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Kabul Province

Coordinates:34°00′N69°00′E/ 34.00°N 69.00°E/34.00; 69.00
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the capital city of Afghanistan, seeKabul.
Not to be confused withZabul Province.
Kabul
کابل
Province
Map of Afghanistan with Kabul highlighted
Map of Afghanistan with Kabul highlighted
Coordinates (Capital):34°00′N69°00′E/ 34.00°N 69.00°E/34.00; 69.00
CountryAfghanistan
CapitalKabul
Government
•GovernorMohammad Aman Obaid[1]
• Deputy GovernorMufti Mohammad Idris
• Police ChiefWali Jan Hamza
Area
• Total4,523 km2(1,746 sq mi)
• Water0 km2(0 sq mi)
Population
(2022)[2]
• Total5,572,630
• Density1,200/km2(3,200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4:30(Afghanistan Time)
Postal codes
10xx
ISO 3166 codeAF-KAB
Main languagesDari
Pashto

Kabul(Dari/Pashto:کابل), situated in the east of the country, is one of the thirty-fourprovinces of Afghanistan.The capital of the province isKabulcity, which isAfghanistan's capital and largest city. The population of the Kabul Province is over 5.5 million people as of 2022,[3]of which over 85 percent live in urban areas. The currentgovernorof the province isQari Baryal.

It borders the provinces ofParwanto the north,Kapisato the north-east,Laghmanto the east,Nangarharto the south-east,Logarto the south, andWardakto the west.

Geography[edit]

Further information:Geography of Afghanistan
Kabulcity, situated 5,900 ft above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged between theHindu Kushmountains.

Kabul is located between Latitude 34-31' North and Longitude 69-12' East at an altitude of 1800 m (6000 feet) above sea level, which makes itone of the world's highest capitalcities. Kabul is strategically situated in a valley surrounded by high mountains at crossroads of north-south and east-west trade routes. One million years ago the Kabul region was surrounded from south-east betweenLowgarandPaghmanMountains;Charikarin the north and the Ningai Ghar mountains in the west. This region formed an icy sea. Some deep wells in the region of today's Poli Charkhi in the east part of city are the evidence of that time. Kabul is surrounded byKoh-e PaghmanMountain from the east,Koh-e QroughMountain from the south-west andKoh-e ShirdarwazaMountain from the north-east. Kabul has only one river which is calledKabul River.Kabul River rises at the Paghman Mountain toward South Pass about 70 km (43 mi) west of Kabul. It flows in an easterly direction, past Kabul, and throughJalalabadcity, and then on toDakkawhere it enters Pakistani territory and finally runs into the Indus atAttock.

The climate within region of Kabul is considered to bearidtosemi-aridsteppe.Because of the very low amounts of precipitation, especially from May to November, Kabul can be very dry and dusty. Extreme temperature changes occur from night to day, season to season, and from place to place. The chief characteristic of Afghanistan's climate is a blue cloudless sky with over 300 days of sunshine yearly. Even during the winter, skies usually remain clear between snowfalls, which are on average 15–30 cm (5.9–11.8 in) annually. The daily temperature forKabulcity in winter is −1 °C (30 °F) and in summer 24 °C (75 °F). The coldest month of the year is January and the hottest month is July. The maximum temperature has been recorded as +42.7 °C[citation needed]in July and the minimum as −26.3 °C[citation needed]in January.

History[edit]

Further information:History of Afghanistan
Part ofa serieson the
History ofAfghanistan
Timeline
Ancient
Indus Valley Civilisation2200–1800 BC
Oxus Civilization2100–1800 BC
Gandhara Kingdom1500–535 BC
Median Empire728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire312–150 BC
Maurya Empire305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom256–125 BC
Parthian Empire247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek Kingdom180–130 BC
Indo-Scythian Kingdom155–80? BC
Kushan Empire135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian Kingdom20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire230–651
Kidarite Kingdom320–465
Rob
Alchon Huns380–560
Hephthalite Empire410–557
Nezak Huns484–711
Medieval
Kabul Shahi565–879
Principality of Chaghaniyan7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate652–661
Tang China660–669
Tibetan Empire660–842
Umayyads661–750
Zunbils680–870
Lawik750-977
Abbasids750–821
Tahirids821–873
Saffarids863–900
Samanids875–999
Ghaznavids963–1187
Ghuridsbefore 879–1215
Seljuks1037–1194
Khwarezmids1215–1231
Mongol Invasion1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate1226–1245
Qarlughids1224–1266
Ilkhanate1256–1335
Kartids1245–1381
Timurids1370–1507
Arghuns1520–1591
Modern
Mughals1501–1738
Safavids1510–1709
Hotak dynasty1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate1716–1732
Afsharid Iran1738–1747
Durrani Empire1747–1823
Principality of Qandahar1818–1855
Emirate1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate1929
Kingdom1926–1973
Daoud coup1973
Republic1973–1978
Saur Revolution1978
Democratic Republic1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt1990
Islamic State1992–1996
Islamic Emirate1996–2001
US invasion2001
Islamic State(reinstated)2001
Interim/Transitional Administration2001–2004
Islamic Republic(politics)2004–2021
Islamic Emirate(reinstated)since2021
Related historical regions
Related topics

Kabul's history dates back more than 3,500 years. It was once the center ofZoroastrianism[4]and subsequently also a home forBuddhistsandHindus.

The native citizens of Kabul as per the records of theBritish MuseumareTajiksandPashtuns.

The city was invaded byArabMuslimsin the 7th century by introducingIslam[citation needed]but was slowly taken back by theHindu Shahisof Kabul. It was re-invaded by theSaffaridsandSamanidsin the 9th century followed byMahmud of Ghaznaviin the 11th century, when theHinduShahi King Jay Pala committed suicide. It became part of theGhuridsafter defeating theGhaznavids,and later it was invaded by theMongolsunderGenghis Khan.

Timur,founder of theTimurid dynasty,invaded the region in 14th century and developed it into a major trading center. In 1504, the city fell toBaburfrom the north of the country and was made into his capital, which became one of the principal cities of his laterMughal Empire.In 1525, Babur describedKabulistaninhis memoirsby writing that:

In thecountry of Kābulthere are many and various tribes. Its valleys and plains are inhabited byTūrks,Aimāks,andArabs.In the city and the greater part of the villages, the population consists ofTājiks(called "Sarts"by Babur). Many other of the villages and districts are occupied byPashāis,Parāchis,Tājiks, Berekis, andAfghans.In the hill-country to the west, reside theHazārasandNukderis.Among the Nukderi tribes, there are some who speak theMoghul(mongol) language. In the hill-country to the north-east liesKaferistān,such asKattor and Gebrek.There are eleven or twelve different languages spoken in Kābul:Arabic,Persian,Tūrki,Moghuli,Hindi,Afghani,Pashāi,Parāchi, Geberi, Bereki, and Lamghāni...[5]

— Baburnama,1525 AD

For much of its time Kabul was independent until it became part of theDurrani Empirein 1747. During theFirst Anglo-Afghan Warin 1839, the British army invaded the area but withdrew in 1842, although thousands of them were killed during a surprise ambush on their way to Jalalabad. In retaliation another British force partly burned Kabul before retreating back toBritish India.The British again occupied the city during theSecond Anglo-Afghan Warin 1879, after their resident staff were massacred there, but withdrew about a year later when they installedEmir.

In 1919, KingAmanullah Khanrose to power during theThird Anglo-Afghan Warwhen Afghanistan's capital and its eastern city ofJalalabadwereair raidedby theNo. 31 and 114 squadronsof the BritishRoyal Air Forcein May 1919.[6][7]Amanullah Khan defeated the British and began modernization of the country after the signing of theTreaty of Rawalpindi.In the late 1920s, switching of power took place untilZahir Shahbecame the youngest new King.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Kabul was known as the Paris ofcentral Asiaas it was transforming into a European style city. Once the jewel of Asia, a very progressive and moderately modern capital. Kabul in those days had, modern cinemas, cafes, formal French gardens, schools, libraries, universities, fine boutiques. The inhabitants of Kabul known as "Kabulis" were highly educated, modern, progressive and cosmopolitan people. Where women and men attended primary school, high school and university. Mini-jupes (mini skirts) were a common sight in the 1970s. Highly educated, culturally aware and yet religious at the same time, there was never an issue with not having your hair covered or the clothes you wore in the Kabul of the 1960s and 1970s. This progressive peaceful society lasted until foreign interference occurred in the late 1970s plummeting the country to what Afghanistan has become today. In December 1979, Soviet armed forces landed atKabul International Airportto help bolster thePDPA-led government of Afghanistan.

NATO's military terminal atKabul International Airport

Kabul became theSovietcommand center for approximately 10 years during their stay in Afghanistan. In February 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan after they were defeated by theMujahideens.In spring of 1992 the government ofMohammad Najibullahcollapsed, Kabul fell into the hands of Mujahideen forces. Destruction increased as the coalition of the parties broke into rival warring factions, and much of Kabul was damaged. In 1996 theTalibantook over the region and started a new strict IslamicShariarule which restricted most forms of education, entertainment, women from working, men from shaving beards, and many normal human activities or hobbies.

Common vehicles of theAfghan National Police

Less than a month after theSeptember 11 attacksin the United States, in October 2001, theUnited States Armed Forcesassisted byBritish Armed Forcesprovided massive air support toUnited Front(Northern Alliance) ground forces duringOperation Enduring Freedom.The Taliban abandoned Kabul and the United Front came to take control of the city. In December 2001 Kabul became the capital of theAfghan Transitional Administration,which transformed to the presentGovernment of Afghanistanthat is led by PresidentHamid Karzai.

In early 2002 aNATO-ledInternational Security Assistance Force(ISAF) was deployed in Kabul and from there they began taking over other parts of the country. The war-torn city began to see some positive development as millions of expats returned to the country. Its population has grown from about 500,000 in 2001 to over 3 million by 2007. Many foreign embassies re-opened, especially the biggestU.S. Embassy.Afghan government institutions were also re-developed and modernized. Since 2008 the newly trainedAfghan National Police(ANP) and theAfghan National Army(ANA) have been in charge of security in the area, while NATO also has a heavy presence but is not patrolling the streets anymore.

While the city is being developed, it is also the scene of occasional deadly suicide bombings and explosions carried out by theHaqqani network,Taliban'sQuetta Shura,Hezb-i Islami,Al Qaeda,and other anti-government elements who are allegedly supported and guided by Pakistan'sInter-Services Intelligence(ISI) spy network.[8]

Politics[edit]

Further information:Politics of Afghanistan,Foreign relations of Afghanistan,andList of governors of Kabul
TheAfghan Parliament

Kabul was occupied by a number of mujahideen rebel groups and warlords before Najibullah's government collapsed in 1992. The city and province were contested by the various rebel forces who fought for power until it was captured by theTalibanin 1996. A new strict law was introduced by the Taliban. There was very little information on how Afghanistan was governed but the country had only one leader,Mullah Omar,the head of Taliban who fled to Pakistan after the US-led invasion on October 7, 2001. The Taliban laws were quickly abolished and humanities came in effect to enable Kabul to recover from the destruction caused by the mujahideen and Taliban forces. The2002 loya jirgatook place to solve the country's political problems.

Afghanistan adopted a newconstitutionin January 2004, establishing the country as anIslamic Republic.According to the constitution, the Afghan government consists of a President, two Vice Presidents, and aNational Assembly(Parliament). The National Assembly has two houses: the House of People (Wolesi Jirga), and the House of Elders (Meshrano Jirga). There is also an independent Judiciary branch consisting of theSupreme Court(Stara Mahkama), High Courts and Appeal Courts. The President appoints the members of the Supreme Court with the approval of theWolesi Jirga.

Afghanistan's presidentialelectionswere held in October 2004. Over 8 million Afghans voted in the elections. The Joint Electoral Management Body of Afghanistan certified the elections and declaredHamid Karzai,the interim President, the winner with 55.4% of the vote. Karzai's strongest opponent,Yunus Qanuni,received 16.3% of the vote. The elections were not without controversy; allegations of fraud andballot stuffingwere brought up by many of the presidential candidates including Qanuni. A panel of international experts was set up to investigate the matter. The panel did find evidence of voting irregularities, however, they said that it was not enough to affect the outcome of the elections.

Economy[edit]

Further information:Economy of Afghanistan
Skilled workers at a factory in Kabul, press operators are building new standards for themselves and their country. 1950

Kabul's products include: natural gas, cotton, wool, carpets, agriculture, and some small production companies. Kabul has trade partnerships with theUK,France, Germany, United States, India,South Korea,Turkmenistan,Kenya,Russia,Pakistan,China,Iran.Kabul's economy was influenced by the America and has increased by almost 3500% after shrinking for 25 years.[when?]A new currency was introduced to Afghans which helped the economy. New business was in the new regime. Many American industries were interested in the new Kabul and many new companies have since then opened their branches in Kabul. The Kabul City Centre Mall was built and has nearly 100 shops.[9]

The economy is at a boom level and is increasing dramatically. Housing costs are rising as are employee wages. The cost of living has increased dramatically which is a problem for the non-educated Afghans, who cannot support themselves. The UN helps Afghans in need of help by providing aid, food and school materials for schools. Many international aid organizations are contributing to the Afghan economy.

Tourism[edit]

In the 1960s and 70s most of Kabul's economy depended on tourism.[dubious–discuss][citation needed]Kabul had textile, cotton production, and carpet production industries, but most of its economy came through tourism which it lost during its destruction.[citation needed]

Demographics and administration[edit]

Further information:Demography of Afghanistan
Kabul province is made up of 14 districts.

As of 2022, the total population of Kabul province is 5,572,630,[3]of which about 85 percent live in the urban areas (mainly in the Kabulmetropolitan area) while the remaining 15 percent are rural residents. It is one of the most ethnically diverse provinces.[10]

The city ofKabulis multi-ethnic. As of 2003, it is composed of 60%Tajiks,15%Pashtuns,15%Hazaras,2%Uzbeks,1%Baloch,1%Turkmen,and 1%Hindu.[11]TheDariandPashtolanguages are widely used in the region.

Districts[edit]

Districts of Kabul Province
District Capital Population
Estimate
2022[3] 		Area in km2[12] Pop. density
per km2 		Ethnic data (%)[13] Notes
Bagrami Bagrami 62,709 230 272 Tajik[14]& Pashtuns
Chahar Asyab Qalai Naeem 41,452 246 168 Pashtuns, Tajiks, and few Hazara[15]
Deh Sabz Tarakhel 61,115 525 117 50% Pashtuns
50% Tajiks[16]
Farza Dehnawe Farza 24,313 85 287 Predominately Tajiks[17] Created in 2005 fromMir Bacha Kot District
Guldara Guldara 25,907 84 310 Predominately Tajiks
Istalif Istalif 37,998 108 354 Predominately Tajik, Pashtun, and Hazara
Kabul(city) Kabul 4,434,550 383 11,575 65% Tajiks, 15% Pashtuns, 15% Hazaras, 2% Uzbeks, 1% Turkmen, 1% Balochi, 1%Hindu.[11]
Kalakan Kalakan 34,278 73 470 Predominantly Tajik and some Pashtuns[18]
Khaki Jabbar Khak-i Jabbar 16,209 590 27 95% Pashtuns
5% Tajiks[19]
Mir Bacha Kot Mir Bacha Kot 59,122 62 956 Predominately Tajiks and some Pashtun families[20] Split in 2005 to create a newFarza District
Mussahi Mussahi 26,439 119 222 Pashtuns and a number of Tajik families[21]
Paghman Paghman 138,507 385 360 50% Pashtuns
50% Tajiks[22]
Qarabagh Qara Bagh 86,358 214 403 Tajiks
Shakardara Shakar Dara 93,001 271 344

majority Tajik

Surobi Surobi 62,709 1,314 48 90% Pashtuns
10%Pashais[23]
Kabul 5,204,667 4,524 1,150 65%Tajiks,15%Pashtuns,20%Hazaras,1.7%Uzbeks,0.9%Turkmens,0.9%Balochi,0.9%Hindus,0.1%Pashai.[note 1]
  1. ^Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.

Transportation[edit]

Further information:Transportation in Afghanistan

Transportation in Kabul is improving as the numbers of new vehicles and experienced drivers are increasing. There is public transportation service in the Kabul vicinity, but many roads are in disrepair. Drivers are also impeded by the large number of cyclists. More vehicles are seen in the city because people are purchasing cars. Taxi cabs are found everywhere in the city, also in most of the districts of Kabul.

Kabul'sMilli Bus(National Bus) system, which has about 800 buses, provides service to the city and nearby areas. There are several new highways in the province, and the government has scheduled to rebuild most of the smaller roads. Funding for the roads comes from current drivers who must pay toll charges for driving on highways and major roads. The money is collected by the government through issuing motorists monthly, quarterly or annual inspection certificates that are affixed to the windshield of their vehicles.

Trucks are used to transport goods from one district to another, or to other cities of the country. The Afghan government, with the help of foreign companies or organizations, have begun work on many of Kabul's roads. Auto companies likeHonda,Toyota,Ford Motor Company,andChevrolethave also been reintroduced in Kabul.

Healthcare[edit]

The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 65% in 2005 to 56% in 2011.[24] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 46% in 2005 to 73% in 2011.[24]

Education[edit]

Further information:Education in Afghanistan

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 58% in 2005 to 47% in 2011.[24]The overall net enrollment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 46% in 2005 to 65% in 2011.[24]

Kabul is Afghanistan's center for education. People from all the provinces of the country come to Kabul for education. There are many schools and universities that have opened doors for men and women. In the 1970s, about 55% of Kabul's population was educated without materials or proper learning resources, but nowadays most of the young children are sent to work by their parents to support their living costs. The education rate has declined dramatically during the last 20 years. Most of the schools in Kabul were set as battle points during the wars and have been demolished.

List of universities in Kabul[edit]

Further information:List of universities in Afghanistan
American University of Afghanistan(AUAF)

List of schools in Kabul[edit]

Further information:List of schools in Afghanistan
Rahman Baba High School

Sports[edit]

Further information:Sport in Afghanistan
Ghazi Stadiumin the city of Kabul

Kabul is the center of annualbuzkashiCricket andfootballtournaments, where teams from all over of Afghanistan, and sometimes from neighboringPakistan,Iran,Uzbekistan,andTajikistanparticipate. Sports is a daily routine for employees in Afghanistan, when they all join each other in tournaments and matches, specially soccer games. Golf is played at theKabul Golf Club,which is a short drive from the capital near theQarghawater park. Cricket is the number-one sport in Afghanistan with big achievements. Annual cricket tournament happen under the name of Shpagizz and from all over Afghanistan teams attend in this tournament. Afghanistan cricket team has participated in world cups. Afghanistan national football teamalso participated in many Asian Soccer Leagues. Many Afghans who were living asrefugeesin Pakistan and India repatriated, and they brought the game ofcricketwith them. Afghanistan now has anational cricket teamthat plays internationally. The Province itself is represented in Afghan domestic cricket by theKabul Province cricket team,who were the inaugural winners of the 2010 Etisalat 50 over tournament.

There are alsobasketball,volleyball,golf,handball,boxing,taekwondo,weightlifting,bodybuilding,track and field,skating,bowling,snooker,andchess,teams in Kabul, which participate in tournaments locally and go on tours to other Asian countries. One of the oldest and most popular stadiums in Kabul is theGhazi Stadium,where tournaments, concerts, and national celebrations take place. TheKabul National Cricket Stadiumis under construction as of 2011. The Ghazi Stadium is also currently going through a reconstruction programme whereby a new design and a new system will be established for the stadium. Schools and universities encourage participation in team sports, and Afghans are being trained in Kabul for the nextOlympic Games.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Taliban appoints new governors, police chiefs in key provinces".Amu TV.27 November 2023.Retrieved15 April2024.
  2. ^"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22"(PDF).National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021.RetrievedJune 21,2021.
  3. ^abc"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2022-23"(PDF).Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, National Statistics and Information Authority. 1 April 2022.
  4. ^SOUTH ASIA | Kabul: City of lost glories.BBC News (2001-11-12). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  5. ^Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur(1525)."Events Of The Year 910".Memoirs of Babur.Packard Humanities Institute. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-11-14.Retrieved2010-08-22.
  6. ^"The Road to Kabul: British armies in Afghanistan, 1839–1919".National Army Museum.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-11-26.Retrieved2011-02-11.
  7. ^"Afghanistan 1919–1928: Sources in the India Office Records".British Library.Retrieved2011-02-11.1919 (May), outbreak of Third Anglo-Afghan War. British bomb Kabul and Jalalabad;
  8. ^"U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack".Reuters. September 22, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon September 25, 2011.Retrieved2011-09-22.
  9. ^Afghans Head for the Mall – IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting.Iwpr.net. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
  10. ^https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=senior_seminar[bare URL PDF]
  11. ^ab"2003 National Geographic Population Map"(PDF).Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies,University of Nebraskaat Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor.National Geographic Society.November 2003. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2008-02-27.Retrieved2010-06-27.
  12. ^"FAO in Afghanistan – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations".www.fao.org.Retrieved29 March2018.
  13. ^Ethnic demographic statistics taken fromhttp://www.aims.org.af
  14. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).www.aims.org.af.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 October 2005.Retrieved17 January2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Char Asiab(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  16. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).www.aims.org.af.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 October 2005.Retrieved11 January2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Farza(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  18. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Kalakan(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  19. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Khak-e-Jabbar(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  20. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Mir Bacha Kot(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  21. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Mussahi(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  22. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – Paghman(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  23. ^UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region – District Profile – SarobiArchived2011-06-15 at theWayback Machine(PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.
  24. ^abcdArchive, Civil Military Fusion Centre,"Pages - Kabul".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-05-31.Retrieved2014-05-30.

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