Kallawaya language
| Kallawaya | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Bolivia |
| Region | La Paz Department:Charazani;highlands north ofLake Titicaca |
Native speakers | None[1] 10–20 as 2nd language[citation needed] |
Puquina
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Bolivia[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | caw |
| Glottolog | call1235 |
| ELP | Kallawaya |
Kallawaya,alsoCallahuayaorCallawalla,is anendangered,secret,mixed languageinBolivia;another name sometimes used for the language isPohena.It is spoken by theKallawaya people,a group of traditional itinerant healers in theAndesin their medicinal healing practice living inCharazani,the highlands north ofLake Titicaca,[3]andTipuani.[4]
Characteristics[edit]
Kallawaya is a mixed language. The grammar is partiallyQuechuain morphology, but most of its words are from either unknown sources or from an otherwise extinct language family,Pukina.Pukina was abandoned in favor of Quechua,Aymara,andSpanish.[5]
Kallawaya is also a secret language, passed only by father to son, or grandfather to grandson, or rarely, to daughters if a practitioner has no sons. It is not used in normal family dialogue. Although its use is primarily ritual, used secretly for initiated men, Kallawaya may be a part of everyday conversation between those familiar with it.[6]
Kallawaya was one of the subjects ofIronbound Films' 2008 American documentary filmThe Linguists,in which two linguists attempted todocumentseveralmoribund languages.[7]
Bolivians refer to the region where the speakers live as "Qollahuayas,"[what language is this?]meaning "place of the medicines", because the Kallawaya are renowned herbalists. Since they treat or cure with plants, minerals, animal products, and rituals, peasants refer to the speakers as "Qolla kapachayuh",[what language is this?]meaning "lords of the medicine bag".
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | q |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | x | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | lateral | l | ʎ | |||
| central | w | j | ||||
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iiː | uuː | |
| Mid | eeː | ooː | |
| Open | aaː |
References[edit]
- ^KallawayaatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^"Constitución política del Estado"(PDF)(in Spanish). Gaceta Oficial de Bolivia. February 7, 2009. p. 2.RetrievedNovember 23,2022.
Artículo 5.1: Son idiomas oficiales del Estado el castellano y todos los idiomas de las naciones y pueblos indígena originario [sic] campesinos, que son el aymara, [...], machajuyai-kallawaya, [...] y zamuco.
- ^Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019)."Bolivia languages".Ethnologue:Languages of the World(22nd ed.). Dallas:SIL International.
- ^Loukotka, Čestmír(1968).Classification of South American Indian languages.Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^Willem Adelaar; Simon van de Kerke."The Puquina and Leko languages".Symposium: Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics, July 17–18, 2006, at the 52ndInternational Congress of Americanists,Seville, Spain.RetrievedSeptember 19,2007.
- ^"The Kallawaya Language Project".Archived fromthe original(online)on September 29, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 19,2007.
- ^Honeycutt, Kirk (January 18, 2008)."The Linguists".The Hollywood Reporter.Archived fromthe originalon November 21, 2008.RetrievedFebruary 22,2009.
- ^Muysken (2009)
Further reading[edit]
- Aguiló, Federico (1991).Diccionario kallawaya(in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: MUSEF.OCLC29245388.
- Bastien, Joseph W. (January 1989). "Differences between Kallawaya-Andean and Greek-European humoral theory".Social Science & Medicine.28(1): 45–51.doi:10.1016/0277-9536(89)90305-5.PMID2648593.
- Girault, Louis (1989).Kallawaya: el idioma secreto de los incas: Diccionario(in Spanish). UNICEF.OCLC22491858.
- Muysken, Pieter (2009). "Kallawaya". In Crevels, Mily; Muysken, Pieter (eds.).Lenguas de Bolivia(in Spanish). Vol. I: Ámbito andino. La Paz: Plural editores. pp. 147–167.OCLC556975228.
- Oblitas Poblete, Enrique; Szemiński, Jan (1994).Lexico Kallawaya(in Spanish).OCLC56010096.