Kedatuan
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2020) |
Kedatuan(Old Malay,Philippine,andSundanesespelling:kadatuan;Javaneseromanization:kedaton) were historical semi-independentcity-statesorprincipalitiesthroughout ancientMaritime Southeast Asiain the present-dayPhilippines,Indonesia,andMalaysia.In a modernIndonesian/Malaysense, they could be described askingdomsorpolities.[1]The earliest written record mentioning the termkadatuanwas the 7th-centurySrivijayanTelaga BatuandKota Kapur inscriptionfromSumatra,Indonesia.[2]
Etymology
[edit]Kedatuanandkadatuanare derived from the root worddatu,which is derived fromProto-Malayo-Polynesiandatu,with the possiblereconstructed meaningof "lineage priest".Cognatesin modernAustronesian languagesincludedatuordatoinPhilippine languages;datuinAcehnese,Minangkabau,Balinese,Makassarese,Mongondow,etc.;datukinMalay;ratoinMadurese;ratuinJavaneseandSundanese;ratuorlatuinMalukuand theLesser Sunda Islands;ratuinFijian;rātūinWayan(West Fijian); andlātūinSamoan.All of these have meanings related to leaders, heads of clans or ancestors, or men/women who are wealthy, respected, or skilled.[3]
In thePhilippines,kadatuaneither means "the domain/jurisdiction of thedatu"or was anabstract nounabout the rank of thedatu,formed by adding the circumfixka- -antodatu.Datu(also spelleddato) referred to hereditary rulers of independent communities (calledbarangay,dulohan,pulok,banwa,etc. in various ethnic groups), as well as to paramount rulers who ruled over otherdatuwith varying degrees of influence and prestige. They were present throughout the islands, from small villages to large loosely federatedthalassocracies.Paramountdatu,who ruled largercity-statesconnected tomaritime trading routes,often took on other titles likelakanorloanwordslikerajahorsultan,depending on ethnic group. They were first described by Spanish colonizers in theBoxer Codex(c.1590). During theSpanish colonial period in the Philippines,thedatubecame part of the nativearistocracy,theprincipalia.They were part of the colonial government, often serving asgobernadorcillosandcabezas de barangay(elected town and villagemayors).[4][5][6][7]Among theMuslim Filipinos,thedatuwas part of a more centralized political system (sultanates) that paid obeisance to a royal family of the sultans.[8][9][10]
The termkadatuaninOld Malaymeans "the realm of thedatu"or" the residence of thedatu".Constructed from the old Malay stem worddatuwithcircumfixke- -anto denote place. It is derived fromdatuordatuk,an ancientAustronesiantitle, and position for regional leader or elder that is used throughoutMaritime Southeast Asia.It was mentioned in several inscriptions such as the 7th-centurySrivijayanOld MalayTelaga Batu inscriptionand the 14th-centuryOld SundaneseAstana Gede inscription.[2]In a wider sense, the term could refer to the whole principality, while in a smaller sense however, it could refer to the palace where thedaturesides. TheKota Kapur inscriptionmentions "manraksa yan kadatuan çrivijaya"(to protect the Kadatuan of Srivijaya), thus Srivijaya is described as akadatuan.From a Srivijayan perspective, the realm of the Kadatuan Srivijaya consisted of severalwanua(settlements), each led by adatu(datuk), which means a community leader or elder. All of this realm was under the control of the centralkadatuan,also led by adatu.The highestdatuin Srivijaya wasDapunta Hyang.[2]
Kedatuanis known and widely spread in theislands of Southeast Asia,including the east coast ofSumatra,theMinangkabau lands,theMalay Peninsula,the Borneo coast and the Philippine archipelago.[11]In Javanese, the termratuis used instead ofdatu,thus inJavakaraton,keraton,orkratonis used instead ofkedatonto describe the residence of the regional leader. The term is also known in Java askedaton,the meaning however, has shifted to an architectural term to refer to the inner compound of the living quarter inside thekeraton(palace) complex. For example, there is thekedatoncomplex within the central part of KeratonSurakartaPalace in Central Java.[12]
Political relations
[edit]Smallerkedatuanoften became subordinated to more powerful neighboringkedatuan,which in turn were subordinate to a central king (maharaja). The more powerfulkedatuansometimes grew to become powerfulkingdomsand occasionally tried to liberate themselves from theirsuzerainand sometimes enjoyed times of independence, and in turn, might have subjugated neighboringkedatuan.[citation needed]Kedatuan,large and small, often shiftedallegianceor paidtributeto more than one powerful neighbor.[citation needed]
Somekedatuan,such asSrivijaya,rose to becomeempires.It is suggested that during its early formation, Srivijaya was a collection or some kind of federation consisting of several kadatuans (local principalities), all swearing allegiance to the central rulingkadatuanruled by the Srivijayanmaharaja.[2]
See also
[edit]- Barangay,a specific term for the same system of independent and semi-independent city-states used in the Philippines
- Mueang,a similar concept in mainland Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Laos
- Mandala,political model in ancient Southeast Asia
References
[edit]- ^Definition of 'Kedatuan'
- ^abcdReynold Sumayku (September 2013)."Sriwijaya: Kadatuan atau Jaringan Pelabuhan".National Geographic Indonesia(in Indonesian). Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2017.Retrieved5 March2015.
- ^Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen."Cognate Sets: *d".Austronesian Comparative Dictionary.Retrieved5 July2023.
- ^William Henry Scott (1994).Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society.Ateneo de Manila University Press.ISBN9789715501354.
- ^Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms".International Journal of Historical Archaeology.2(4): 291–320.doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759.S2CID141415414.
- ^Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson,The Philippine Islands (1493–1898),Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1903, Vol. XL
- ^Jocano, F. Landa(2001).Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage.Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.ISBN971-622-006-5.
- ^Castro, Alex R. (27 April 2018)."Mindanao Royalty: In the Realm of Muslim Majesties".Town&Country.Retrieved29 November2019.
- ^Ibañez-Nolasco, Liberty (2004)."The Traditional Maranaw Governance System: Descriptives, Issues and Imperatives for Philippine Public Administration"(PDF).Philippine Journal of Public Administration.48(1 & 2): 155–203.
- ^Bruno, Juanito A (1973).The Social World of the Tausug.p. 146.
- ^The ancient Kadatuan or Tumao.(Philippine History Files)
- ^"Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat Tata Ruang, Arsitektur dan Maknanya"(in Indonesian). Kamus Ilmiah. Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2015.Retrieved5 March2015.