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Kampfgeschwader200

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Kampfgeschwader200
Active1934–45
CountryNazi Germany
BranchLuftwaffe
TypeSpecial operations force
RoleAerial long-range reconnaissance
Airlift
Airstrike
Special operations
Strategic bombing
Tactical bombing
Test flights
SizeWing
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Werner Baumbach
Insignia
Identification
symbol		Geschwaderkennung
ofA3
Aircraft flown
BomberDornier Do 335,Arado Ar 232,Heinkel He 111,Heinkel He 177,Junkers Ju 290,Junkers Ju 390,Junkers Ju 188,Heinkel He 115,Dornier Do 24,Dornier Do 18,Arado Ar 196,Siebel Si 204,Arado Ar 240
captured aircraft:B-17,B-24,SM.75,LeO H-246,Short Stirling,de Havilland Mosquito,Bristol Beaufighter[1]
Fightercaptured:Lockheed P-38 Lightning,Polikarpov I-16,Supermarine Spitfire[1]
TransportArado Ar 232,Blohm & Voss BV 222,Messerschmitt Me 323,Junkers Ju 252,Junkers Ju 352 Herkules,Gotha Go 244

Kampfgeschwader200 (KG 200)( "[Air] Combat Squadron 200" ) was a German Luftwaffe special operations unit duringWorld War II.The unit carried out especially difficult bombing and transport operations and long-distance reconnaissance flights, tested new aircraft designs and operated captured aircraft.[2][3][4]

History

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The unit's history began in 1934, when the Luftwaffe formed a reconnaissance squadron underOberstTheodor Rowehland attached it to theAbwehr,the German military intelligence department of the armed forces high command. As theAbwehrstarted to lose Hitler's goodwill during the war, a new reconnaissance unit, the "2nd Test Formation", was formed in 1942 under the command ofWerner Baumbach.This unit was combined with "1st Test Formation" in March 1944 to form KG 200 on 20 February 1944.[citation needed]

On 11 November 1944 Baumbach becameGeschwaderkommodore,after which point all aerial special-ops missions were carried out by KG 200 under Baumbach's command.[5]

Missions

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The unit carried out a wide variety of missions:

Long-range reconnaissance

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Before the beginning of the war, aerial reconnaissance was usually carried out by civilianLufthansaplanes equipped with cameras. This practice was continued throughout the war as long as civilian airlines remained operational; later on, reconnaissance missions were most often carried out byJunkers Ju 86sflying at very high altitudes or byflying boats.Due to the lack of German aircraft with sufficient range, some recon missions used captured AmericanBoeing B-17 Flying FortressorConsolidated B-24 Liberatorheavy bombers and SovietTupolev Tu-2s.For the most part, these machines were used for re-supply roles (dropping in supplies to German forces operating behind enemy lines), or transporting important personnel.[6]

TheMistelprogramme

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Beginning in 1942, to compensate for its lack of heavy bombers, theLuftwaffestarted to experiment with packing some of its war-wearyJunkers Ju 88bombers with enormousshaped-chargewarheads and guiding them to their targets with a fighter airplane mounted on the back of the unmanned bomber. Although not as effective as the Luftwaffe planners had hoped, theMistelprogramme continued to be developed through 1944. However, few effective operations were flown.[7]The unit was originally intended to attack naval installations atGibraltar,LeningradorScapa Flowin Scotland, but the AlliedOperation Overlorddiverted efforts to Normandy.[citation needed]

On the night of 24 June 1944, Mistels ofKampfgeschwader101[8]were dispatched to bomb targets in the English Channel. Although one of the Ju 88s had to be jettisoned prematurely, the remaining four pilots had successful launches and sank severalblockships.Interest in the Scapa Flow attack was maintained, and in August 1944Mistelforces were concentrated atGrovein Schleswig-Holstein. On 11 November, 1944 RAFAvro Lancastersattacked theGerman battleshipTirpitzand caused her to capsize. WithTirpitzout of commission there was no requirement for capital ships to be held in the Atlantic theatre, and soon those with theHome Fleetat Scapa Flow were on their way to the Pacific war, leaving the Mistels no worthwhile targets in Scapa Flow.[citation needed]

All Mistels were placed under the command of KG 200 andOberst(colonel)Joachim Helbig.By late 1944, emphasis was placed on anall-out attack on Soviet armaments and power plantsbut by March 1945 the bases had been overrun by the Soviet advance. KG 200 was ordered to concentrateMisteloperations against the bridges over theOderandNeisserivers. On 27 April, 7 Mistel aircraft underLeutnantDittmann of II./KG 200, escorted by Fw 190s, were launched against crossings atKüstrin,but only two Mistels got to the target to launch, results were inconclusive and the bridges remained intact.[9]By April, all availableMistelcomposite airframes had been expended and aircrew dispersed to nearby fighter units.[10]

On 12 April 1945,Henschel Hs 293standoff missiles were also used against bridges on theOderbyDornier Do 217bombers of KG 200.[11]

Suicide and near-suicide missions

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In the last months of the war, a small number of high-ranking German officers pressed for a suicide fighter programme as a last-ditch effort to stop Allied bombing runs over the Reich. This programme, known asSelbstopfer( "self sacrifice" ), was intended to use theFieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg,a manned version of theV-1 flying bomb,to attack enemy bombers and ground targets. Several test flights were carried out byLeonidas SquadronKG 200, and mass production of the conversions had begun, but the programme was stopped due to intervention from Baumbach who felt that these missions would be a waste of valuable pilots.[citation needed]

As part of theAktion24 operations,Dornier Do 24flying boats were modified and loaded with explosives, with the intention that they would be landed on theVistula Riverand exploded against river bridges used by Soviet forces. Experienced pilots were to be used to fly the aircraft to a point upstream where it would be left to a "suicide pilot" to ensure a collision with the bridge and ignite the explosives. The assumption that Soviet forces would not react and the unlikelihood of the aircrew managing to return to German-held territory after delivery made the concept highly dubious. The modified aircraft were destroyed on the ground during air raids.[12]


Special missions

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The firstBoeing B-17Flying Fortress bomber operated by German forces, inKG 200markings. It crash-landed nearMelun,France, on December 12, 1942, and repaired by Luftwaffe ground staff.[citation needed]It gained a USAAF nickname, "Wulfe Hound"

On 1 December 1943, a lone B-24 joined a bomber formation from the 44th Bomb Group. It was reported to have been a machine carrying the markings of a392nd Bomb Groupaircraft. However this unit did not become operational until 9 December.[13]On 27 June 1944, a B-17 of KG 200, with LuftwaffeGeschwaderkennungcode A3+FB, landed inManises airport(Valencia) and was interned by the Spanish government.[14]

Parachute troops

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In July 1944 para-trained commandos of II./KG 200 carried out aparachute assault in July 1944against French partisan forces on theVercors Massifplateau in the French Alps where hundreds of partisans had created a stronghold from which they were mounting operations against the German occupiers.[citation needed]

These para-trained commandos of II./KG 200 remain a little-known arm of Germany's World War IIparachute forcesand were listed on II./KG 200's ORBAT (Order of Battle) as the 3rd Staffel. It is possible the paratroopers were actually Waffen SS paratroopers from the500th SS Parachute Battalionassigned to Kampfgeschwader 200 for this particular mission.[citation needed]

KG 200 in the Middle East

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In July 1942, and again in the winter of 1943-44, the short-lived Operations Dora and Bunny-Hop took place in theGulf of Sirte,Libya,[15]with secret bases inland at Al Mukaram and Wadi Tamet, as well as at Shott al Jerid behind theMareth Line.The aim was to establish weather stations to provide local and meteorological intelligence, and to ferry agents viaFrench West Africato Cairo,FreetownandDurban.[16]These used a (long range)Messerschmitt Bf 108,two Heinkel He 111s, and a captured B-17 - given the fictional designation "Dornier Do 288" (as a "confusive reuse" of the8-288RLM airframe numberfor theJunkers Ju 288,a Bomber B design competitor) - which despite being badly damaged during a raid on Al Mukaram by aSudan Defence Forcedetachment, managed to return toAthensfor repair.[a]

On the night of 27 November 1944, KG 200 pilots Braun and Pohl flew aJunkers Ju 290transport from Vienna to a position just south ofMosul,Iraq, where they successfully air-dropped five Iraqi parachutists in bright moonlight. The Luftwaffe crew flew back to the island of Rhodes, still under German occupation. After dealing with engineering problems, they evacuated some thirty casualties fromRhodes,reaching Vienna two nights later.[17]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The KG200.org site mentions "bases.. in the Algerian(sic)desert "- this appears to be an error - Kelly seems to make clear that KG 200 only operated in theLibyandesert.
  1. ^abGilman & Clive 1978,p. 314.
  2. ^Thomas & Ketley 2003,p.[page needed].
  3. ^Gellermann 1988,p.[page needed].
  4. ^P. W. Stahl/Manfred Jäger:Geheimgeschwader KG 200,1984, in German,ISBN3613010348
  5. ^Thomas & Ketley 2003,p. 128.
  6. ^Thomas & Ketley 2003,pp. 153–154.
  7. ^"Luftwaffe Bomber Wing KG 200".2worldwar2.com.Retrieved2024-02-04.
  8. ^Price 1991,p. 60.
  9. ^Price 1991,p. 161.
  10. ^Thomas & Ketley 2003,pp. 156–161.
  11. ^Scutts,p. 21.
  12. ^Thomas & Ketley 2003,pp. 86–88..
  13. ^Thomas & Ketley 2003,p. 53.
  14. ^Thomas & Ketley 2003,p. 135.
  15. ^Gilliam, Ron (March 2010)."The Real English Patient Behind the Ralph Fiennes Film".WWII History.Warfare History Network. Volume 9, No. 2.Retrieved2024-02-04.
  16. ^Kelly 2002, p. 242–9.
  17. ^Stahl, P.KG 200 The True StoryLondon Book Club edition 1981 pp. 78–88

References

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  • Ambrose, Stephen(2001).The Wild Blue.Simon and Schuster.ISBN9780743217521.
  • Gilman, J.D.; Clive, J. (1978).KG 200.London: Pan Books Ltd.ISBN0-85177-819-4.
  • Gellermann, Günther W.[in German](1988).Moskau ruft Heeresgruppe Mitte… – Was nicht im Wehrmachtbericht stand – Die Einsätze des geheimen Kampfgeschwaders 200 im Zweiten Weltkrieg[Moscow calls for Army Group Center... – What was not in the Wehrmacht report – The missions of the secret Fighter Squadron 200 in the Second World War] (in German). Bernard & Graefe.ISBN3-7637-5856-9.
  • Peter Wilhelm Stahl:KG 200: The true story,Jane's, 1981,ISBN0-531-03729-0.German original:Geheimgeschwader KG 200: D. Wahrheit nach uber 30 Jahren,Motorbuch-Verlag, 1977,ISBN3-87943-543-X(later edition co-authored by Manfred Jäger).
  • Saul Kelly:The Hunt for Zerzura,John Murray, 2002,ISBN0-7195-6162-0
  • Price, Alfred(1991).The Last Year of the Luftwaffe, May 1944 to May 1945.Arms & Armour.ISBN978-1-85409-189-5.
  • Scutts, Jerry.Dornier Do 217.Warpaint Series. Vol. 24. Milton Keynes: Hall Park Books.OCLC65202530.
  • Thomas, Geoffrey J; Ketley, Barry (2003).KG 200: The Luftwaffe's Most Secret Unit.Hikoki Publications.ISBN1-902109-33-3.

Further reading

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