Orders of magnitude (time)

Anorder of magnitudeof time is usually adecimalprefix or decimal order-of-magnitude quantity together with a base unit of time, like amicrosecondor amillion years.In some cases, the order of magnitude may be implied (usually 1), like a "second" or "year". In other cases, the quantity name implies thebase unit,like "century". In most cases, the base unit is seconds or years.

Prefixes are not usually used with a base unit of years. Therefore, it is said "a million years" instead of "a megayear". Clock time and calendar time haveduodecimalorsexagesimalorders of magnitude rather than decimal, e.g., a year is 12 months, and a minute is 60 seconds.

The smallest meaningful increment of time is thePlanck time―the time light takes to traverse thePlanck distance,many decimal orders of magnitude smaller than a second.^[1]

The largest realized amount of time, based on known scientific data, is theage of the universe,about 13.8 billion years—the time since theBig Bangas measured in thecosmic microwave background rest frame.^[2]Those amounts of time together span 60 decimal orders of magnitude. Metric prefixes are defined spanning 10⁻³⁰to 10³⁰,60 decimal orders of magnitude which may be used in conjunction with the metric base unit of second.

Metric units of time larger than the second are most commonly seen only in a few scientific contexts such as observational astronomy and materials science, although this depends on the author. For everyday use and most other scientific contexts, the common units of minutes, hours (3,600 s or 3.6 ks), days (86,400 s), weeks, months, and years (of which there are a number of variations) are commonly used. Weeks, months, and years are significantly variable units whose lengths depend on the choice of calendar and are often not regular even with a calendar, e.g., leap years versus regular years in theGregorian calendar.This makes them problematic for use against a linear and regular time scale such as that defined by theSI,since it is not clear which version is being used.

Because of this, the table below does not include weeks, months, and years. Instead, the table uses theannumorastronomical Julian year(365.25 days of 86,400 seconds), denoted with the symbol a. Its definition is based on the average length of a year according to theJulian calendar,which has oneleap yearevery four years. According to the geological science convention, this is used to form larger units of time by the application ofSI prefixesto it; at least up to giga-annum or Ga, equal to 1,000,000,000 a (short scale: one billion years, long scale: one milliard years).

Less than one second

Units of measure less than a second
Multiple of a second	Unit	Symbol	Definition	Comparative examples & common units
10⁻⁴⁴	Planck time	t_P	Presumed to be the shortest theoretically measurable time interval (but not necessarily the shortestincrementof time—seequantum gravity)	10⁻¹⁴qs:The length of onePlanck time(t_P= ${\sqrt {\hbar G/c^{5}}}$ ≈5.39×10⁻⁴⁴s)^[3]is the briefest physically meaningful span of time. It is the unit of time in thenatural unitssystem known asPlanck units.
10⁻³⁰	quectosecond	qs	Quectosecond,(quecto-+second), is onenonillionthof a second
10⁻²⁷	rontosecond	rs	Rontosecond,(ronto-+second), is oneoctillionthof a second	300 rs:Themean lifetimeofW and Z bosons
10⁻²⁴	yoctosecond	ys^[4]	Yoctosecond,(yocto-+second), is oneseptillionthof a second	23 ys:The lower estimated bound on thehalf-lifeofisotope 7 of hydrogen (Hydrogen-7) 143 ys:Thehalf-lifeof theNitrogen-10isotope of Nitrogen 156 ys:The mean lifetime of aHiggs Boson
10⁻²¹	zeptosecond	zs	Zeptosecond,(zepto-+second), is onesextillionthof one second	1.3 zs:Smallest experimentally controlled time delay in a photon field.^[5] 2 zs:The representative cycle time ofgamma rayradiation released in the decay of a radioactiveatomic nucleus(here as 2MeVper emittedphoton) 4 zs:The cycle time of thezitterbewegungof anelectron( $\omega =2m_{e}c^{2}/\hbar$ ) 247 zs:The experimentally-measured travel time of a photon across a hydrogen molecule, "for the average bond length of molecular hydrogen"^[6]
10⁻¹⁸	attosecond	as	One quintillionth of one second	12 as:The best timing control of laser pulses.^[7] 43 as:The shortest X-ray laser pulse^[8] 53 as:The shortest electron laser pulse^[9]^[10]
10⁻¹⁵	femtosecond	fs	One quadrillionth of one second	1 fs:The cycle time for ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 300nanometres;The time it takes light to travel a distance of 0.3 micrometres (μm). 140 fs:The time needed for electrons to have localized onto individualbromineatoms 6Ångstromapart afterlaser dissociationof Br₂.^[11] 290 fs:The lifetime of atauon
10⁻¹²	picosecond	ps	One trillionth of one second	1 ps:The mean lifetime of abottom quark;the time needed for light to travel 0.3 millimetres (mm) 1 ps:The typical lifetime of atransition stateone machine cycle by an IBMsilicon-germanium transistor 109 ps:The period of thephoton corresponding tothehyperfine transitionof the ground state ofcesium-133,and one 9,192,631,770th of one secondby definition 114.6 ps:The time for the fastest overclocked processor as of 2014^[update]to execute one machine cycle.^[12] 696 ps:How much more a second lasts far away from Earth's gravity due to the effects ofGeneral Relativity
10⁻⁹	nanosecond	ns	One billionth of one second	1 ns:The time needed to execute one machine cycle by a 1 GHz microprocessor 1 ns:The time light takes to travel 30 cm (11.811 in)
10⁻⁶	microsecond	μs	One millionth of one second	1 μs:The time needed to execute one machine cycle by an Intel 80186 microprocessor 2.2 μs:The lifetime of amuon 4–16 μs:The time needed to execute one machine cycle by a 1960sminicomputer
10⁻³	millisecond	ms	One thousandth of one second	1 ms:The time for a neuron in the human brain to fire one impulse and return to rest^[13] 4–8 ms:The typicalseek timefor a computer hard disk
10⁻²	centisecond	cs	One hundredth of one second	1.6667 cs:The period of a frame at a frame rate of 60 Hz. 2 cs:The cycle time for European 50 Hz AC electricity 10–20 cs(=0.1–0.2 s): The humanreflexresponse to visual stimuli
10⁻¹	decisecond	ds	One tenth of a second	1–4 ds(=0.1–0.4 s): The length of a single blink of an eye^[14]

More than one second

In this table, large intervals of time surpassing one second are catalogued in order of the SI multiples of the second as well as their equivalent in common time units of minutes, hours, days, and Julian years.

Units of measure greater than one second
Multiple of a second	Unit	Symbol	Common units	Comparative examples and common units
10¹	decasecond	das	single seconds (1 das= 10 s)	6 das:One minute (min), the time it takes a second hand to cycle around a clock face
10²	hectosecond	hs	minutes (1 hs= 1 min 40 s = 100 s)	2 hs(3 min 20 s): The average length of the most popular YouTube videos as of January 2017^[15] 5.55 hs(9 min 12 s): The longest videos in the above study 7.1 hs(11 m 50 s): The time for a human walking at average speed of 1.4m/sto walk 1 kilometre
10³	kilosecond	ks	minutes, hours, days (1 ks= 16 min 40 s = 1,000 s)	1 ks:The record confinement time forantimatter,specificallyantihydrogen,in electrically neutral state as of 2011;^[16]1.477 ks: The longest period in which a person has not taken a breath. 1.8 ks:The time slot for the typical situation comedy on television with advertisements included 2.28 ks:The duration of theAnglo-Zanzibar War,the shortest war in recorded history. 3.6 ks:The length of one hour (h), the time for the minute hand of a clock to cycle once around the face, approximately 1/24 of onemean solar day 7.2 ks(2 h): The typical length of feature films 35.73 ks: the rotational period of planet Jupiter, fastest planet to rotate 38.0196 ks: rotational period of Saturn, second shortest rotational period 57.996 ks: one day on planet Neptune. 62.064 ks: one day on Uranus. 86.399 ks(23 h 59 min 59 s): The length of one day with a removedleap secondonUTCtime scale. Such has not yet occurred. 86.4 ks(24 h): The length of one day of Earth by standard. More exactly, themean solar dayis 86.400 002 ks due totidal braking,and increasing at the rate of approximately 2 ms/century; to correct for this time standards likeUTCuseleap secondswith the interval described as "a day" on them being most often 86.4 ks exactly by definition but occasionally one second more or less so that every day contains a whole number of seconds while preserving alignment with astronomical time. The hour hand of an analogue clock will typically cycle twice around the dial in this period as most analogue clocks are12-hour,less common are analogue24-hour clocksin which it cycles around once. 86.401 ks(24 h 0 min 1 s): One day with an addedleap secondonUTCtime scale. While this is strictly 24 hours and 1 second in conventional units, adigital clockof suitable capability level will most often display the leap second as 23:59:60 and not 24:00:00 before rolling over to 00:00:00 the next day, as though the last "minute" of the day were crammed with 61 seconds and not 60, and similarly the last "hour" 3601 s instead of 3600. 88.775 ks(24 h 39 min 35 s): Onesolof Mars 604.8 ks(7 d): One week of theGregorian calendar
10⁶	megasecond	Ms	weeks to years (1 Ms= 11 d 13 h 46 min 40 s = 1,000,000 s)	1.6416 Ms(19 d): The length of a "month" of theBaha'i calendar 2.36 Ms(27.32 d): The length of the true month, theorbital periodof theMoon 2.4192 Ms(28 d): The length of February, the shortest month of theGregorian calendar,in common years 2.5056 Ms(29 d): The length of February in leap years 2.592 Ms(30 d): The length of April, June, September, and November in theGregorian calendar;common interval used in legal agreements and contracts as a proxy for a month 2.6784 Ms(31 d): The length of the longest months of theGregorian calendar 23 Ms(270 d): The approximate length of typical humangestational period 31.5576 Ms(365.25 d): The length of theJulian year,also called theannum,symbola. 5.06703168 Ms: The rotational period of Mercury. 7.600544064 Ms: One year on Mercury. 19.41414912 Ms: One year on Venus. 20.9967552 Ms: The rotational period of Venus. 31.55815 Ms(365 d 6 h 9 min 10 s): The length of the true year, theorbital periodof the Earth 126.2326 Ms(1461 d 0 h 34 min 40 s): The elected term of thePresident of the United Statesor oneOlympiad
10⁹	gigasecond	Gs	decades, centuries, millennia (1 Gs= over 31 years and 287 days = 1,000,000,000 s)	1.5 Gs:Unix timeas of Jul 14 02:40:00 UTC 2017. Unix time being the number of seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z ignoring leap seconds. 2.5 Gs:(79 a): The typical humanlife expectancyin thedeveloped world 3.16 Gs:(100 a): One century 31.6 Gs:(1000 a, 1 ka): Onemillennium,also called akilo-annum(ka) 63.8 Gs:The approximate time since the beginning of theAnno Dominiera as of 2019 – 2,019 years, andtraditionallythe time since the birth ofJesus Christ 194.67 Gs:The approximate lifespan oftime capsule Crypt of Civilization,28 May 1940 – 28 May 8113 363 Gs:(11.5 ka): The time since the beginning of theHolocene epoch 814 Gs:(25.8 ka): The approximate time for the cycle ofprecession of the Earth's axis
10¹²	terasecond	Ts	millennia to geologicalepochs (1 Ts= over 31,600 years = 1,000,000,000,000 s)	3.1 Ts(100 ka): approximate length of aglacial periodof the currentQuaternary glaciationepoch 31.6 Ts(1000 ka, 1 Ma): Onemega-annum(Ma), or one million years 79 Ts(2.5 Ma): The approximate time since earliest hominids of genusAustralopithecus 130 Ts(4 Ma): The typical lifetime of abiological specieson Earth 137 Ts(4.32 Ma): The length of the mythic unit ofmahayuga,the Great Age, inHindu mythology.
10¹⁵	petasecond	Ps	geologicaleras,history of Earth and theUniverse	2 Ps:The approximate time since theCretaceous-Paleogene extinction event,believed to be caused by the impact of a largeasteroidintoChicxulubin modern-day Mexico. This extinction was one of the largest in Earth's history and marked the demise of most dinosaurs, with the only known exception being the ancestors of today's birds. 7.9 Ps(250 Ma): The approximate time since thePermian-Triassic extinction event,the actually largest known mass extinction in Earth history which wiped out 95% of all extant species and believed to have been caused by the consequences of massive long-termvolcanic eruptionsin the area of theSiberian Traps.Also, the approximate time to thesupercontinentofPangaea.Also, the length of onegalactic yearorcosmic year,the time required for theSunto complete one orbit around theMilky Way Galaxy. 16 Ps(510 Ma): The approximate time since theCambrian explosion,a massive evolutionary diversification of life which led to the appearance of most existingmulticellular organismsand the replacement of the previousEdiacaran biota. 22 Ps(704 Ma): The approximatehalf-lifeof theuraniumisotope²³⁵U. 31.6 Ps(1000 Ma, 1 Ga): Onegiga-annum(Ga), one billion years, the largest fixed time unit used in the standardgeological time scale,approximately the order of magnitude of aneon,the largest division of geological time. +1 Ga:The estimated remaining habitable lifetime of Earth, according to some models. At this point in time thestellar evolutionof the Sun will have increased itsluminosityto the point that enough energy will be reaching the Earth to cause the evaporation of the oceans and their loss into space (due to the UV flux from the Sun at the top of the atmospheredissociatingthe molecules), making it impossible for any life to continue. 136 Ps(4.32 Ga): The length of the legendary unitKalpainHindu mythology,or one day (but not including the following night) of the life ofBrahma. 143 Ps(4.5 Ga): Theage of the Earthby our best estimates. Also the approximate half-life of the uranium isotope²³⁸U. 315 Ps(10 Ga): The approximate lifetime of amain-sequence starsimilar to theSun. 434.8 Ps(13.787 Ga): The approximateage of the Universe
10¹⁸	exasecond	Es	future cosmological time	All times of this length and beyond are currently theoretical as they surpass the elapsed lifetime of the known universe. 1.08 Es(+34 Ga): Time to theBig Ripaccording to some models, but this is not favored by existing data. This is one possible scenario for theultimate fate of the Universe.Under this scenario,dark energyincreases in strength and power in a feedback loop that eventually results in the tearing apart of all matter down to subatomic scale due to the rapidly increasingnegative pressurethereupon 300 – 600 Es(10 – 20 Ta): The estimated lifetime of low-mass stars (red dwarfs)
10²¹	zettasecond	Zs		3 Zs(+100 Ta): The remaining time until the end ofStelliferous Eraof the universe, under theheat deathscenario for theultimate fate of the Universe,which is the most commonly-accepted model in the current scientific community. This is marked by the cooling-off of the last low-mass dwarf star to ablack dwarf.After this time has elapsed, theDegenerate Erabegins. 9.85 Zs(311 Ta): The entire lifetime ofBrahmainHindu mythology.
10²⁴	yottasecond	Ys		600 Ys(2×10¹⁹a): The radioactive half-life ofbismuth-209byalpha decay,one of the slowest-observed radioactive decay processes.
10²⁷	ronnasecond	Rs		3.16 Rs(1×10²⁰a): The estimated time until all stars are ejected from their galaxies or consumed by black holes. 32 Rs(1×10²¹a): Highest estimate of the time until all stars are ejected from galaxies or consumed by black holes.
10³⁰and onward	quettasecondand beyond	Qs and on		69 Qs(2.2×10²⁴a): The radioactive half-life oftellurium-128,the longest known half-life of any elementalisotope. 1,340,009 Qs(4.134105×10²⁸years): The time period equivalent to the value of 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.0.0.0.0 in theMesoamerican Long Count,a date discovered on a stele at theCobaMaya site, believed by archaeologistLinda Scheleto be the absolute value for the length of one cycle of the universe^[17]^[18] 2.6×10¹¹Qs(8.2×10³³years): The smallest possible value forproton half-lifeconsistent with experiment^[19] 10²³Qs(3.2×10⁴⁵years): The largest possible value for theproton half-life,assuming that theBig Bangwasinflationaryand that the same process that madebaryonspredominate overantibaryonsin the early Universe also makes protons decay^[20] 6×10⁴³Qs(2×10⁶⁶years): The approximatelifespanof a black hole with the mass of the Sun^[21] 4×10⁶³Qs(1.3×10⁸⁶years): The approximate lifespan ofSagittarius A,if uncharged and non-rotating^[21] 5.4×10⁸³Qs*(1.7×10¹⁰⁶years): The approximate lifespan of asupermassive black holewith a mass of 20 trillionsolar masses^[21] $10^{10^{10^{76.66}}}$ Qs: The scale of an estimatedPoincaré recurrence timefor the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing an isolated black hole of stellar mass^[22]This time assumes a statistical model subject to Poincaré recurrence. A much simplified way of thinking about this time is that in a model in which historyrepeats itselfarbitrarily many times due toproperties of statistical mechanics,this is the time scale when it will first be somewhat similar (for a reasonable choice of "similar" ) to its current state again. $10^{10^{10^{123}}}$ Qs: The scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the mass of the observable Universe.^[22] ${10}^{{10}^{{10}^{{10}^{{10}^{1.1}}}}}$ Qs ( ${10}^{{10}^{{10}^{3,883,775,501,690}}}$ years): The scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the estimated mass of the entire Universe, observable or not, assuming Linde'sChaotic Inflationarymodel with aninflatonwhose mass is 10⁻⁶Planck masses.^[22]

Other
Multiples	Unit	Symbol
6×10¹seconds	1 minute	min
6×10¹minutes	1 hour	h(hr)
2.4×10¹hours	1 day	d

References

^"Planck Time | COSMOS".astronomy.swin.edu.au.Retrieved12 October2021.
^"WMAP- Age of the Universe".wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov.Retrieved12 October2021.
^"CODATA Value: Planck time".The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty.NIST.Retrieved1 October2011.
^The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Available at:http://www.bartleby.com/61/21/Y0022100.html Archived10 March 2008 at theWayback Machine.Accessed 19 December 2007.note:abbr. ys or ysec
^Bocklage, Lars; et al. (29 January 2021)."Coherent control of collective nuclear quantum states via transient magnons".Science Science Advances.7:eabc3991.doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc3991.PMC7846183.PMID 33514541.Retrieved19 April2023.
^Grundmann, Sven; Trabert, Daniel; et al. (16 October 2020)."Zeptosecond birth time delay in molecular photoionization".Science.370(6514): 339–341.arXiv:2010.08298.Bibcode:2020Sci...370..339G.doi:10.1126/science.abb9318.PMID 33060359.S2CID 222412229.Retrieved17 October2020.
^"12 attoseconds is the world record for shortest controllable time".phys.org.
^Gaumnitz, Thomas; Jain, Arohi; Pertot, Yoann; Huppert, Martin; Jordan, Inga; Ardana-Lamas, Fernando; Wörner, Hans Jakob (2017)."Streaking of 43-attosecond soft-X-ray pulses generated by a passively CEP-stable mid-infrared driver".Optics Express.25(22): 27506–27518.Bibcode:2017OExpr..2527506G.doi:10.1364/OE.25.027506.hdl:20.500.11850/211882.PMID 29092222.
^Kim, H. Y.; Garg, M.; Mandal, S.; Seiffert, L.; Fennel, T.; Goulielmakis, E. (January 2023)."Attosecond field emission".Nature.613(7945): 662–666.doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05577-1.ISSN 1476-4687.PMC9876796.
^"Attosecond electron pulses are claimed as shortest ever".Physics World.17 February 2023.Retrieved17 February2023.
^Li, Wen; et al. (23 November 2010)."Visualizing electron rearrangement in space and time during the transition from a molecule to atoms".PNAS.107(47): 20219–20222.Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720219L.doi:10.1073/pnas.1014723107.PMC2996685.PMID 21059945.
^Chiappetta, Marco (23 September 2011)."AMD Breaks 8 GHz Overclock with Upcoming FX Processor, Sets World Record. The record has been surpassed with 8794 MHz of overclocking with AMD FX 8350".HotHardware. Archived fromthe originalon 10 March 2015.Retrieved28 April2012.
^"Notebook".www.noteaccess.com.
^Eric H. Chudler."Brain Facts and Figures: Sensory Apparatus: Vision".Retrieved10 October2011.
^"YouTube Statistics and Your Best Video Length for Different Videos".Video Production Washington DC - MiniMatters.11 March 2014.
^Alpha Collaboration; Andresen, G. B.; Ashkezari, M. D.; Baquero-Ruiz, M.; Bertsche, W.; Bowe, P. D.; Butler, E.; Cesar, C. L.; Charlton, M.; Deller, A.; Eriksson, S.; Fajans, J.; Friesen, T.; Fujiwara, M. C.; Gill, D. R.; Gutierrez, A.; Hangst, J. S.; Hardy, W. N.; Hayano, R. S.; Hayden, M. E.; Humphries, A. J.; Hydomako, R.; Jonsell, S.; Kemp, S. L.; Kurchaninov, L.; Madsen, N.; Menary, S.; Nolan, P.; Olchanski, K.; et al. (5 June 2011). "Confinement of antihydrogen for 1,000 seconds".Nature Physics.7(7): 558–564.arXiv:1104.4982.Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..558A.doi:10.1038/nphys2025.S2CID 17151882.
^Falk, Dan (2013).In search of time the science of a curious dimension.New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN 978-1429987868.
^G. Jeffrey MacDonald"Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?"USA Today27 March 2007.
^ Nishino, H.et al.(Super-K Collaboration) (2009). "Search for Proton Decay via
p⁺
→
e⁺

π⁰
and
p⁺
→
μ⁺

π⁰
in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector ".Physical Review Letters.102(14): 141801.arXiv:0903.0676.Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102n1801N.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801.PMID 19392425.S2CID 32385768.
^Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects".Reviews of Modern Physics.69(2): 337–372.arXiv:astro-ph/9701131.Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A.doi:10.1103/revmodphys.69.337.ISSN 0034-6861.S2CID 12173790.
^^a ^b ^cPage, Don N. (15 January 1976). "Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole".Physical Review D.13(2). American Physical Society (APS): 198–206.Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..198P.doi:10.1103/physrevd.13.198.ISSN 0556-2821.See in particular equation (27).
^^a ^b ^cPage, Don N. (25 November 1994). "Information Loss in Black Holes and/or Conscious Beings?". In Fulling, S.A. (ed.).Heat Kernel Techniques and Quantum Gravity.Discourses in Mathematics and its Applications. Texas A&M University. p. 461.arXiv:hep-th/9411193.Bibcode:1994hep.th...11193P.ISBN 978-0-9630728-3-2.S2CID 18633007.

External links

Exploring TimefromPlanck timeto the lifespan of the universe

[1] "Planck Time | COSMOS".astronomy.swin.edu.au.Retrieved12 October2021.

[2] "WMAP- Age of the Universe".wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov.Retrieved12 October2021.

[3] "CODATA Value: Planck time".The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty.NIST.Retrieved1 October2011.

[4] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Available at:http://www.bartleby.com/61/21/Y0022100.html Archived10 March 2008 at theWayback Machine.Accessed 19 December 2007.note:abbr. ys or ysec

[5] Bocklage, Lars; et al. (29 January 2021)."Coherent control of collective nuclear quantum states via transient magnons".Science Science Advances.7:eabc3991.doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc3991.PMC7846183.PMID 33514541.Retrieved19 April2023.

[6] Grundmann, Sven; Trabert, Daniel; et al. (16 October 2020)."Zeptosecond birth time delay in molecular photoionization".Science.370(6514): 339–341.arXiv:2010.08298.Bibcode:2020Sci...370..339G.doi:10.1126/science.abb9318.PMID 33060359.S2CID 222412229.Retrieved17 October2020.

[7] "12 attoseconds is the world record for shortest controllable time".phys.org.

[8] Gaumnitz, Thomas; Jain, Arohi; Pertot, Yoann; Huppert, Martin; Jordan, Inga; Ardana-Lamas, Fernando; Wörner, Hans Jakob (2017)."Streaking of 43-attosecond soft-X-ray pulses generated by a passively CEP-stable mid-infrared driver".Optics Express.25(22): 27506–27518.Bibcode:2017OExpr..2527506G.doi:10.1364/OE.25.027506.hdl:20.500.11850/211882.PMID 29092222.

[9] Kim, H. Y.; Garg, M.; Mandal, S.; Seiffert, L.; Fennel, T.; Goulielmakis, E. (January 2023)."Attosecond field emission".Nature.613(7945): 662–666.doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05577-1.ISSN 1476-4687.PMC9876796.

[10] "Attosecond electron pulses are claimed as shortest ever".Physics World.17 February 2023.Retrieved17 February2023.

[li-visualizing-11] Li, Wen; et al. (23 November 2010)."Visualizing electron rearrangement in space and time during the transition from a molecule to atoms".PNAS.107(47): 20219–20222.Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720219L.doi:10.1073/pnas.1014723107.PMC2996685.PMID 21059945.

[12] Chiappetta, Marco (23 September 2011)."AMD Breaks 8 GHz Overclock with Upcoming FX Processor, Sets World Record. The record has been surpassed with 8794 MHz of overclocking with AMD FX 8350".HotHardware. Archived fromthe originalon 10 March 2015.Retrieved28 April2012.

[13] "Notebook".www.noteaccess.com.

[14] Eric H. Chudler."Brain Facts and Figures: Sensory Apparatus: Vision".Retrieved10 October2011.

[15] "YouTube Statistics and Your Best Video Length for Different Videos".Video Production Washington DC - MiniMatters.11 March 2014.

[16] Alpha Collaboration; Andresen, G. B.; Ashkezari, M. D.; Baquero-Ruiz, M.; Bertsche, W.; Bowe, P. D.; Butler, E.; Cesar, C. L.; Charlton, M.; Deller, A.; Eriksson, S.; Fajans, J.; Friesen, T.; Fujiwara, M. C.; Gill, D. R.; Gutierrez, A.; Hangst, J. S.; Hardy, W. N.; Hayano, R. S.; Hayden, M. E.; Humphries, A. J.; Hydomako, R.; Jonsell, S.; Kemp, S. L.; Kurchaninov, L.; Madsen, N.; Menary, S.; Nolan, P.; Olchanski, K.; et al. (5 June 2011). "Confinement of antihydrogen for 1,000 seconds".Nature Physics.7(7): 558–564.arXiv:1104.4982.Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..558A.doi:10.1038/nphys2025.S2CID 17151882.

[Falk-17] Falk, Dan (2013).In search of time the science of a curious dimension.New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN 978-1429987868.

[18] G. Jeffrey MacDonald"Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?"USA Today27 March 2007.

[19] Nishino, H.et al.(Super-K Collaboration) (2009). "Search for Proton Decay via
p⁺
→
e⁺

π⁰
and
p⁺
→
μ⁺

π⁰
in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector ".Physical Review Letters.102(14): 141801.arXiv:0903.0676.Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102n1801N.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801.PMID 19392425.S2CID 32385768.

[dying-20] Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects".Reviews of Modern Physics.69(2): 337–372.arXiv:astro-ph/9701131.Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A.doi:10.1103/revmodphys.69.337.ISSN 0034-6861.S2CID 12173790.

[page-21] Page, Don N. (15 January 1976). "Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole".Physical Review D.13(2). American Physical Society (APS): 198–206.Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..198P.doi:10.1103/physrevd.13.198.ISSN 0556-2821.See in particular equation (27).

[page95-22] Page, Don N. (25 November 1994). "Information Loss in Black Holes and/or Conscious Beings?". In Fulling, S.A. (ed.).Heat Kernel Techniques and Quantum Gravity.Discourses in Mathematics and its Applications. Texas A&M University. p. 461.arXiv:hep-th/9411193.Bibcode:1994hep.th...11193P.ISBN 978-0-9630728-3-2.S2CID 18633007.

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v t e Orders of magnitude
Quantity	Acceleration Angular momentum Area Bit rate Charge Computing Current Data Density Energy/Energy density Entropy Force Frequency Illuminance Length Luminance Magnetic moment Magnetic field Mass Molarity Numbers Power Pressure Probability Radiation Sound pressure Specific heat capacity Speed Temperature Torque Time Voltage Volume
See also	Back-of-the-envelope calculation Best-selling electronic devices Fermi problem Powers of 10anddecades 10th 100th 1000000th Metric (SI) prefix Macroscopic scale Microscopic scale
Related	Astronomical system of units Earth's location in the Universe Cosmic View(1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond(1964 film) Cosmic Zoom(1968 film) Powers of Ten(1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage(1996 documentary) The Scale of the Universe(2010) Cosmic Eye(2012)
Category

v t e Time measurementandstandards
Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology
International standards	Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line IERS Reference Meridian Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian
Obsolete standards	Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian
Time in physics	Absolute space and time Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time-translation symmetry T-symmetry
Horology	Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema
Calendar	Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Holocene Islamic(lunar Hijri) Julian Solar Hijri Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Intercalation Julian day Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names
Archaeology and geology	Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy
Astronomical chronology	Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time
Otherunits of time	Instant Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium
Related topics	Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Decimal time Metric time System time Time metrology Time value of money Timekeeper

v t e Orders of magnitude of time
bypowersof ten
Negative powers	<1 attosecond attosecond femtosecond picosecond nanosecond microsecond millisecond
Positive powers	second kilosecond megasecond gigasecond terasecond and longer

Less than one second

More than one second

See also

References

External links