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Kathleen Cleaver

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Kathleen Cleaver
Cleaver in 1998
Born
Kathleen Neal

(1945-05-13)May 13, 1945(age 79)
Dallas,Texas, U.S.
OccupationAcademic
Political partyBlack Panther Party
MovementBlack Power Movement
Spouse
​
​
(m.1967;div.1987)​
Children2

Kathleen Neal Cleaver(born May 13, 1945) is an American law professor and activist, known for her involvement with theBlack Power movementand theBlack Panther Party,a political and revolutionary.

Early life

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Juette Kathleen Neal was born in Dallas, Texas, on May 13, 1945. Her parents were both activists and college graduates of the University of Michigan. Her father, Ernest Eugene Neal, was a sociology professor at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and her mother, Pearl Juette Johnson, earned a master's degree in mathematics. Three years after Cleaver was born, her father accepted a job as the director of the Rural Life Council ofTuskegee Institutein Alabama, and they moved to a predominantly segregated, middle class community. Years later, Ernest joined theForeign Service.The family moved abroad and lived in such countries as India, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Philippines.[1]Spending time in India exposed Kathleen to different beliefs, including socialism, communism, and nationalism. The family returned to the United States after her brother died from leukaemia and the family broke apart. Cleaver attendedGeorge School,aQuakerboarding school near Philadelphia, which had just been desegregated.[1]She graduated with honors in 1963. She continued her education atOberlin Collegeand later transferred toBarnard College.In 1966, she left college for a secretarial job with the New York office of theStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC) after her friend from childhood, Sammy Younge, had been murdered by white supremacists. The shift of the movement was characterized by the change from "Freedom Now" to "Black Power."[2][3]

Black Panther Party

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Kathleen was in charge of organizing a student conference atFisk Universityin Nashville, Tennessee. At the conference, she metEldridge Cleaver,the minister of information for theBlack Panther Party,who was speaking at the conference. He had just gotten out of jail where he had writtenSoul on Ice.She moved to San Francisco in November 1967 to join the Black Panther Party, and after Christmas, Eldridge and Kathleen married.[4]She joined about three to four weeks afterHuey Newtonwas charged for killing an Oakland policeman in a pre-dawn shootout.[5]It was in San Francisco that Kathleen became the Communications Secretary for the party and worked on organizing demonstrations, creating pamphlets, holding press conferences, designing posters, and speaking at rallies and on TV.[6]Cleaver applied everything that she learned from the SNCC to the Black Panther Party. She created the position herself, motivated by Julian Bond in SNCC. Despite the fact that over two-thirds of Black Panthers members were women, Cleaver was among a small group of women who were prominent in theBlack Panther Party,which includedElaine BrownandEricka Huggins.[7]As communications secretary, she was the first female member of the Party's decision-making body. The position combined the role of spokesperson and press secretary. Cleaver organized the national campaign to freeHuey Newton.

The first major attack against the Black Panther Party was in the 1960s by Los Angeles's firstSWATteam. By 1971, almost 30 of the members of the Black Panther Party had been killed. Cleaver had a difficult time healing from the passing of so many of her colleagues and was emotionally scarred. In 1968 (the same year her husband ran for president on the Peace and Freedom ticket), she ran for California's 18th state assembly district, also as a candidate of thePeace and Freedom party.Cleaver received 2,778 votes[8]for 4.7% of the total vote, finishing third in a four-candidate race.[9]

As a result of their involvement with the Black Panther Party, the Cleavers were often the target of police investigations. The Cleavers' apartment was raided in 1968 before a Panther rally by the San Francisco Tactical Squad on the suspicion of hiding guns and ammunition. Later that year, Eldridge Cleaver was said to have staged an ambush of Oakland police officers during which two police officers were injured. Cleaver was wounded and fellow Black Panther memberBobby Huttonwas killed in a shootout following the initial exchange of gunfire.[10]Charged with attempted murder, he jumped bail to flee to Cuba and later went to Algeria.

When Eldridge Cleaver returned to the United States, he stated the shootout was a deliberate ambush against police. The author who broke the news of Cleaver's claim doubted its veracity because it was in the context of an uncharacteristic speech in which Cleaver stated "we need police as heroes," and said that he denounced civilian review boards of police shootings because "it is a rubber stamp for murder." The author speculated that it could have been a payoff for the Alameda County justice system, whose judge just days earlier had granted Eldridge Cleaver probation instead of prison time. Cleaver was sentenced to community service after getting charged with three counts of assault against three Oakland police officers.[10]The PBS documentaryA Huey Newton Storyreported that "Bobby Hutton was shot more than twelve times after he had already surrendered and stripped down to his underwear to prove he was not armed."[11]

During Cleaver's time with the Black Panther Party, she helped feed people, provided medical care to families, and took families to visit loved ones in prison. She also “helped put together healing retreats for women who had been in the Black Panther Party, women who had been living underground, who had been tortured, who had been exiled.”[12]

Living in exile

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Kathleen Cleaver delivering a speech inRuby Diamond Auditoriumat Florida State University, November 1971

In 1969, Kathleen reunited with Eldridge in Algeria.[13]Cleaver gave birth to their first son, Maceo, soon after arriving in Algeria. A year later in 1970, she gave birth to their daughter Joju Younghi Cleaver, while the family was in North Korea. Eldridge had increasingly found himself at odds withHuey Newton,one of the party's co-founders and leaders, over the direction the group should take; Newton, recently out of jail, was channeling resources into re-establishing the community outreach "survival programmes", whereas Cleaver favoured a more direct, and at times violent, approach. In 1971, this discord led to the separation of the International Branch of the Black Panther Party, as the Cleavers formed a new organisation called theRevolutionary People's Communication Network.Cleaver returned to promoting and speaking about the organization. To accomplish this, she and the children moved back to New York. The Algerian government became disgruntled with Eldridge and the new organization, and he was forced to leave the country secretly and meet with Kathleen in Paris in 1973. Kathleen left for the United States later that year to arrange Eldridge's return and raise a defence fund. In 1974, the French government granted legal residency to the Cleavers, and the family was reunited. However, after only a year, the Cleavers moved back to the United States, where Eldridge was arrested and tried for the shoot-out in 1968 and was found guilty of assault. He was sentenced to five years' probation and 2,000 hours of community service. Cleaver went to work on the Eldridge Cleaver Defense Fund, and he was freed on bail in 1976. Eldridge's legal situation was not resolved until 1980. Throughout this time, Eldridge shifted his political views to the right.

Later life

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Kathleen Cleaver left Eldridge in 1981 and went back to university, receiving a full scholarship from Yale University. She graduated in 1984,Phi Beta Kappaandsumma cum laudewith a Bachelor of Arts degree in history.[14]In 1987, she divorced Eldridge Cleaver. She had decided she wanted to become a lawyer as she watched theWatergate Hearingsin the early 1970s.[5]Therefore, she continued her education by getting her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1989. After graduating, she worked for the law firm ofCravath, Swaine & Moore,and followed this work with numerous jobs, including law clerk in theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuitin Philadelphia under JudgeA. Leon Higginbotham,the faculty ofEmory Universityin Atlanta, visiting faculty member at theBenjamin N. Cardozo School of Lawin New York City, the Graduate School of Yale University and Sarah Lawrence College.

In 2005, Cleaver was selected an inauguralFletcher FoundationFellow. She then worked as a Senior Research Associate at the Yale Law School, and a Senior Lecturer in the African American Studies department at Yale University. She is currently serving as senior lecturer at Emory University School of Law.[14]In addition to her career, she works on numerous campaigns, including freedom for death-row inmateMumia Abu-Jamaland habeas corpus forGeronimo Pratt.Cleaver has worked for many years on and published a memoir titledMemories of Love and War.[15]Cleaver has had her writing appear in multiple newspapers and magazines includingRamparts,The Black Panther,The Village Voice,The Boston Globe,andTransition,and she has contributed scholarly essays to the booksCritical Race Feminism,Critical White Studies,The Promise of Multiculturalism,andThe Black Panther Party Reconsidered.She has also helped edit essays and a writing done by Eldridge Cleaver,Target Zero: A Life in the Writing.[16]She and other former members of the Black Panther Party continue to meet and discuss issues.

See also

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References

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  1. ^abMosnier, Joseph (16 September 2011)."Kathleen Cleaver oral history interview conducted by Joseph Mosnier in Atlanta, Georgia, 2011-09-16"(PDF).Library of Congress.Retrieved1 May2019.
  2. ^Neal Cleaver, Kathleen (1998)."Women, Power, and Revolution".historyisaweapon.com.Retrieved1 May2019.About two weeks before I joined SNCC, "Black Power" replaced "Freedom Now" as the battle cry.
  3. ^Mosnier, 2011 - Page 20
  4. ^Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E Jr.; Martin, Waldo E (2012).Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party.Univ of California Press. p. 106.ISBN9780520293281.
  5. ^abCleaver, Kathleen Neal (June 1999). "Women, power, and revolution".New Political Science.21(2): 231–236.doi:10.1080/07393149908429865.
  6. ^Smith, Stephen; Ellis, Catherine (August 31, 2010).Say It Loud: Great Speeches on Civil Rights and African American Identity.The New Press. p. 70.ISBN9781595586278.
  7. ^Clark Hine, Darlene; Thompson, Kathleen (1998).A Shining Thread of Hope(first ed.). New York, NY: Broadway Books. p.298.ISBN0-7679-0110-X.
  8. ^"Kathleen N. Cleaver".JoinCalifornia. 1945-05-13.Retrieved2010-08-27.
  9. ^"11-07-1968 Election".JoinCalifornia. 1968-11-07.Retrieved2010-08-27.
  10. ^abColeman, Kate (May 19, 1980)."Souled Out: Eldridge Cleaver Admits He Ambushed Those Cops"(PDF).New West.Archived from the original on July 23, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 3,2011.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^"A Huey P. Newton Story – People – Bobby Hutton – PBS".www.pbs.org.
  12. ^Arend, Orissa; Jones, Charles E.; Austin, Curtis J. (2009).Showdown in Desire: The Black Panthers Take a Stand in New Orleans.University of Arkansas Press. p. 177.ISBN978-1-61075-380-7.
  13. ^Alexander, Leslie M; Rucker, Jr, Walter C. (2010-02-09).Encyclopedia of African American History.Abc-Clio. p. 707.ISBN978-1851097692.
  14. ^ab"Kathleen N. Cleaver".emory.edu.Retrieved1 May2019.
  15. ^Cleaver, Kathleen (2 December 2022). "Memories of Love and War".Radcliffe Quarterly.81(1:23) (published 1995) – via Alexander Street.
  16. ^"Kathleen Cleaver".Emory Law.Emory School of Law.Retrieved20 May2019.
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