteorological research" rather than for carrying warheads, was sent up "from a secret installation on the Mediterranean".[22]
  • Tunisiaannounced that it wasclaiming the French military baselocated atBizerte,which had been the only base remaining after France had withdrawn all of its forces in 1958.[23]

July 6,1961 (Thursday)

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July 7,1961 (Friday)

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July 8,1961 (Saturday)

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July 9,1961 (Sunday)

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July 10,1961 (Monday)

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  • In a secret meeting with Soviet nuclear scientists,Nikita Khrushchevannounced his decision to resume nuclear testing and to end themoratoriumthat the U.S. and the USSR had observed since 1958. Khrushchev gave the go-ahead for physicistsAndrei SakharovandYakov Zeldovichto test a 100 megaton hydrogen bomb, the largest up to that time, which, Sakharov would say later, Khrushchev would call a device that would "hang over capitalists like thesword of Damocles".[38]
  • Mildred Gillars,nicknamed "Axis Sally", was released from the women's federal prison inAlderson, West Virginia,after serving 12 years of a sentence for treason. An American citizen, she moved to Berlin in 1934; during World War II, she was "the starring voice of Nazi propaganda" in English-language radio broadcasts aimed at American troops in Europe.[39]
  • The German Banking Act was passed, creating a federal bank regulating agency, the Bundesaufsichtsamt für das Kreditwesen (Federal Bank Supervisory Office).[40]
  • Born:Liyel Imoke,Nigerian politician and state governor; inIbadan

July 11,1961 (Tuesday)

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  • Following a contest to come up with a name for an artificial lake, nearMount Isa,Queensland,Australia, created in 1958 by a dam on the Leichhardt River, the winning entry was selected from 471 suggested names.Lake Moondarra,the entry suggested by 9-year-old Danny Driscoll, is said to have been an Australian aboriginal (Murri-language) name that means 'plenty of rain, also thunder'.[41]
  • Five days after signing a friendship and military assistance treaty with theSoviet Union,North Koreasigned a similar agreement with thePeople's Republic of China.Together, the two treaties established a balance of power at the 38th parallel, between the northern allies (North Korea, the USSR and China) and the southern allies (South Korea and the U.S.).[24]
  • United Airlines Flight 859,a DC-8 jet, crashed while landing inDenver,killing 17 of the 115 people on board and one person on the ground.[42][43]
  • Born:Ophir Pines-Paz,Israeli Minister of Internal Affairs; inRishon LeZion

July 12,1961 (Wednesday)

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July 12, 1961: Launch of the TIROS-3 weather satellite
  • TheTIROS-3satellite was launched from Florida, and theMIDAS-3satellite was fired into orbit from California.[44]TIROS-3 would become the first satellite to photograph storms during the1961 Atlantic hurricane season.[45]The MIDAS-3 spy satellite reached orbit, but ran out of power after only five orbits when its solar power arrays failed to completely deploy.[46]
  • ACzechoslovakian AirlinesIlyushin-18 turboprop airplane crashed while attempting to make a landing inCasablanca,Morocco,killing all 72 people on board. The flight had originated inPragueand stopped atZürichbefore continuing to Africa.
  • An alleged "unexplained incident" is said to have occurred inShreveport, Louisiana,whenpeaches"fell from the sky" on a group of carpenters roofing a house. Though oft-repeated,[47]there were no contemporary accounts of such an occurrence[48]and the earliest mention appears to have been in a 1978 book.[49]
  • TheVoynich manuscriptwas sold for the last time, to bookdealer Hans Kraus for $24,500. Although the undeciphered medieval book had been the subject of much study, and Kraus asked as much as $160,000 for it, he had no takers, and finally donated it to Yale University in 1969.[50]
  • Eight people were killed when lightning struck a tobacco curing barn inClinton, North Carolina,where they had taken shelter from a storm. Although they were inside, the victims had been sitting on metal surfaces when the bolt hit.[51]
  • Lech Wałęsa,17, began working at theLenin ShipyardinGdańsk,Poland. In 1980, he would lead a strike there and help form theSolidarność(Solidarity) trade union, a key moment in the downfall of Communism.[52]
  • Mario Jascalevichwas granted his medical license by the state of New Jersey. He later would be indicted for homicide in the multiple deaths of patients at theRiverdell HospitalinOradell, New Jersey.[53]
  • A dam atPanshetin India burst, causing massive flooding in the city ofPune.Although there was significant damage to property, there was little to no loss of human life.
  • The firstOhrid Summer Festivalopened in Macedonia.
  • Born:Robert Shafran, Eddy Galland and David Kellman, subjects of the 2018 documentaryThree Identical Strangers,were born atLong Island Jewish Medical Centerand put up for adoption to three separate families, each unaware of the multiple birth. By chance, the identical triplets would discover each other in 1980,[54]and would find out that the Louise Wise Agency had secretly studied them to gather data on separation of twins and triplets.[55]
  • Died:

July 13,1961 (Thursday)

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  • In "the last of the early Cold War spy cases",[57]Robert Soblenwas convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union against the United States. Sentenced to life imprisonment, but allowed to post bail while the conviction was on appeal, Soblen fled to Israel. He would take an overdose of barbiturates while awaiting deportation back to the U.S. and die on September 11, 1962.
  • Born:Anders Järryd,Swedish tennis player and winner of eight Grand Slam men's doubles titles (3 French Open, 2 Wimbledon and U.S. Open, one Australian Open); inLidköping

July 14,1961 (Friday)

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July 15,1961 (Saturday)

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July 16,1961 (Sunday)

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July 17,1961 (Monday)

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  • Valery Brumelof the Soviet Union broke the world record for thehigh jumpwith a leap of 2.24 meters. On June 18, Brumel had reached 2.23 meters, appearing to have bested the record set in 1960 by AmericanJohn Thomas,until Thomas's 1960 record of 7 feet,3+3⁄4inches, was recalculated from 2.22 to 2.23.[63]When Brumel and Thomas competed against each other at the U.S.-USSR dual track and field meet inMoscow,Brumel set a new mark of 2.24 m or 7'4 ". At the same meet,Ralph Bostonbroke his own record in thelong jump,reaching 8.28 m or 27'2 ".[64]
  • Born:
  • Died:Ty Cobb,74, American baseball player who was the American League batting champion 12 times during the 13 seasons between 1907 and 1919, and was one of the first players to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.[65]

July 18,1961 (Tuesday)

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  • The Basque separatist groupETA(Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) carried out its first act of terrorism on the 25th anniversary of the 1936 uprising that broughtFrancisco Francoto power in Spain, by sabotaging a train carrying hundreds of veterans toSan Sebastián.Whether it was a plan "to derail the trains without harming any of the passengers",[66]or an action which, "had it not been discovered...might well have caused injuries or even deaths",[67]no trains were derailed, but the Franco government arrested more than 100 Basque activists and sentenced many of them to long prison terms. The ETA responded by stepping up its attacks.
  • At acouncilinZagorskof bishops of theRussian Orthodox Church,Patriarch Alexy I of Moscowpressured the assembled group to approve changes in the laws of the church. The new rules, demanded byNikita Khrushchevin a meeting with Alexy, transferred control of affairs in the various parishes from the local priests to committees of three laymen who would follow the guidance of the Soviet Communist Party.[68]
  • Meeting atBad GodesberginWest Germany,the leaders of the sixEuropean Economic Communitynations (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany) agreed to a plan to hold regular summits, and to further the goals of "political unification" of the Common Market nations, a forerunner of theEuropean Community.[69]
  • Born:
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July 19,1961 (Wednesday)

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Memorial for 670 killed in French attack on Tunisian protesters

July 20,1961 (Thursday)

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  • Meeting in Cairo, the Council of theArab Leaguevoted to admitKuwaitas its 11th member nation, and to send troops to replace the British in protecting the newly independent state from annexation byIraq.Admission of new members required unanimous approval by the representatives present, but Iraq's Foreign Minister, Hashim Jawad, had made the mistake of boycotting the meeting in protest.[77]
  • Three years afterEgyptandSyriahad merged their governments to form theUnited Arab Republic,with Egypt'sGamal Abdel Nasseras president, Nasser nationalized Syria's banks, insurance companies, and other private businesses. Nasser's moves to put Syria's economy under his control would prompt the breakup of the UAR two months later.[78]
  • Hurricane Annaformed in the Atlantic. The storm would strengthen into a Category 2 hurricane on the modern-daySaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scalebefore dissipating on July 24, causing one fatality and $300,000 (1961USD) in damage, mostly in Central America.[79]
  • After two years of living and working inMinsk,American defectorLee Harvey Oswaldapplied to the Soviet Union for anexit visaso that he could return to the United States. He, his wife and daughter were finally granted permission to leave on May 30, 1962.[80]
  • What is now theBarzilai Medical Centeropened atAshkelon,Israel, and is named forYisrael Barzilai.

July 21,1961 (Friday)

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Grissom
  • Gus Grissombecame the second American astronaut to go into space as he piloted theMercury 4capsuleLiberty Bell 7following his launch from Cape Canaveral at 7:20 a.m. From lift-off to reentry, operational sequences were similar to those of the first crewed suborbital flight,Mercury 3.Grissom reached a peak altitude of 118 miles (190 km) without attaining orbit, then descended in his capsule by parachute, withsplashdown303 statute miles downrange from Cape Canaveral at 7:36. Grissom's flight experience was similar toAlan Shepard's in that there was a 5-minute period ofweightlessness,and neither reported any ill effects. He also found it easy to manually control hisspacecraft attitude.Grissom narrowly escaped drowning when the explosive escape hatch opened prematurely while he was awaiting a helicopter to rescue him, but he escaped and swam to safety. TheLiberty Bell 7capsule sank after filling with water.[4][81][82]Although a helicopter managed to secure the capsule and attempted to lift it, the weight of the water added 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) to the load. The $5,000,000Mercury spacecraftwas cut loose and sank to the bottom of the ocean, and would not be found until May 1999.[83][84]Grissom almost drowned when water filled his suit, and a 10-foot (3.0 m) longsharkwas observed in the water soon after his rescue. Grissom would die in 1967, unable to escape the capsule ofApollo 1when it caught fire.[85]An unidentifiedNASAofficial commented, "We've got only one Gus, but we've got plenty of space capsules."[86]After this second successful suborbital flight, Space Task Group decided that there was no need to continue the initial phase of Project Mercury, and the remaining Mercury-Redstone flights were canceled.[4]
  • Alaska Airlines Flight 779,a Douglas DC-6 delivering 26,000 pounds (12,000 kg) of cargo to Japan, crashed 300 feet (91 m) short of the runway as it came in for a landing at theShemya Air Force BaseinAlaska,killing the crew of six.[87]An investigation found that the power cable for the runway approach lights, and to many of the pairs of threshold lights and runway lights, had been cut off two days before the accident to allow construction vehicles to pass, and that nobody had notified the crew of Flight 779.
  • Dominicaadopted a newcoat of arms,consisting of a shield with two guardian Sisserou Parrots bracing the shield atop of which is a raging lion.
  • Born:
  • Died:Sérvulo Gutiérrez,47, Peruvian artist

July 22,1961 (Saturday)

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July 23,1961 (Sunday)

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Princess Higashikuni Shigeko of Japan
  • Died:Shigeko Higashikuni,35, formerly Princess Terunomiya of Japan and eldest child of the EmperorHirohitoand Empress Nagako, died of cancer. In 1943, she had married a commoner, Morihito Higashikuni, and renounced her royal status.[95]

July 24,1961 (Monday)

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  • Eastern AirlinesFlight 202 was hijacked shortly after takeoff from Miami, en route to Tampa. Wilfred Roman Oquendo, a Cuban-born American citizen, who had boarded as "J. Marin" and carried a pistol on board, entered the cockpit and forced the pilot to fly to Cuba. The crew of 5 and the other 32 passengers were allowed to fly back to Miami the next day, while Fidel Castro did not allow the release of theLockheed L-188 Electrauntil August 15. Oquendo was indicted for 37 counts of kidnapping by a federal grand jury on August 23, and never returned to the United States.[96]

July 25,1961 (Tuesday)

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  • President Kennedy delivereda nationwide addresson American television and radio, making clear that if the Soviet Union attempted to take control ofWest Berlin,then the United States would be prepared to go to war, even at the risk of nuclear annihilation. "We must have sea and air lift capable of moving our forces quickly and in large numbers to any part of the world," said Kennedy, and announced that he was "ordering that ourdraft callsbe doubled and tripled "to expand theU.S. Armyfrom 875,000 to one million men. Kennedy then announced, "We have another sober responsibility. To recognize the possibilities of nuclear war in the missile age, without our citizens knowing what they should do and where they should go if bombs begin to fall, would be a failure of responsibility." To that end, he would ask Congress for funding to identify and stock "fallout sheltersin case of attack "and upgrade an emergency warning system, adding that" In the event of an attack, the lives of those families which are not hit in a nuclear blast and fire can still be saved--if they can be warned to take shelter and if that shelter is available. "[97][98]"It was nearly a presidential proclamation of a national emergency," one author would note later, "with the unmistakable implication that nuclear war might be imminent."[99]
  • The very lastConvair B-36Peacemaker strategic bomber was dismantled atAMARC,theaircraft boneyardatDavis-Monthan Air Force Baseat Tucson, Arizona.[100]
  • The Secular Institute of the Scalabrinian Missionary Women was founded by theMissionaries of St. Charles Borromeo.
  • Born:

July 26,1961 (Wednesday)

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July 27,1961 (Thursday)

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July 28,1961 (Friday)

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July 29,1961 (Saturday)

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  • KGBDirectorAlexander Shelepinpresented to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev the outline for a plan to combat "The Main Adversary", the euphemism for the United States. The Shelepin recommendation, accepted by the Politburo three days later, was to finance popular uprisings in Central American nations and to spread disinformation in the NATO nations. After the end of theCold War,when secret American and Russian documents were finally declassified, the Shelepin plan would be revealed by retired KGB archivistVasili Mitrokhin.[107]
  • Using anIBM 7090computer, researchers Daniel Shanks and John W. Wrench, Jr., were able to calculate the value ofpito 100,000 digits for the first time. In 1949, prior to the use of computers, the first 1,120 digits had been found "by hand" using a desk calculator.[108]The same year, theENIACcomputer took 70 hours to reach 2,037 decimal places. The 10,000 mark had been broken in 1957 on anIBM 704in 100 minutes. The IBM 7090 operation took 8 hours and 43 minutes.[109]
  • Country music singerPatsy Clinesang at a concert in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and a recording was made of the live performance. Thirty years after Cline's death in 1963, the tape was purchased at a yard sale. MCA Records bought the rights, enhanced the sound quality, and on July 29, 1997, released it in CD form asLive at the Cimarron Ballroom.[110]
  • The islands ofWallis and Futuna,located in the South Pacific Ocean, were accepted as "an integral part of the French Republic" in the form of a singleFrench overseas territory.[111]

July 30,1961 (Sunday)

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  • The flights of"El Avion Pirata"(" The Pirate Plane "), a four-engineLockheed Constellationthat had been making smuggling flights intoBoliviawith landings at night atEl Trompillo AirportinSanta Cruz,were brought to an end whenBolivian Air Forcefighter jets intercepted the aircraft and forced it to land. During its escape, the rogue aircraft caused an air force P-51 Mustang to crash, killing its pilot. The crew of four Americans and one Brazilian were all arrested, and the "Constellation Trial" would later cause a political scandal in Bolivia.[112]All five would later escape the country; the vintage airplane is now a tourist attraction in Santa Cruz.[113]
  • TheCommunist Party of the Soviet Unionunveiled First Secretary Khrushchev's 20-year program for reform, with 47,000 words printed in nine of the ten pages of the newspaperPravdaand broadcast in a six-hour program on Radio Moscow. Among the promises were that by 1970, the workday would be reduced to six hours, and the USSR would surpass the United States in industrial and agricultural production. By 1980, the plan promised, Soviet workers would enjoy free housing and public utilities, free public transportation, and free meals at schools and at the workplace.[114]
  • The firstNASCARrace (referred to at the time as the Volunteer 500) atBristol Motor Speedway,the shortest track on the circuit, was won byJack Smith(who started the race) andJohnny Allen,who finished after Smith's foot was burned by his car.[115]
  • Born:
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July 31,1961 (Monday)

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IBM's revolutionary "typeball"

References

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  4. ^abcdefPublic DomainThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Grimwood, James M."PART III (A) Operational Phase of Project Mercury May 5, 1961 through May 1962".Project Mercury - A Chronology.NASA Special Publication-4001.NASA.Retrieved18 February2023.
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  11. ^"Incumbents Win Mexican Election".Miami News.July 3, 1961. p. 2.
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  15. ^"A Loyal Filipino, MacArthur Returns",Miami News,July 3, 1961, p2
  16. ^"New Korea Coup; Chang Quits",Miami News,July 3, 1961, p1
  17. ^"Rush On To Send The Ships To Sea",Miami News,July 4, 1961, p1
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  20. ^"Missile Overview".Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-01-05.Retrieved2007-12-18.
  21. ^"Israel Joins Ranks, Fires Space Rocket",Miami News,July 5, 1961, p1
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  69. ^Gilbert, Mark (2003).Surpassing Realism: The Politics of European Integration since 1945.Rowman & Littlefiel]. p. 91.
  70. ^"Navy Base At Bizerte Ringed By Tunisians".Miami News(first ed.). July 19, 1961. p. 1.
  71. ^"Tunis Fires On Helicopter Over Bizerte".Miami News(final ed.). July 19, 1961. p. 1.
  72. ^"TUNISIANS, FRENCH OPEN FIRE".Windsor Star.Windsor, Ontario. July 19, 1961. p. 1.
  73. ^Alexander, Christopher (2010).Tunisia.Taylor & Francis. p. 90.
  74. ^"Airliner Crashes, All 67 Killed".Miami News.July 19, 1961. p. 1.
  75. ^Gomery, Douglas(1992).Shared Pleasures: A History of Movie Presentation in the United States.University of Wisconsin Press. p. 141.
  76. ^Hodgkins, Crystalyn (April 13, 2018)."Seven Deadly Sins: Prisoners of the Sky Anime Film Reveals Trailer, Visual, More Cast".Anime News Network.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2023.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
  77. ^Fred Moore, ed.,Iraq Speaks: Documents on the Gulf Crisis(DIANE Publishing, 1993) p39
  78. ^Malik Mufti,Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq(Cornell University Press, 1996) pp133-134
  79. ^Ralph L. Higgs (August 4, 1961).Report on Hurricane Anna - July 20, 1961.U.S. Weather Bureau Office San Juan, Puerto Rico(Report). San Juan, Puerto Rico: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Hurricane Center. p. 11.RetrievedDecember 3,2013.
  80. ^Norman Mailer,Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery(Random House, 1995) p235, 295
  81. ^"GRISSOM SAVED, CAPSULE LOST".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.July 22, 1961. p. 1.
  82. ^Grissom, Virgil(July 28, 1961)."It Was a Good Flight and a Great Float".LIFE.p. 27 – via Google Books.
  83. ^"Salvage team finds Mercury capsule".Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel.May 3, 1999. p. 7A.
  84. ^"Gus Grissom's Space Capsule Recovered".Toledo Blade.July 21, 1999. p. 14.
  85. ^French, Francis;et al. (2009).Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961-1965.University of Nebraska Press. pp. 79–90.
  86. ^"'We've Got Only One Gus But Plenty Of Capsules'".Ottawa Citizen.July 21, 1961. p. 1.
  87. ^Aviation-Safety-Network
  88. ^Preston, Matt (10 April 2009)."Does Blumenthal smell of caramel?".The Age.
  89. ^Kim, Byung-Kook;Vogel, Ezra F.,eds. (2011).The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea.Harvard University Press. pp. 100, 257.ISBN9780674058200.
  90. ^United Nations Treaty Series[permanent dead link]
  91. ^On July 7, the 1961 Council voted 32-17 to accept."San Marino OKs Britain's Offer For War Damage".Youngstown Vindicator.July 6, 1961. p. 5.
  92. ^Stephen E. Atkins,Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups(Greenwood Publishing, 2004) p97
  93. ^Cooper, Tim (July 19, 2002)."Welcome to Woody World".Thisislondon.co.uk. Archived fromthe originalon May 5, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 30,2013.
  94. ^"Depeche Mode's Vince Clarke and Martin Gore reunite in the name of techno".24 November 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2022.
  95. ^"Japan Ex-Princess Dies", UPI report inThe Sunday Advertiser(Honolulu), July 23, 1961, p. 1
  96. ^Michael Newton,The Encyclopedia of Kidnappings(Infobase Publishing, 2002) p214
  97. ^Video and text of speechArchived2011-06-05 at theWayback Machine,"Report on the Berlin Crisis" MillerCenter.org
  98. ^"U.S. WILL FIGHT FOR BERLIN, PRESIDENT WARNS RUSSIANS".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.July 26, 1961. p. 1.
  99. ^Garrison, Dee (2006).Bracing for Armageddon: Why Civil Defense Never Worked.Oxford University Press US. p. 112.
  100. ^Veronico, Nicholas A.; et al. (2000).Military Aircraft Boneyards.Zenith Imprint. p. 103.
  101. ^"DARREN STAR, creator, 'Beverly Hills 90210'".New York Times.August 31, 2008.Retrieved2010-08-10.
  102. ^Dickson A. Mungazi,The last defenders of the laager: Ian D. Smith and F.W. de Klerk(Greenwood Publishing, 1998) p112
  103. ^"New Evidence on the Berlin Crisis 1958-1962", by Douglas Selvage,Cold War International History Project Bulletin11, p219
  104. ^Kiminas 2009,pp. 25.
  105. ^"Britain Will Seek Ties With Common Market".Milwaukee Journal.July 29, 1961. p. 2.
  106. ^"HMTIndia.com".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-28.Retrieved2011-06-25.
  107. ^Christopher M. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB(Basic Books, 2000) p181
  108. ^D.F. Ferguson andJohn W. Wrench,A New Approximation to π (Conclusion)ff.
  109. ^ Jörg Arndt and Christoph Haenel,π Unleashed(Vol. 1) (Springer, 2001) p197
  110. ^Douglas Gomery,Patsy Cline: The Making of an Icon(Trafford Publishing, 2011) p372
  111. ^"Wallis and Futuna",Historical dictionary of Polynesia,by Robert D. Craig (Scarecrow Press, 2002) p255
  112. ^"'Sky Pirates' Held in Crash",Daily News(New York), August 1, 1961, p30
  113. ^"Aterriza el olvido al 'Avión Pirata'" (Spanish) ( "The 'Pirate Plane' that landed in oblivion",El Dia(Santa Cruz, Bolivia), August 19, 2012
  114. ^"RUSSIA: The New Gospel",TIMEMagazine, August 11, 1961; "Russian Press, Radio Hammer Home Khrushchev Vision of Red Utopia",Saskatoon Star-Phoenix,July 31, 1961, p. 1; "The 1961 Party Programme and the fate of Khrushchev's reforms", by Alexander Titov, inSoviet State and Society under Nikita Khrushchev(Taylor & Francis US, 2009), p. 18.
  115. ^A. R. Schaefer,Bristol Motor Speedway(Capstone Press, 2006), p. 10.
  116. ^"New Typewriter Eliminates Type Bar, Movable Carriage".St. Petersburg Times.St. Petersburg, Florida. August 1, 1961. p. 6-B.
  117. ^Van Dulken, Stephen (2004).American Inventions: A History of Curious, Extraordinary, and Just Plain Useful Patents.NYU Press. p. 203.
  118. ^"All-Star Game History and Leaders".
  119. ^"All-Stars Duel to 1-1 Draw".Milwaukee Sentinel.August 1, 1961. p. 2-2.
  120. ^Ragone, August (2007).Eiji Tsuburaya: Master of Monsters.Chronicle Books. p. 63.ISBN978-0-8118-6078-9.
  121. ^"Barber (67) Wins Playoff".Milwaukee Sentinel.August 1, 1961. p. 2-2.

Literature

[edit]
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