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Kannadigas

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Kannadigas
Kannaḍigaru
ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು
Children and woman dressed in traditional attire
Total population
c. 44 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
India44 million[3]
Languages
Kannada
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
[4]
Related ethnic groups

TheKannadigasorKannaḍigaru[a](Kannada:ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು[b]), often referred to asKannada people,are aDravidianethno-linguistic group who natively speakKannadaand trace their ancestry to the South Indian state ofKarnatakainIndiaand its surrounding regions.[5]TheKannada languagebelongs to theDravidian family of languages.[6]Kannada stands among 30 of the most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001.[7]

Evidence for human habitation in Karnataka exists from at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and the region is said to have had contact with theIndus Valleycivilization. In the 3rd–4th century BCE the land was ruled by theMauryasandJainismhad dominant presence. It is said that Mauryan emperorChandragupta Mauryahimself, after abdicating the throne to his son Bindusara, retired to theShravanabelagolaregion with his Jain guru.[8][9]

After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were either ethnically Kannadiga or from the outside. One of its most well-known empires, theVijayanagara Empire,was founded by Kannada chieftains who were great patrons of Kannada art and literature. TheKadambas,Chalukyas,RashtrakutasandHoysalaswere some of the other major Kannada kingdoms and dynasties ruling the region.

TheKannadalanguage has written inscriptions dating back as far as 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of treatises on various topics and poems on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces, temples and traditional wooden folk houses known as thotti mane and chowki mane.[10]Many of religious architectures built during ancient and medieval period are today UNESCO World Heritage sites.[11]

History

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Main article:History of Karnataka
Gold coins issued byKadamba King Toyimadeva,1048 - 1075 A.D
Sala fighting the lion, the royal emblem ofHoysala Empire

TheBrahmagiri archaeological sitenearChitradurgadistrict, central Karnataka attests to evidence of settlement in the Karnataka region from at least the 2nd millennium BCE. Excavations at theChandravallihistorical site has revealed interaction with Roman and Chinese travelers around the 2nd and 3rd century BCE.[12]Talagunda[13]andHalmidiinscriptions stand as the oldest known full-length inscriptions in Kannada.

The language was once popular from theKaveritoGodavaririvers as mentioned in the Kannada classicKavirajamargaof 850 CE.[14]Archaeological evidences show Kannada inscriptions found as far north asMadhya Pradesh(inscription ofKrishna III) andBihar.[15]Karnataka Expansionprovides insights to kingdoms ofnorthern Indiawhose originators were from Kannada country.[16]

The major empires and kingdoms, their regal capital and most distinguished kings were:

Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development ofKannada,culture and polity wereChutusof Banavasi (feudatory toSatavahana Empire),[17][18]Tuluva Dynastyof Canara,[19]Rattas of Saundatti(Belgaum),[19]Guttas of Guttal (Dharwad region),[20]Banasof Kolar,[21]Nolambasof Nolambavadi,[22][23]Vaidumbas,[24][25]Chengalvas,[19]Kongalvas,[19]Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (Banavasi province),Yalahanka Nadaprabhu Kempegowda,[26]Sindas of Yelburga (Bijapur-Gulbarga),[20]Kadamba of Hangal.[27]

In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were:

Immigrants from Karnataka

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In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region, based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well.

Culture

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Main articles:Folk arts of KarnatakaandArt and culture of Karnataka

Architecture

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Main article:Temples of Karnataka
Hampi, capital ofVijayanagara Empire

ArchitectureandSculpturehas been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars ofHampi,which is listed as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site,[52]theekashila(monolithic) statue of GommateshvaraBahubalithat was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India,[53]theYelu Sutthina KoteofChitradurga(The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the innergarbhagrihas.[citation needed]The temples of Karnataka had in them manyshailior varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.

57-foot monolithic statue of GommateshvaraBahubalidated 978–993 AD.
Traditional folk house with courtyard andtulasi katte.

Some of the places of interest are:

Kailasa Temple, Ellorabuilt byKannara I

Pioneer sculptors include:

Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:

Mysore religiousiconpainting depicting GoddessSaraswathi

Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.

These are many of the places where art is displayed.

Music

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Main articles:Musicians of Mysore kingdom,Dasa sahitya,Haridasa,andVachana Sahitya

Dasa sahityais the literature ofBhakti movementcomposed by devotees in honor ofLord Vishnuor one of hisavatars.Dasais literally "servant" in Kannada andsahityais literature.Haridasas( "servants of God" ) were preachers ofBhaktito Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[60]

TheHaridasasrichly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[60][61]They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading thedidacticteachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[62]Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, callednaadopasana.The Lord is described asSamagana priya,and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[63]

The Haridasa compositions are popularly known asDevaranamas.Compositions likeKrishna Nee Begane Baaro,Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana,TambooriMeetidavaare some of the many examples of their scholarly work.

Veenais the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music.

Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:

One of the oldest forms of music in the region isKarnataka Shastreeya Sangeethawhich has evolved over ages. BothHindustaniand Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas.BhavageeteandSugama Sangeethaare some innovations. Other forms of music includeGamaka,[65]Joogera Pada andLavani.[66]Yakshaganais considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[67]

Contemporary musical thespians are:

Veene Sheshanna(1852-1926) notable Veena player and composer.

Theater

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Jaanapadaartists at government-sponsoredJaanapadha Jaatre

Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot ofgadhya(literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are calledNaataka(plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) andBayalata(ಬಯಲಾಟ).[71]As its etymology indicates,bayalumeans open-air field andatameans theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties ofYakshaganaare termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.[72]

Harikathewhich covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.[73]It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions orvrathain front of temples on auspicious days likeDasaraandMaha Shivaratri.[74]Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[75]

Togalu gombeyaata,is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads[76]

Vasanta Habba(ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by theNrityagram foundationinBengaluru.It is a very popular event and is considered the classicalWoodstockof India.[77]First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[78]Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[79]In 2006, theGovernment of Karnatakatried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiatingJaanapada Jaatrewhich was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends inLalbaghand other parts of the city.[80]

Some famous theatrical,cinematicand television personalities likeT P Kailasam,Gubbi Veeranna,C. Honappa Bhagavathar,G V Iyer,Dr. Rajkumar,Puttanna Kanagal,Kalpana,B. S. Ranga,B V Karanth,Girish Kasaravalli,Shankar Nag,T.S. Nagabharana,T N Seetharamhave contributed for its richness.

Dance forms

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Main article:Dances of Karnataka

The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited bySoligas,of whichPinaseeis a traditional dance form.[81]The people ofKodaguin theWestern Ghatsalso have their own dance forms.

Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:

  • Dollu Kunitha,a populardrumdance accompanied by singing
  • Veeragase,It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas[82]
  • Kamsale,is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
  • Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village deities worshipped by the people since ages[83]
  • Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head[84]
  • Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival[85]
  • Goravara Kunithais a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
  • Yakshaganais a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka
  • Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /Buta Kola,This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
  • Gaarudi Gombe,where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made ofbamboosticks
  • Kolata,a stick dance
  • Huttari, is a form of dance performed by Kodavas during harvest festival
  • Moodalapaya, is the eastern form of Yakshagana which is popular in North Karnataka[86]
  • Bayalata,featuring stories ofPuranasrendered as dance
  • Bharatanatyamis classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata Natya in Kannada. The form was mentioned in the Kannada textManasollasa,written by Someshwara lll.
  • Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi[87]
  • Karaga (festival),is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.

Martial arts

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The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals.Kusthi,Malla Yuddha,Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.

The MysoreOdeyarsarrange kaalaga or fights likeVajra MushtiduringDasarafestival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.[88]

Yogasana,Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the bestYogapractitioners can be found here.Art of Livingis one such organization immensely popular all over the world.

Festivals

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Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.

In the countryside, adana jaathre(livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and arathaortheru(chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is arranged for the visitors.

North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionaryShishunala Sharifand Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.

Christmasis celebrated at large in Bengaluru and Mangalooru which host some of the oldest churches and educational institutions of the country.Buddha,Mahaveera,Shankara,BasavannaandGandhiare remembered on their birth anniversaries.

Cuisine

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Main article:Cuisine of Karnataka
Masale Dosey

The cuisine of Karnataka includes manyvegetarianand non-vegetarian dishes. One of the earliest Indian books with chapters on culinary preparations,Manasollasa,was from Karnataka, written during the reign of Kannada emperor Someshwara |||. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouringSouth Indianstates, as well as the state ofMaharashtrato its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.[89]

Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes includeBisi Bele Bath,Jolada rotti,Ragi rotti,Akki rotti,Masale rotti,Saaru,Huli,Benne dose,Ragi mudde,Chitranna, Chapathi, Poori, Avalakki, Puri Usli,Puliyogare(tamarind rice) andUppittu.Dosa (food)origin is linked toUdupi cuisine.A recipe for dosa (as dosaka) can be found in Manasollasa.[90][91]Plain and raveIdli,Masala Dosaor Masale dosey andMaddur Vadeare very popular in South Karnataka.Neer dosais a delicacy from coastal Karnataka.[92]DavanagereBenne doseis a notable flavourful dosa. Kadubu, a kind ofrice dumplings,is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such asSakaleshpura,Mudigere,Somwarapete,etc. and is consumed withhuchellu(black sesame) chutney.

Among sweets,Mysore Pak,Dharwad pedha,Chiroti, Jalebi, and Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab,KaradantuofGokakandAmingarh,Obbattu(bele hurana holige), Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut) Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Otthu Shavige Kaayi haalu, a variety of Payasa (Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa), Sajjige, andKesari batare popular sweets. Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour. Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi, and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnatakauppinakai(pickles) too are very distinct from the rest, like Mavinathokku(fine mango pickles),Nimbekai uppinakai(lemon pickles),Tenga Mavina uppinakai(entire mango pickle),gaajri uppinkai(carrot pickle), andmenshinikai uppinakai(chili pickle).

Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.

Clothing

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Kannada wedding ceremony depicted by Codice Casanatense. The inscription reads; "Marriage of Kanarese",circa 1540.

The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly includespanche(some tie as Kachche) orlungi(wrapping style depends on the region),Angia traditional form of shirt andPetaturban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style.Shalyais a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in the countryside. Many useKhadiin their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.

Female costumes includeSeereof whichIlakal SeereandMysore silkare famous. Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka andKaravali.Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear theLanga davanibefore marriage.Kasutiis a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.

An Urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females includeshalwar.Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.

Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authenticIndian national flagsaccording to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by theBureau of Indian StandardsatHubli.[93]

Literature

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Main articles:Kannada literature,Karnataka literature,andModern Kannada literature

Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[94]the excellence ofKannada literaturecontinues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eightJnanpith awards[95]and fifty-sixSahitya Akademiawards.

Pampa,RannaandPonnaare considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (Halegannada).Jannawas another notable poet of this genre.[96][97]

Basavanna,Akka Mahadevi,Allama Prabhu,Vidyaranya,Harihara,Raghavanka,Kumara Vyasa,Sarvajna,Purandara Dasa,Kanaka Dasa,Shishunala Shareefa,Raghavendra Swamietc. were pioneers of Nadugannada. All these have been involved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature. This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theater fields. The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with eightJnanpithawards.[98]

Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:

Noted travellers and linguists who contributed during the pre- and post-imperial eras include Germany'sFerdinand Kittel,England'sThomas Hodson,Persia'sAbd-al-Razzāq Samarqandīand China'sHuen-tsang.[citation needed]

Kannada journalism

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Bhashyam Bhashyachar published "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859.

Mangaluru Samacharawas the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 byGermanmissionaryHermann Mögling.[100]Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini"in 1859 under the royal patronage ofKrishnaraja Wadiyar III.[101]Shortly after Indian independence in 1948,K. N. GuruswamyfoundedThe Printers (Mysore) Private Limitedand began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[102][103]D. V. Gundappawas notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian awardPadmabhushanin 1974.[104]

List of a few major newspapers:

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Spiritual leaders

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Gandhian philosophers

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Modern science and technology

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Environmentalists

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Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country[105]and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protectedWildlife of Karnataka.The Kannada culture protects and balances Kaadu (forest) and Naadu (state) as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects ofSoliga,Badaga,Jenu Kuruba,Hakki Pikki,Lambani,Siddisand other inhabitants of forests. SeeAppiko Chaluvali.

Noted environmentalists include:

Current cricketers

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Retired cricketers

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Culture

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Purana

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The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the age of the Ramayana. There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called "Mahisha Mandala" after the mythological demon Mahishasura. Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place. Hanumantha (Hanuman) is said to be born in Kishkindha, Karnataka.

Punya Koti

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One of the most popular and acknowledgedJaanapadasongs is "Dharani mandala madhyadolage" which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka.

Vishwa Maanava

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Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state – almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot immigration as well due to whichmulti-ethnicdiaspora can be seen. As the kingdoms provided a safe centres for development of all cultures we can see a huge diversities from region to region. Even the language and dialects varies from place to place. The language has evolved distinctly in both the backyard (folk/basic/prakrutha) and frontyard (refined and related to Samskrutha/Sanskrit) of the culture.[citation needed]It can be said that the major works of Sanskrit have originated and continues to evolve here.[citation needed]Shringeri,Udupi are some of nerve centres. One of the leading examples include a village nearShivamoggawhere people speak only Sanskrit until date. Bengaluru being Kannada majority has almost all language speakers of India, and kannadigaru are said to be tolerant and welcoming people.

Thaaikyalinga of Basavanna – the ab-initio of social spiritual reformation and a known vachanakaara, atKudalasangama

One of the most acknowledged concept is to be aVishwa Maanavaor universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation "Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human. It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free." The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self-respect to people by owning them and their culture.[citation needed]Two colonies for refugees from Tibet are formed, one nearMundgodand one nearKushalanagara,protecting them from Chinese atrocities. Karnataka has sheltered flood victims of northeastern India like Assam and provided them jobs. One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name (more found in Mangaluru) or even a Muslim Christian name.[106]

Political sphere

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After theWadiyar dynastyera who already had established democracy by naming elected representative called Saamantha in southern regions as early as the 19th century, the 1947 partition brought a centre into being under democracy and Karnataka accepted abicamerallegislature. But this was a functionally a failure as there always has been a tug of war from centre and states to an extent that from the 1990s to 2010 there have always been different political parties operating at centre and state. North Karnataka had other problems of getting independence more from Nizams. So there were two spheres. Lack of will and coordination and constant fights have been hallmark of politics which has prevented a regional party/media from arising in the land.Keralabeing a neighbour where hugely successful communist ideology in bringing up literacy levels has a backing here and a fewnaxaliteoutfits function in Karnataka.

Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in theKaveri River Water Disputeissue. The failure extended to bureaucracy and Karnataka reached the position of being fourth most corrupt state of India[107]due to political and bureaucratic lobby. Because of this, Lokayukta (seeN. Venkatachala) was formed but could not get the required powers to deal with the powerful. In the field of press and journalismP. LankeshandS. Gurumurthy[108]are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations.

Caste and Communities

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Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are theLingayatand theVokkaligafrom North and South Karnataka respectively,[109]Dominant merchant castes include Aryavaishya, Nagarthas and Modaliars. while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the formerpastoralistcommunity ofKuruba,Scheduled Tribes like theBoya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka.Kannada Brahminsare divided into several communities.[110][111]Although historicallyJainismin Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.[112]

Horanadu Kannadigaru

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Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka.N R Narayana Murthy,speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere.[113]Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara (Singapore),[114]Dehali Kannadiga (New Delhi), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha (Mumbai),[115]Mallige Kannada Balaga (Mauritius),[116]North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) andAssociation of Kannada Kootas of America(AKKA) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement[117]through events such as Kannadotsava. Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states ofMaharashtrainKolhapur,SolapurandSangli;[118]Tamil NaduinNilgiri,Erode,DharampuriandHosur;[119]Andhra PradeshinMadakasira,Rayadurgam,Anantapur,ChitoorandKurnool;Goa;KeralainWaynad;[120][121]and in other Indian states.[118]The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world, in countries like theUSA,theUnited Kingdom,Canada,and in theUAE.[122][123][124][125][126][127]

Unification of Karnataka

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Main articles:Unification of KarnatakaandHistory of Karnataka

First and Second World Wars

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After occupying Mysore, British offered 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for WWII volunteers from Karnataka.[128]Kannadiga regiments were disbanded after World War II.[129][130]records, as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas againstBritish Indian Army.[131]

From September 1939 until August 1945, recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for theMadras Regiment,theMahar Regiment,and the Lingayat regiment.[132]

The post-1947 scene

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Kannada culture flag is represented by colors of turmeric and vermillion.

During the period ofBritish rule,state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with theprincely state of Mysore,Nizam's Hyderabad,theBombay Presidency,theMadras Presidencyand the territory ofKodagubeing the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of theWodeyar kings of Mysore.In addition the proposed state had six neighbours —Goa,Maharashtra,Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,Kerala— and all had Kannadigas along the borders overlapping these regions.

What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay presidency whereMarathiwas the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule whereUrduruled, while in Mysore Kingdom, Kannada was the official language.

It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called theEkikaranaor 'Unification' movement. India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet onKarnataka Ekikaranamovement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. TheAkhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishatmet inKasargodand reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas.

The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of theFazal Ali Committeebrought joy to the Kannada speaking population that now was merged under the state ofMysore.

On 1 November 1973, underDevaraj Ursas chief minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.

Kannada unification organisations currently active include:

Karnataka Emblem

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Kannadigasis a term obtained by adding the English suffix-stoKannadigato make it plural.Kannadigaruis the plural form in Kannada.Kannadigais a masculine term; the feminine term isKannadathi.Kannadigaruis essentially a masculine term as opposed toKannadatiyarubut is used when the genders of group members are unclear in context.
  2. ^Alsoಕನ್ನಡದವರು(Sanskrit:कन्नडदवरु,romanized:Kannaḍadavaru) orಕನ್ನಡಜನ(Sanskrit:कन्नडजना,romanized:Kannaḍajanāḥ)

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York,ISBN0-8021-3797-0
  • Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
  • Dr. Romila Thapar,The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi,ISBN0-14-302989-4
  • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv(1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
  • K.A. Nilakanta Sastri,History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002),ISBN0-19-560686-8
  • R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988ISBN81-206-0303-6.
  • Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030, Orient Longman, Chennai,ISBN81-250-2912-5
  • George M. Moraes(1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990ISBN81-206-0595-0
  • Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services.ISBN81-206-0977-8.
  • Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New DelhiISBN81-219-0153-7
  • Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
  • Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999].Ancient Indian History and Civilization.New Age Publishers.ISBN81-224-1198-3.
[edit]
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