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Frederik IX

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Frederik IX
Frederik IX in admiral's uniform
Retouched photograph,c. 1970
King of Denmark
(more...)
Reign20 April 1947 –
14 January 1972
PredecessorChristian X
SuccessorMargrethe II
Born(1899-03-11)11 March 1899
Sorgenfri Palace,Kongens Lyngby,Denmark
Died14 January 1972(1972-01-14)(aged 72)
Municipal Hospital,[1]Copenhagen,Denmark[2]
Burial24 January 1972
Roskilde Cathedral,Roskilde, Denmark
Spouse
​
(m.1935)​
Issue
HouseGlücksburg
FatherChristian X of Denmark
MotherAlexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
ReligionChurch of Denmark
SignatureFrederik IX's signature

Frederik IX(Danish:Christian Frederik Franz Michael Carl Valdemar Georg;11 March 1899 – 14 January 1972) wasKing of Denmarkfrom 1947 to 1972.[3]

Frederik was born into theHouse of Glücksburgduring the reign of his great-grandfatherKing Christian IX.He was the first child ofPrince Christian of DenmarkandPrincess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin(later King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine). He becamecrown princewhen his father succeeded as king in 1912. As a young man, he was educated at theRoyal Danish Naval Academy.In 1935, he marriedPrincess Ingrid of Sweden.They had three daughters:Margrethe,BenedikteandAnne-Marie.DuringNazi Germany's occupation of Denmark,Frederik acted asregenton behalf of his father from 1942 until 1943.[4][5]

Frederik became king on his father's death in April 1947. During Frederik's reign, Danish society changed rapidly, thewelfare statewas expanded and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. The modernization brought new demands on the monarchy and Frederik's role as aconstitutional monarch.Frederik died in 1972, and was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Margrethe II.[6]

Birth and family

[edit]
Four generations — four kings:King Christian IX,Crown Prince Frederik (VIII),Prince Christian (X)and Prince Frederik (IX) in 1903
Danish Royalty
House of Oldenburg
(Glücksburg branch)
Christian IX
Children
Frederik VIII
Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom
George I of the Hellenes
Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia
Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover
Prince Valdemar
Frederik VIII
Children
Christian X
Haakon VII
Louise, Princess Friederich of Schaumburg-Lippe
Prince Harald
Princess Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland
Princess Thyra
Prince Gustav
Princess Dagmar, Mrs. Castenskiold
Christian X
Children
Frederik IX
Hereditary Prince Knud
Grandchildren
Princess Elisabeth
Prince Ingolf, Count of Rosenborg
Prince Christian, Count of Rosenborg
Frederik IX
Children
Margrethe II
Benedikte, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
Anne-Marie, Queen of the Hellenes
Margrethe II
Children(paternallyLaborde of Monpezat)
Frederik X
Prince Joachim
Grandchildren
Count Nikolai of Monpezat
Count Felix of Monpezat
Count Henrik of Monpezat
Countess Athena of Monpezat
Frederik X
Children(paternallyLaborde of Monpezat)
Crown Prince Christian
Princess Isabella
Prince Vincent
Princess Josephine

Prince Frederik was born on 11 March 1899 at his parents' countryresidence,theSorgenfri Palace,located on the shores of the smallriverMølleåeninKongens Lyngbynorth ofCopenhagenon the island ofZealandinDenmark,during the reign of his great-grandfatherKing Christian IX.[7]His father wasPrince Christian of Denmark(later King Christian X), the eldest son ofCrown Prince FrederikandPrincess Louise of Sweden(later King Frederik VIII and Queen Louise). His mother wasAlexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,the eldest daughter ofFrederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-SchwerinandGrand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia.[citation needed]

He was baptised in theGarden Roomat Sorgenfri Palace on 9 April 1899 by the royalconfessorJakob Paulli.[7]The young prince had 21godparents:Christian IX of Denmark (his paternal great-grandfather);Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark(his paternal grandfather); theDowager Grand Duchess Anastasia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin(his maternal grandmother);Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia(his maternal great-grandfather);Dowager Grand Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin(his maternal step-great-grandmother);Prince Carl of Denmark(his paternal uncle);Princess Thyra of Denmark(his paternal aunt);Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin(his maternal uncle);George I of Greece(his paternal great-uncle);Albert Edward, Prince of Wales(his paternal great-uncle by marriage);Ernest August, Duke of Cumberland(his paternal great-uncle by marriage);Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia(his maternal great-uncle); his first cousins once removed,Nicholas II of Russia,George, Duke of York,Prince George of Greece and Denmarkand Georg Wilhelm, Hereditary Prince of Hanover;Crown Prince ConstantineandCrown Princess Sophia of Greece(his first cousin once removed, and his wife); his paternal great-granduncles,Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlücksburgandKing Oscar II of Sweden and Norway;andCrown Prince GustafandCrown Princess Victoria of Sweden(his first cousin twice removed and his wife).[8]

Frederik's only sibling,Knud,was born one year after Frederik. The family lived in apartments in Christian VIII's Palace atAmalienborg PalaceinCopenhagen,inSorgenfri Palacenear the capital and in a summer residence,Marselisborg PalaceinAarhusinJutland,which Frederik's parents had received as a wedding present from the people of Denmark in 1898. In 1914, the King also built thevillaKlitgårdeninSkageninNorthern Jutland.[citation needed]

Early life

[edit]
Crown Prince Frederik,c. 1914

Christian IX died on 29 January 1906, and Frederik's grandfather Crown Prince Frederik succeeded him as King Frederik VIII. Frederik's father became crown prince, and Frederik moved up to second in line to the throne.[citation needed]

Just six years later, on 14 May 1912, King Frederik VIII died, and Frederik's father ascended the throne as King Christian X. Frederik himself became crown prince. On 1 December 1918, as theDanish–Icelandic Act of Unionrecognized Iceland as a fullysovereign stateinpersonal unionwith Denmark through a commonmonarch,Frederik also became crown prince ofIceland(where his name was officially spelled Friðrik). However, as anational referendumestablished the Republic of Icelandon 17 June 1944, he never succeeded as king of Iceland.[citation needed]

Frederik was educated at theRoyal Danish Naval Academy(breaking with Danish royal tradition by choosing a naval instead of an army career) and theUniversity of Copenhagen.Before he became king, he had acquired the rank ofrear admiraland he had had several senior commands on active service. He acquired several tattoos during his naval service.[citation needed]

In addition, with his great love of music, the king was an ablepianoplayer andconductor.([9])

Marriage and issue

[edit]
The newly engaged Princess Ingrid of Sweden and Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, 1935
Further information:Wedding of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, and Princess Ingrid of Sweden

In the 1910s, Alexandrine considered the two youngest daughters of her cousinTsar Nicholas II,Grand Duchesses MariaandAnastasia Nikolaevna of Russia,as possible wives for Frederik until the execution of the Romanov family in 1918. In 1922, Frederik was engaged toPrincess Olga of Greece and Denmark,his second cousin. They never wed.[10][11]

Instead, on 15 March 1935, a few days after his 36th birthday, his engagement to PrincessIngrid of Sweden(1910–2000), a daughter ofCrown Prince Gustaf Adolf(later King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden) and his first wife,Princess Margaret of Connaught,was announced. They had gotten engaged in private in the beginning of February.[12]Frederik and Ingrid were related in several ways. In descent fromOscar I of SwedenandLeopold, Grand Duke of Baden,they were double third cousins. In descent fromPaul I of Russia,Frederik was a fourth cousin of Ingrid's mother. They married inStockholm Cathedralon 24 May 1935. Their wedding was one of the greatest media events of the day in Sweden in 1935, and among the wedding guests were theKingandQueen of Denmark,theKingandQueen of Belgiumand theCrown PrinceandCrown Princess of Norway.[citation needed]

Upon their return to Denmark, the couple were givenFrederik VIII's PalaceatAmalienborg Palacein Copenhagen as their primary residence andGråsten PalaceinNorthern Schleswigas a summer residence.[citation needed]

Their daughters are:

Reign

[edit]
Frederik IX the year of his accession,c. 1947

From 1942 until 1943, Frederik acted asregenton behalf of his father who was temporarily incapacitated after a fall from his horse in October 1942.

On 20 April 1947, Christian X died, and Frederik succeeded to the throne. He was proclaimed king from the balcony ofChristiansborg PalacebyPrime MinisterKnud Kristensen.

Frederik IX's reign saw great change. During these years, Danish society shook off the restrictions of an agricultural society, developed a welfare state, and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. In other words, Denmark became a modern country, which meant new demands on the monarchy.

In 1948, one year into the king's reign, theFaroe Islandsobtainedhome ruleand became aself-governingcountry within theDanish Realm.

Changes to the Act of Succession

[edit]
King Frederik IX and Queen Ingrid,c. 1950s

As King Frederik IX and Queen Ingrid had no sons, it was expected that the king's younger brother,Prince Knud,would inherit the throne, in accordance with Denmark's succession law (Royal Ordinance of 1853).

However, in 1953, an Act of Succession was passed, changing the method of succession tomale-preference primogeniture(which allows daughters to succeed if there are no sons). This meant that his daughters could succeed him if he had no sons. As a consequence, his eldest daughter, Margrethe, becameheir presumptive.By order of 27 March 1953 the succession to the throne was limited to the issue of King Christian X.

Death and funeral

[edit]
Mausoleum of Frederik IX, next toRoskilde Cathedral

Shortly after the King had delivered his New Year's Address to the Nation at the 1971/72 turn of the year, he became ill with flu-like symptoms. After a few days rest, he suffered cardiac arrest and was rushed to theCopenhagen Municipal Hospitalon 3 January. After a brief period of apparent improvement, the King's condition took a negative turn on 11 January, and he died 3 days later, on 14 January, at 7:50 pm surrounded by his immediate family and closest friends, having been unconscious since the previous day.[13][14]

Following his death, the King's coffin was transported to his home atAmalienborg Palace,where it stood until 18 January, when it was moved to thechapelatChristiansborg Palace.[15]There the King was placed oncastrum doloris,a ceremony largely unchanged since introduced at the burial ofFrederik IIIin 1670, and the last remaining royal ceremony where theDanish Crown Regaliais used. The King thenlay in statefor six days until hisfuneral,during which period the public could pay their last respects.[16]

The funeral took place on 24 January 1972, and was split in two parts. First a brief ceremony was held in the chapel where the king had lain in state, where theBishop of Copenhagen,Willy Westergaard Madsen,said a brief prayer, followed by a hymn, before the coffin was carried out of the chapel by members of theRoyal Life Guardsand placed on agun carriagefor the journey throughCopenhagentoCopenhagen Central Station.The gun carriage was pulled by 48seamenand was escorted byhonor guardsfrom the DanishArmy,Air Force,andNavy,as well as honor guards from France, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States.[17]

At theCopenhagen Central Station,the coffin was placed in a special railway carriage for the rail journey toRoskilde.Thefuneral trainwas pulled by twoDSB class Esteam engines. Once in Roskilde, the coffin was pulled through the city by a group ofseamentoRoskilde Cathedralwhere the final ceremony took place. Previous rulers had been interred in the cathedral, but it was the King's wish to be buried outside.[18]

Succession

[edit]

He was succeeded by his eldest daughter,Queen Margrethe II.[19]Sheabdicated on 14 January 2024,the 52nd anniversary of his death and her accession.

Queen Ingrid survived her husband by 28 years. She died on 7 November 2000. Her remains were interred alongside him at the burial site outside Roskilde Cathedral.

Legacy

[edit]

On 20 April 1982, a statue of King Frederik IX dressed in the uniform of an admiral was unveiled by the Copenhagen harbour on the 35th anniversary of his accession to the throne in 1947 and in the tenth year after his death.[20]

TheCrown Prince Frederik RangeinGreenlandwas named after him when it was first mapped bySir Martin Lindsayin 1934 during theBritish Trans-Greenland Expedition.[21]


Folktale

[edit]

In the southern city,Sønderborg,King Frederik IX has a dish named after the king himself. The dish is called "Kong Fiddes livret" (English: King Frederik's Favorite). The name Fidde is a common nickname for people named Frederik in the southern parts of Denmark. The dish is supposedly one that was regularly served to King Frederik IX's on his birthday atGråsten Palace.[22]The dish consist of strips of flank steak, stirred in a creamy paprika and curry sauce, served with French fries, boiled potatoes, beetroot, boiled eggs and freshly sliced onions. [23]

Honours

[edit]
Royal monogram
Danish honours[24]
Foreign honours[25]
Honorary military appointments

Ancestors

[edit]
See also:Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^"Margarita de Dinamarca cuenta el drama de ver enfermar y morir a su padre en 14 días".Archivedfrom the original on 2 November 2021.Retrieved26 August2019.
  2. ^"Frederik of Denmark Dies; Margrethe to Be Queen".The New York Times.New York, N. Y. 15 January 1972. p. 1.
  3. ^"Frederik 9".kongernessamling.dk.Archivedfrom the original on 7 August 2019.Retrieved1 December2019.
  4. ^"Queen Anne-Marie".The Greek Royal Family.Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2019.Retrieved1 December2019.
  5. ^"H.K.H. Prinsesse Benedikte".kongehuset.dk.28 November 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 30 July 2019.Retrieved1 December2019.
  6. ^"The Royal Lineage".kongehuset.dk.7 April 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2019.Retrieved1 December2019.
  7. ^abHindø, Lone; Boelskifte, Else (2007).Kongelig Dåb. Fjorten generationer ved Rosenborg-døbefonten[Royal Baptisms. Fourteen generations at the Rosenborg baptismal font] (in Danish). Forlaget Hovedland. p. 101-107.ISBN978-87-7070-014-6.
  8. ^"Prinser og Prinsesser kommer også i kirkebogen".The Danish State Archives.Retrieved10 August2011.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^"Frederik IX".15 March 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2023.Retrieved3 June2023.
  10. ^"DANISH HEIR ENGAGED.; Crown Prince Will Wed Princess Olga of Greece".The New York Times.Associated Press. 6 March 1922.Retrieved13 May2017.
  11. ^"CONSTANTINE'S NIECE NOT TO WED PRINCE; Engagement of Princess Olga and Heir to the Danish Throne Is Annuled (sic)".The New York Times.Associated Press. 28 September 1922.Retrieved13 May2017.
  12. ^Mandal, Marcus (director) (1999).Frederik – Konge til alle tider(Television production) (in Danish).DR.Retrieved6 April2024.
  13. ^Jon Bloch Skipper.Sømandskongen.Pp 300—309.Aschehoug(2005).ISBN978-87-1111-789-7.
  14. ^"Frederik of Denmark Dies. Margrethe to Be Queen".New York Times.15 January 1972.Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2023.Retrieved8 February2017.
  15. ^"Royalty and Danish Commoners Honor King Frederik at Burial".New York Times.Associated Press.25 January 1972.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2018.Retrieved8 February2017.
  16. ^Jon Bloch Skipper.Sømandskongen.Pp 315.Aschehoug(2005).ISBN978-87-1111-789-7.
  17. ^"Hans Majestæt, Kong Frederik den IX's bisættelse 1:2".DR.24 January 1972.Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2023.Retrieved14 January2023.
  18. ^Roger Lundgren.Ingrid.Pp 147. People'sPress (2010).ISBN978-87-7055-826-6.
  19. ^"Margrethe Proclaimed Queen of Denmark in Brief Ceremony at Palace".New York Times.Reuters.16 January 1972.Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2023.Retrieved8 February2017.
  20. ^"King Frederick IX (1899-1972)".The City of Copenhagen. Archived fromthe originalon 17 September 2007.Retrieved10 August2011.
  21. ^"French Honour For British Explorer",The Times,12 April 1935.
  22. ^Rørby Madsen, Holger."Kong Fiddes livret - opskrift på en kongelig gryderet".Madens Verden.Moderne Medier ApS.Retrieved22 January2024.
  23. ^Restaurant Colosseum."Menu".Restaurant Colosseum.Restaurant Colosseum.Retrieved22 January2024.
  24. ^Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1943) [1st pub.:1801].Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1943[State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1943](PDF).Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 17–18.Archived(PDF)from the original on 23 September 2019.Retrieved16 September2019– viada:DIS Danmark.
  25. ^Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1963) [1st pub.:1801].Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1963[State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1963](PDF).Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 17.Archived(PDF)from the original on 22 September 2019.Retrieved16 September2019– viada:DIS Danmark.
  26. ^"bryllupsbillede".kongehuset.dk. Archived fromthe originalon 3 June 2014.Retrieved15 September2015.
  27. ^"Reply to a parliamentary question"(PDF).Parlament.gv.at(in German). p. 134.Archived(PDF)from the original on 1 May 2020.Retrieved8 October2012.
  28. ^"Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen".ritarikunnat.fi(in Finnish).Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2020.Retrieved7 May2020.
  29. ^Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920).Calendario generale del regno d'Italia.p.58.Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2023.Retrieved8 October2020.
  30. ^"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden",Norges Statskalender(in Norwegian), 1922, pp. 1173–1174,archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2021,retrieved17 September2021– via hathitrust.org
  31. ^Sveriges Statskalender(in Swedish), vol. 2, 1940, p. 7,archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2018,retrieved6 January2018– via runeberg.org
  32. ^"Image: 505953022_2_Big.jpg, (449 × 600 px)".3.bp.blogspot.com.Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2015.Retrieved15 September2015.
  33. ^พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์(PDF).Royal Thai Government Gazette(in Thai). 3 March 1917. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved8 May2019.
  34. ^"No. 38339".The London Gazette.29 June 1948. p. 3787.
  35. ^"The Buffs (East Kent Regiment)"(PDF).Kent Fallen.Archived(PDF)from the original on 3 September 2012.Retrieved30 December2015.
  36. ^"The Queen's Regiment".Regiments.org. Archived fromthe originalon 10 February 2006.Retrieved20 July2016.
  37. ^"Connection with The Princess of Wales Royal Regiment".The Danish Royal House.22 April 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 1 July 2023.Retrieved30 June2023.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bramsen, Bo (1992).Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt[The House of Glücksburg. The Father-in-law of Europe and his descendants] (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Forlaget Forum.ISBN87-553-1843-6.
  • Fabricius Møller, Jes (2013).Dynastiet Glücksborg, en Danmarkshistorie[The Glücksborg Dynasty, a history of Denmark] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad.ISBN978-87-12-04841-1.
  • Lerche, Anna; Mandal, Marcus (2003).A royal family: the story of Christian IX and his European descendants.Copenhagen: Aschehoug.ISBN978-87-15-10957-7.
  • Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Frederik 9.".Politikens bog om danske monarker[Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 200–203.ISBN87-567-5772-7.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toFrederik IX of Denmark.
Frederik IX
Cadet branch of theHouse of Oldenburg
Born:11 March 1899Died:14 January 1972
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Denmark
1947–1972 		Succeeded by
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