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Kasur

Coordinates:31°7′0″N74°27′0″E/ 31.11667°N 74.45000°E/31.11667; 74.45000
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This article is about the city. For other uses, seeKasur (disambiguation).
Kasur
قصور
Qasūr
City
Kasur Museum on the Lahore–Kasur Road
Kasur Museum on theLahore–Kasur Road
Municipal Committee Kasur
Municipal Committee Emblem
Kasur is located in Punjab, Pakistan
Kasur
Kasur
Kasur is located in Pakistan
Kasur
Kasur
Coordinates:31°7′0″N74°27′0″E/ 31.11667°N 74.45000°E/31.11667; 74.45000
CountryPakistan
ProvincePunjab, PakistanPunjab
DivisionLahore
DistrictKasur
Founded byKheshgi Pashtun tribe
Government
• Chairman District CouncilNone (Vacant)[1]
•DCArshad Bhatti[2]
Elevation
218 m (715 ft)
Population
(2020)[3]
• City382,000
• Rank24th, Pakistan
DemonymKasuri
Time zoneUTC+5(PST)
Calling code049
Websitekasur.punjab.gov.pk

Kasur(Punjabi,Urdu:قصور;pronounced[kəsuːɾ]ⓘ;alsoromanizedasQasūr;from pluralizedArabicwordQasrmeaning "palaces" or "forts"[4]) is a city to the south ofLahore,in thePakistaniprovince ofPunjab.The city serves as the headquarters ofKasur District.Kasur is the16th largest city in Punjaband24th largest in Pakistan,by population.[5]It is also known for being the burial place of the 17th-centurySufi-poetBulleh Shah.It is farther west of the border with neighboringIndia,and bordered toLahore,SheikhupuraandOkara Districtsof Punjab.[6][7][8]The city is an aggregation of 26 fortified hamlets overlooking the alluvial valleys of the Beas and Sutlej rivers.[9]

Etymology

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Kasur derives its name from theArabicandPersianwordqasur(قصور),[10][11]meaning "palaces," or "forts." According to a legend, Kasur was founded by, and named for, PrinceKushaof theRamayana,[12]son of the Hindu deitiesRamaandSita.According to that account, the city was named Kashawar along with its neighbouring city,Lahorewhich was named Lahawar. Historical records reject an ancient founding of the city and date it to 1525, when it was found as afortified settlement.[13][14][15]

History

[edit]
The hilltop shrine ofShah Kamal Chistiis a popular shrine in Kasur.

Early

[edit]

The Kasur region was an agricultural region with forests during theIndus Valley civilization.The Kasur region was ruled variously by theMaurya Empire,Indo-Greek kingdom,Kushan Empire,Gupta Empire,White Huns,Kushano-HephthalitesandKabul Shahikingdoms. The region is also said to have been visited by the Chinese pilgrimXuanzangin 633 AD.Alexander Cunninghamwrites about his visit describing the place filled withtombs,mosques,and thickly covered with ruins. The city which is most commonly associated with Kasur was described as being situated somewhere on the right bank of theBeas(Sutlej) opposite to the city ofLahore.[16]

Arrival of Islam

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Ghaznavids

[edit]

In 1005 CE,Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni,took over the region under theGhaznavid dynasty.This led to the introduction ofIslamin the NorthernPunjabarea, after being conquered.[citation needed]Sufimissionaries were sent to the region in order to preach Islam which made thePunjab regionpredominantlyMuslim.[17]The city was later under the rule of theDelhi Sultanateand theMughals.

Kheshgi Dynasty

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Kasur was established as a city by theKheshgitribe ofPashtunsfromKabulwho had migrated to the region in 1525 fromAfghanistan[18][19]during the reign ofBaburand built several small forts in the area, establishing the Kheshgi chieftaincy.[20][21][22]The city was built as an aggregation of about twelve fortifiedhamlets,known as kots (کوٹ) forming a considerable town. The 12mahallahs(abodes) were built by the order of the Mughal EmperorAkbar,and named after the heads of various Pashtun families. Some of these forts have been severely damaged over time.[23][24]

Under Mughal rule, the city flourished and was notable for commerce and trade. It became the home of the legendary Sufi saint and celebrated poet,Bulleh Shah,who is buried in a large shrine in the city. After the decline of theMughal Empire,the Kasur region fell into a power vacuum. Kasur was captured byAhmad Shah Durraniof theDurrani Empire.

Sikh

[edit]

The Sikhs sacked the city in 1747 underJassa Singh Ahluwalia,[25]and again in 1763 afterDurranishifted to Afghanistan.[26]TheSikh EmpireunderRanjit Singh,captured the city in 1807 in theBattle of Kasur.[27]During theFirst Anglo-Sikh War,the city was occupied by Company forces on February 10, 1846.[28]

British

[edit]

During theBritish Raj,the irrigation canals were built that irrigated large areas of the Kasur District. Communal disturbances between Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims erupted in 1908 over the issue of meat sales.[29]Riots erupted following theJallianwala Bagh massacreon 13 April 1919, leading to the destruction of civic infrastructure, including the city's railway station.[30]Martial lawwas imposed on 16 April 1919 in response to the riots.[31]

Modern

[edit]
Refugees at Balloki, Kasur during thePartition of British Indiain 1947

After the formation of Pakistan in 1947, the minorityHindusandSikhsmigrated to India, while Muslim refugees migrated from India and settled in Kasur. Kasur emerged as a major centre ofleather tanningafter independence, and is home to 1/3rd of Pakistan's tanning industry.[32]

Kasur is one of the biggest market and trading hub in the country ofhidescollection andleather tanningand processing. In recent times, hide traders in Kasur were engaged in smugglingdonkey hides,a medicinal demand, toChinaviaKarachi Port.[33]

In January 2018, two protestors were killed in rioting over therape and murderofZainab Ansari,a seven-year-old girl. There had been12 similar murdersin the past two years, five of which have been linked to one suspect, leading to widespread anger at police failures.[34][35]

In November 2020,Russiasponsored a 1,122-km high pressureRLNG pipelinefromPort Qasim,Karachito Kasur.[36]In May 2021,IslamabadandMoscowagreed to change the name of the North-South Gas Pipeline Project to "Pakistan Stream Gas Pipeline".[37]

Geography

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Kasur is bordered to the north byLahore,by India to the south and east, it also has borders withOkaraandNankana Sahabdistrict. The city is adjacent to the border ofGanda Singh Wala,a border with its own flag-lowering ceremony.

Ecoregion

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Kasur is situated in a subtropicalthorn woodland biome(Northwestern thorn scrub forests) and in theDeserts and xeric shrublandsecoregionaccording to theWorld Wide Fund for Nature's map of ecological regions in the world.

Climate

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Kasur has ahot semi-arid climate(Köppen climate classificationBSh), bordering ahumid subtropical climate(Koppen: Cwa). Kasur has extremes of climate; the summer season begins from April and continues till September. June is the hottest month. The mean maximum and minimum temperature for this month are about 45 °C (113.0 °F) and 27 °C (80.6 °F) respectively. The winter seasons lasts from November to February. January is the coldest month. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures for the coldest month are 22 °C (71.6 °F) and 0 °C (32.0 °F) respectively. With rainfall towards the end of June, monsoon conditions appear and during the following two and a half months the rainy season alternates with sultry weather. The winter rain falls during January, February and March, ranging from 23 millimetres (0.91 in) to 31 millimetres (1.2 in). Water logging and salinity have affected a large area of the district, making the underground water brackish.[38]

Climate data for Kasur, Pakistan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		43.0
(109.4) 		47.0
(116.6) 		48.0
(118.4) 		42.0
(107.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		48.0
(118.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		28.0
(82.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.0
(102.2) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		30.9
(87.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14
(57) 		19
(66) 		19
(66) 		24
(75) 		27
(81) 		24
(75) 		21
(70) 		25
(77) 		30
(86) 		27
(81) 		20
(68) 		18
(64) 		22
(72)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		18.0
(64.3)
Record low °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−2.0
(28.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 20
(0.8) 		13
(0.5) 		21
(0.8) 		43
(1.7) 		99
(3.9) 		177
(7.0) 		149
(5.9) 		86
(3.4) 		41
(1.6) 		11
(0.4) 		9
(0.4) 		10
(0.4) 		679
(26.8)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 279 252 341 360 403 390 341 310 330 341 300 310 3,957
Source 1:MyWeather2[39]
Source 2:Weather Spark[40]

Demography

[edit]

The population of Kasur is 382,000 as of 2020. The principal tribes residing here include theRajput,Jats,Arains,Dogars,Ansari,Sheikh,Pashtunsetc. Among them there are also a concentration ofKashmiriswho had migrated earlier, during partition. There are alsoMoeensorartisans;they includeChristians,blacksmiths(Lohar),carpenters(Tarkhan),ceramicists(Kumhar),barbers,weavers etc.[41]

Religion

[edit]

The population in Kasur is predominantlyMuslimwith some smallChristianandHinduminorities. In a census conducted by the Office of the Census Commissioner in 1951, the result was that 96% of the population of Kasur was Muslim with 0.004 being Hindu minorities and 0.034 beingChristianminorities.[42]

Religious groups in Kasur City (1881−2017)[a]
Religious
group 		1881[44][45]: 520  1891[46]: 68 [47] 1901[48]: 44 [49]: 26  1911[50]: 23 [51]: 19  1921[52]: 25 [53]: 21  1931[54]: 26  1941[43]: 32  2017[55]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 13,852 79.9% 15,406 75.93% 16,257 73.82% 18,588 75% 22,290 71.86% 36,658 78.3% 39,295 74% 469,635 96.12%
Hinduism 3,074 17.73% 4,413 21.75% 5,327 24.19% 5,291 21.35% 7,333 23.64% 8,251[b] 17.62% 10,752[b] 20.25% 13 0%
Sikhism 242 1.4% 382 1.88% 295 1.34% 631 2.55% 987 3.18% 1,529 3.27% 2,034 3.83% — —
Jainism 168 0.97% 89 0.44% 97 0.44% 169 0.68% 265 0.85% 144 0.31% 452 0.85% — —
Christianity — — 0 0% 43 0.2% 101 0.41% 141 0.45% 227 0.48% 562 1.06% 18,719 3.83%
Zoroastrianism — — 0 0% 3 0.01% 3 0.01% 2 0.01% 6 0.01% — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 212 0.04%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 6 0.01% 0 0%
Total population 17,336 100% 20,290 100% 22,022 100% 24,783 100% 31,018 100% 46,815 100% 53,101 100% 488,579 100%

Notable people

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Notes

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  1. ^1881-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Kasur, which included Kasur Municipality.[43]: 32 
  2. ^ab1931-1941: IncludingAd-Dharmis

References

[edit]
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