Karakoram
Karakoram | |
---|---|
![]() Baltoro Glacierin the Central KarakoramGilgit-Baltistan,Pakistan | |
Highest point | |
Peak | K2 |
Elevation | 8,611 m (28,251 ft) |
Coordinates | 35°52′57″N76°30′48″E/ 35.88250°N 76.51333°E |
Dimensions | |
Length | 500 km (310 mi) |
Geography | |
Countries | Afghanistan,China,India,PakistanandTajikistan |
Regions/Provinces | Gilgit-Baltistan,Ladakh,XinjiangandBadakhshan |
Range coordinates | 36°N76°E/ 36°N 76°E |
Borders on | Pamir Mountains,Hindu Kush,Kunlun Mountains,HimalayasandLadakh Range |
Karakoram | |||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||
Chinese | KháchLạtCônLuânSơnMạch | ||||||
Hanyu Pinyin | Kālǎ Kūnlún shānmài | ||||||
Literal meaning | "Kara-Kunlun mountain range" | ||||||
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Tibetan name | |||||||
Tibetan | ཁར་ཁོ་རུམ་རི | ||||||
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Uyghur name | |||||||
Uyghur | قاراقورام |
TheKarakoram(/ˌkɑːrəˈkɔːrəm,ˌkær-/)[1]is amountain rangein theKashmirregion spanning the border ofPakistan,China,andIndia,with the northwestern extremity of the range extending toAfghanistanandTajikistan.Most of the Karakoram mountain range falls under the jurisdiction ofGilgit-Baltistan,which is controlled by Pakistan. Its highest (and theworld's second-highest) peak,K2,is located in Gilgit-Baltistan,Pakistan.It begins in theWakhan Corridor(Afghanistan) in the west, encompasses the majority of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and extends intoLadakh(controlled by India) andAksai Chin(controlled by China).
The Karakoram is thesecond-highest mountain rangeon Earth and part of a complex of ranges that includes thePamir Mountains,Hindu Kush,andHimalayas.[2][3]
The range contains 18 summits higher than 7,500 m (24,600 ft) inelevation,with four above 8,000 m (26,000 ft):[4][5][6]K2(8,611 m (28,251 ft)AMSL) (the second-highest peak on Earth),Gasherbrum I,Broad Peak,andGasherbrum II.
The range is about 500 km (311 mi) in length and is the mostglaciatedplace on Earth outside thepolar regions.TheSiachen Glacier(76 km (47 mi) long) andBiafo Glacier(63 km (39 mi) long) are the second- and third-longest glaciers outside the polar regions.[7]
The Karakoram is bounded on the east by theAksai Chinplateau, on the northeast by the edge of theTibetan Plateauand on the north by the river valleys of theYarkandandKarakash riversbeyond which lie theKunlun Mountains.At the northwest corner are thePamir Mountains.The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed, west to east, by theGilgit,IndusandShyok rivers,which separate the range from the northwestern end of theHimalayarange proper. These rivers flow northwest before making an abrupt turn southwestward towards the plains ofPakistan.Roughly in the middle of the Karakoram range is theKarakoram Pass,which was part of a historic trade route betweenLadakhandYarkandthat is now inactive.
TheTashkurghan National Nature Reserveand thePamir Wetlands National Nature Reservein the Karalorun and Pamir mountains have been nominated for inclusion inUNESCOin 2010 by the National Commission of the People's Republic ofChinaforUNESCOand have been tentatively added to the list.[8]
Name[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biafo_Glacier%2C_Gilgit_Region.jpg/220px-Biafo_Glacier%2C_Gilgit_Region.jpg)
Karakoram is aTurkicterm meaningblack gravel.The Central Asian traders originally applied the name to theKarakoram Pass.[9]Early European travellers, includingWilliam MoorcroftandGeorge Hayward,started using the term for the range of mountains west of the pass, although they also used the termMuztagh(meaning, "Ice Mountain" ) for the range now known as Karakoram.[9][10]Later terminology was influenced by theSurvey of India,whose surveyorThomas Montgomeriein the 1850s gave the labels K1 to K6 (K for Karakoram) to six high mountains visible from his station atMount HaramukhinKashmir Valley,codes extended further up to more than thirty.
In traditional Indian geography the mountains were known asKrishnagiri(black mountains),KanhagiriandKanheri.[11]
Exploration[edit]
Due to its altitude and ruggedness, the Karakoram is much less inhabited than parts of theHimalayasfurther east. European explorers first visited early in the 19th century, followed byBritish surveyorsstarting in 1856.
TheMuztagh Passwas crossed in 1887 by the expedition of ColonelFrancis Younghusband[12]and the valleys above theHunza Riverwere explored by General SirGeorge K. Cockerillin 1892. Explorations in the 1910s and 1920s established most of the geography of the region.
The name Karakoram was used in the early 20th century, for example byKenneth Mason,[9]for the range now known as theBaltoro Muztagh.The term is now used to refer to the entire range from theBatura MuztaghaboveHunzain the west to theSaser Muztaghin the bend of theShyok Riverin the east.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hunza_Valley%2C_view_from_Eagle%27s_Nest.jpg/220px-Hunza_Valley%2C_view_from_Eagle%27s_Nest.jpg)
Floral surveys were carried out in the Shyok River catchment and from Panamik to Turtuk village byChandra Prakash Kaladuring 1999 and 2000.[13][14]
Geology and glaciers[edit]
The Karakoram is in one of the world's most geologically active areas, at theplate boundary between the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate.[15] A significant part, somewhere between 28 and 50 percent, of the Karakoram Range is glaciated covering an area of more than 15,000 square kilometres or 5,800 square miles,[16]compared to between 8 and 12 percent of the Himalaya and 2.2 percent of theAlps.[17]Mountainglaciersmay serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. The Karakoram glaciers are slightly retreating,[18][19][20]unlike the Himalayas where glaciers are losing mass at significantly higher rate, many Karakoram glaciers are covered in a layer of rubble which insulates the ice from the warmth of the sun.[21]Where there is no such insulation, the rate of retreat is high.[22]
- Siachen Glacier
- Baltoro Glacier
- Hispar Glacier
- Batura Glacier
- Biafo Glacier
- Chogo Lungma Glacier
- Yinsugaiti Glacier
Ice Age[edit]
In the lastice age,aconnected series of glaciersstretched from westernTibettoNanga Parbat,and from theTarim basinto theGilgit District.[23][24][25]To the south, theIndus glacierwas the main valley glacier, which flowed 120 kilometres (75 mi) down fromNanga Parbatmassif to 870 metres (2,850 ft) elevation.[23][26]In the north, the Karakoram glaciers joined those from theKunlun Mountainsand flowed down to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in the Tarim basin.[25][27]
While the current valley glaciers in the Karakoram reach a maximum length of 76 kilometres (47 mi), several of the ice-age valley glacier branches and main valley glaciers, had lengths up to 700 kilometres (430 mi). During the Ice Age, the glacier snowline was about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) lower than today.[25][26]
Highest peaks[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baltoro_region_from_space_annotated.png/220px-Baltoro_region_from_space_annotated.png)
![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,7,35.7,76.2,400x400.png?lang=en)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png)
50miles
![Gasherbrum V](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Rimo III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Apsarasas Kangri I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Diran](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Muztagh Tower](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![K6](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Yutmaru Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Baintha Brakk](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Crown Peak](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Baltoro Kangri](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Yazghil Dome South](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Sherpi Kangri](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Rimo I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Ultar Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Ghent Kangri](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Haramosh Peak](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Skil Brum](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Momhil Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Sia Kangri](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![K12](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Malubiting](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Teram Kangri I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Yukshin Gardan Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Passu Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Pumari Chhish](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Saser Kangri III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Saser Kangri II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Mamostong Kangri K35](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Skyang Kangri](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Trivor Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Shispare Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Chogolisa](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Saser Kangri I K22](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Batura III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Saltoro Kangri K10](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Kanjut Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Batura II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Rakaposhi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Batura I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Masherbrum K1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Khunyang Chhish](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Distaghil Sar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Gasherbrum IV K3](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Gasherbrum III K3a](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Gasherbrum II K4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Broad Peak](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![Gasherbrum I K5](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
![K2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DeepPink_pog.svg/7px-DeepPink_pog.svg.png)
Legend:
1:K2
2:Gasherbrum IK5
3:Broad Peak
4:Gasherbrum IIK4
5:Gasherbrum IIIK3a
6:Gasherbrum IVK3
7:Distaghil Sar
8:Khunyang Chhish
9:MasherbrumK1
10:Batura I
11:Rakaposhi
12:Batura II
13:Kanjut Sar
14:Saltoro KangriK10
15:Batura III
16:Saser Kangri IK22
17:Chogolisa
18:Shispare Sar
19:Trivor Sar
20:Skyang Kangri
21:Mamostong KangriK35
22:Saser Kangri II
23:Saser Kangri III
24:Pumari Chhish
25:Passu Sar
26:Yukshin Gardan Sar
27:Teram Kangri I
28:Malubiting
29:K12
30:Sia Kangri
31:Momhil Sar
32:Skil Brum
33:Haramosh Peak
34:Ghent Kangri
35:Ultar Sar
36:Rimo I
37:Sherpi Kangri
38:Yazghil Dome South
39:Baltoro Kangri
40:Crown Peak
41:Baintha Brakk
42:Yutmaru Sar
43:K6
44:Muztagh Tower
45:Diran
46:Apsarasas Kangri I
47:Rimo III
48:Gasherbrum V
Here is a list for the highest peaks of the Karakoram. Included are some of the mountains named with a K code, the most famous of which is theK2 (mountain).
Mountain | Height[28] | Ranked | K code | Remark |
---|---|---|---|---|
K2 | 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) | 2 | K2 | ![]() ![]() |
Gasherbrum I | 8,080 metres (26,510 ft) | 11 | K5 | ![]() ![]() |
Broad Peak | 8,051 metres (26,414 ft) | 12 | ![]() ![]() | |
Gasherbrum II | 8,034 metres (26,358 ft) | 13 | K4 | ![]() ![]() |
Gasherbrum III | 7,952 metres (26,089 ft) | K3a | ![]() | |
Gasherbrum IV | 7,925 metres (26,001 ft) | 17 | K3 | ![]() |
Distaghil Sar | 7,885 metres (25,869 ft) | 19 | ![]() | |
Kunyang Chhish | 7,852 metres (25,761 ft) | 21 | ![]() | |
Masherbrum I | 7,821 metres (25,659 ft) | 22 | K1 | ![]() |
Batura I | 7,795 metres (25,574 ft) | 25 | ![]() | |
Rakaposhi | 7,788 metres (25,551 ft) | 26 | ![]() | |
Batura II | 7,762 metres (25,466 ft) | ![]() | ||
Kanjut Sar | 7,760 metres (25,460 ft) | 28 | ![]() | |
Saltoro KangriI | 7,742 metres (25,400 ft) | 31 | K10 | ![]() ![]() |
Batura III | 7,729 metres (25,358 ft) | ![]() | ||
Saltoro KangriII | 7,705 metres (25,279 ft) | K11 | ![]() ![]() | |
Saser KangriI | 7,672 metres (25,171 ft) | 35 | K22 | ![]() |
Chogolisa | 7,665 metres (25,148 ft) | 36 | ![]() | |
Shispare Sar | 7,611 metres (24,970 ft) | 38 | ![]() | |
TrivorSar | 7,577 metres (24,859 ft) | 39 | ![]() | |
Skyang Kangri | 7,545 metres (24,754 ft) | 43 | ![]() ![]() | |
Mamostong Kangri | 7,516 metres (24,659 ft) | 47 | K35 | ![]() |
Saser KangriII | 7,513 metres (24,649 ft) | 48 | ![]() | |
Saser KangriIII | 7,495 metres (24,590 ft) | 51 | ![]() | |
Pumari Chhish | 7,492 metres (24,580 ft) | 53 | ![]() | |
Passu Sar | 7,478 metres (24,534 ft) | 54 | ![]() | |
Yukshin Gardan Sar | 7,469 metres (24,505 ft) | 55 | ![]() | |
Teram KangriI | 7,462 metres (24,482 ft) | 56 | ![]() ![]() | |
Malubiting | 7,458 metres (24,469 ft) | 58 | ![]() | |
K12orSaitang Peak | 7,428 metres (24,370 ft) | 61 | K12 | ![]() ![]() |
Sia Kangri | 7,422 metres (24,350 ft) | 63 | ![]() ![]() | |
Skilma Gangri or Ghursay Kangri II | 7,422 metres (24,350 ft) | K8 | ![]() | |
Momhil Sar | 7,414 metres (24,324 ft) | 64 | ![]() | |
Skil Brum | 7,410 metres (24,310 ft) | 66 | ![]() ![]() | |
Haramosh Peak | 7,409 metres (24,308 ft) | 67 | ![]() | |
Ghent Kangri | 7,401 metres (24,281 ft) | 69 | ![]() ![]() | |
Ultar Peak | 7,388 metres (24,239 ft) | 70 | ![]() | |
Rimo I | 7,385 metres (24,229 ft) | 71 | ![]() | |
Sherpi Kangri | 7,380 metres (24,210 ft) | 74 | ![]() | |
Bojohagur Duanasir | 7,329 metres (24,045 ft) | ![]() | ||
Yazghil Dome South | 7,324 metres (24,029 ft) | ![]() | ||
Baltoro Kangri | 7,312 metres (23,990 ft) | 81 | ![]() | |
Crown Peak | 7,295 metres (23,934 ft) | 83 | ![]() | |
Baintha Brakk | 7,285 metres (23,901 ft) | 86 | ![]() | |
Yutmaru Sar | 7,283 metres (23,894 ft) | 87 | ![]() | |
Baltistan Peak | 7,282 metres (23,891 ft) | 88 | K6 | ![]() |
Muztagh Tower | 7,273 metres (23,862 ft) | 90 | ![]() ![]() | |
Diran | 7,266 metres (23,839 ft) | 92 | ![]() | |
Apsarasas KangriI | 7,243 metres (23,763 ft) | 95 | ![]() ![]() | |
Rimo III | 7,233 metres (23,730 ft) | 97 | ![]() | |
Gasherbrum V | 7,147 metres (23,448 ft) | ![]() | ||
Gamba Gangri | 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) (approx) | K9 | ![]() | |
Gomgma Gangri | 6,934 metres (22,749 ft) | K7 | ![]() | |
Dansam Peak | 6,666 metres (21,870 ft) | K13 | ![]() | |
Pastan Kangri | 6,523 metres (21,401 ft) | K25 | ![]() |
The majority of the highest peaks are in the Gilgit–Baltistan region administered by Pakistan. Baltistan has more than 100 mountain peaks exceeding 6,100 metres (20,000 ft) height from sea level.
Subranges[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Karakoram_Range.jpg/200px-Karakoram_Range.jpg)
The naming and division of the various subranges of the Karakoram is not universally agreed upon. However, the following is a list of the most important subranges, following Jerzy Wala.[29]The ranges are listed roughly west to east.
- Batura Muztagh
- Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains
- Spantik-Sosbun Mountains
- Hispar Muztagh
- South Ghujerab Mountains
- Panmah Muztagh
- Wesm Mountains
- Masherbrum Mountains
- Baltoro Muztagh
- Saltoro Mountains
- Siachen Muztagh
- Rimo Muztagh
- Saser Muztagh
Passes[edit]
Legend:
1:Sia La
2:Bilafond La
3:Gyong La
4:Sasser Pass
5:Burji La
6:Machulo La
7:Naltar Pass
8:Hispar Pass
9:Shimshal Pass
10:Karakoram Pass
11:Turkistan La Pass
12:Windy Gap
13:Mustagh Pass
14:Sarpo Laggo Pass
15:Khunjerab Pass
16:Mutsjliga Pass
17:Mintaka Pass
18:Kilik Pass
Passes from west to east are:
- Dandala Passis the most important and earlier pass. It starts from Ghursaysaitang cityto Yarqand in China. It is the main trade route between Khaplu, Ladakh, Kharmang to Yarqand, China.
- Kilik Pass
- Mintaka Pass
- Khunjerab Pass(the highest paved international border crossing at 4,693 m (15,397 ft))
- ShimshalPass
- Mustagh Pass
- Karakoram Pass
- Sasser Pass
- NaltarPass or Pakora Pass[30]
The Khunjerab Pass is the only motorable pass across the range. The Shimshal Pass (which does not cross an international border) is the only other pass still in regular use.
Cultural references[edit]
The Karakoram mountain range has been referred to in a number ofnovelsand movies.Rudyard Kiplingrefers to the Karakoram mountain range in his novelKim,which was first published in 1900.Marcel Ichacmade a film titledKarakoram,chronicling a French expedition to the range in 1936. The film won the Silver Lion at theVenice Film Festivalof 1937.Greg Mortensondetails the Karakoram, and specifically K2 and theBalti,extensively in his bookThree Cups of Tea,about his quest to build schools for children in the region.K2 Kahani(The K2 Story) byMustansar Hussain Tarardescribes his experiences at K2 base camp.[31]
See also[edit]
- Karakoram Highway
- List of mountain rangesof the world
- List of highest mountains(a list of mountains above 7,200 m (23,600 ft))
- Mount Imeon
- Naltar Valley
- Trans-Karakoram Tract
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^"Karakoram".Dictionary.com Unabridged(Online). n.d.
- ^Karakoram Rangeat theEncyclopædia Britannica.
- ^"Hindu Kush Himalayan Region".International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.Retrieved17 October2014.
- ^Shukurov, The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia 2005,p. 512.
- ^Voiland, Adam (2013)."The Eight-Thousanders".NASA Earth Observatory.Retrieved23 December2016.
- ^"Mountains".Planet Earth.Episode 3.BBC.
- ^Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier is 77 km (48 mi) long. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are 57 km (35 mi) long, as is Bruggen or Pio XI Glacier in southern Chile. Measurements are from recent imagery, generally supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala,Orographical Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheets 1 & 2,Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.
- ^"Karakorum-Pamir".UNESCO.Retrieved16 February2013.
- ^abcMason, Kenneth(1928).Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926.p. 72.ISBN978-81-206-1794-0.
- ^Close C, Burrard S, Younghusband F, et al. (1930). "Nomenclature in the Karakoram: Discussion".The Geographical Journal.76(2). Blackwell Publishing: 148–158.doi:10.2307/1783980.JSTOR1783980.
- ^Kohli, M.S. (2002),Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage,Indus Publishing, p. 22,ISBN978-81-7387-135-1
- ^French, Patrick.(1994).Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer,pp. 53, 56-60. HarperCollinsPublishers,London. Reprint (1995): Flamingo. London.ISBN0-00-637601-0.
- ^Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005). "Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas".Conservation Biology.19(2): 368–378.doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x.S2CID85324142.
- ^Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005)."Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India"(PDF).Current Science.89(8): 1331.
- ^"Geological evolution of the Karakoram ranges".Italian Journal of Geosciences.130(2): 147–159. 2011.doi:10.3301/IJG.2011.08.
- ^Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Khan, Asif (2019)."Early twenty-first century glacier mass losses in the Indus Basin constrained by density assumptions".Journal of Hydrology.574:467–475.Bibcode:2019JHyd..574..467M.doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.057.
- ^Gansser (1975).Geology of the Himalayas.London: Interscience Publishers.
- ^Gallessich, Gail (2011)."Debris on certain Himalayan glaciers may prevent melting".sciencedaily.com.Retrieved30 January2011.
- ^Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide (2016)."Changes in the ablation zones of glaciers in the western Himalaya and the Karakoram between 1972 and 2015".Remote Sensing of Environment.187:505–512.Bibcode:2016RSEnv.187..505M.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.034.
- ^Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Nüsser, Marcus (2019)."No significant mass loss in the glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 1999 and 2016".Journal of Glaciology.65(250): 270–278.Bibcode:2019JGlac..65..270M.doi:10.1017/jog.2019.5.
- ^Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Ali, Shaukat; Latif, Yasir; Wazir, Muhammad Atif; Goheer, Muhammad Arif; Saifullah, Muhammad; Hussain, Iqtidar; Shiyin, Liu (2020)."Thin debris layers do not enhance melting of the Karakoram glaciers".Science of the Total Environment.746:141119.Bibcode:2020ScTEn.746n1119M.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141119.PMID32763605.
- ^Veettil, B.K. (2012). "A Remote sensing approach for monitoring debris-covered glaciers in the high altitude Karakoram Himalayas".International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences.2(3): 833–841.
- ^abKuhle, M. (1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages- An Autocycle Hypothesis.Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I)".GeoJournal.17(4): 581–596.doi:10.1007/BF00209444.S2CID129234912.
- ^Kuhle, M. (2006). "The Past Hunza Glacier in Connection with a Pleistocene Karakoram Ice Stream Network during the Last Ice Age (Würm)". In Kreutzmann, H.; Saijid, A. (eds.).Karakoram in Transition.Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–48.
- ^abcKuhle, M. (2011). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D. (eds.).Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look.Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. pp. 943–965.(glacier mapsdownloadable)
- ^abKuhle, M. (2001). "Tibet and High Asia (VI): Glaciogeomorphology and Prehistoric Glaciation in the Karakoram and Himalaya".GeoJournal.54(1–4): 109–396.doi:10.1023/A:1021307330169.
- ^Kuhle, M. (1994). "Present and Pleistocene Glaciation on the North-Western Margin of Tibet between the Karakoram Main Ridge and the Tarim Basin Supporting the Evidence of a Pleistocene Inland Glaciation in Tibet. Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German and Russian-German Joint Expeditions (III)".GeoJournal.33(2/3): 133–272.doi:10.1007/BF00812877.S2CID189882345.
- ^For Nepal, the heights indicated on the Nepal Topographic Maps are followed. For China and theBaltoroKarakoram, the heights are those of Mi Desheng's "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China". For theHispar Karakoramthe heights on a Russian 1:100,000 topo map of"Hispar area expeditions".Archived fromthe originalon 27 April 2008.Retrieved15 July2008.seem to be more accurate than the customarily quoted heights probably based on US army maps from the 50s[1].Elsewhere, unless otherwise indicated, heights are those in Jill Neate's "High Asia".
- ^Jerzy Wala,Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram,Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.
- ^shuaib (18 August 2019)."Naltar Valley: Heaven on Earth".Mehmaan Resort.Retrieved1 September2019.
- ^Tarar, Mustansar Hussain (1994).K2 kahani.Lahore: Sang-e-Meel (published in Urdu). p. 179.ISBN969-35-0523-9.OL18941738M.
Sources[edit]
- Curzon, George Nathaniel.1896.The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus.Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005.ISBN1-4021-5983-8(pbk);ISBN1-4021-3090-2(hbk).
- Kipling, Rudyard2002.Kim (novel);ed. by Zohreh T. Sullivan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN039396650X—This is the most extensive critical modern edition with footnotes, essays, maps, etc.
- Mortenson, Gregand Relin, David Oliver. 2008.Three Cups of Tea.Penguin Books Ltd.ISBN978-0-14-103426-3(pbk); Viking BooksISBN978-0-670-03482-6(hbk); Tantor MediaISBN978-1-4001-5251-3(MP3 CD).
- Kreutzmann, Hermann,Karakoram in Transition: Culture, Development, and Ecology in the Hunza Valley,Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.ISBN978-0-19-547210-3.
- Shukurov, E. (2005),"The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia"(PDF),in Chahryar Adle (ed.),History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. VI – Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century,UNESCO, pp. 480–514,ISBN978-92-3-103985-0
Further reading[edit]
- Dainelli, G. (1932).A Journey to the Glaciers of the Eastern Karakoram.The Geographical Journal,79(4), 257–268.
External links[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- BlankonthemapThe Northern Kashmir Website
- Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
- Great Karakorams– images onFlickr