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Knights of Columbus

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Not to be confused withKnights of St Columba.

Knights of Columbus
AbbreviationK of C
FormationMarch 29, 1882;142 years ago(1882-03-29)
FounderMichael J. McGivney
Founded atNew Haven, Connecticut,U.S.
TypeCatholicfraternalserviceorder
HeadquartersKnights of Columbus Building,New Haven, Connecticut,U.S.
Supreme Knight
Patrick E. Kelly
Supreme Chaplain
William E. Lori
Affiliations
Websitewww.kofc.org

TheKnights of Columbus(K of C) is a global[1]Catholicfraternal service orderfounded byBlessed Michael J. McGivneyon March 29, 1882.[2][3]Membership is limited to practicingCatholicmen.[4]It is led byPatrick E. Kelly,the order's 14th Supreme Knight.[4][5]The organization is named after the explorerChristopher Columbus.

The organization was founded in March 1882[6]as amutual benefit societyfor working-class and immigrant Catholics in the United States. In addition to providing an insurance system for its members, its charter states that it endeavors "to promote such social and intellectual intercourse among its members as shall be desirable and proper."[7]It has grown to support refugee relief,Catholic education,local parishes and dioceses, and global Catholic social and political causes.[2][8][9][10]The Knights promote theCatholic view on public policy issues,including opposition tosame-sex marriage[11]andabortion.[12]

The organization also provides certain financial services to the individual and institutional Catholic market.[13]Its wholly owned insurance company, one of the largest in the world, underwrites more than twomillion insurance contracts, totaling more than $121billion oflife insurancein force as of 2023.[14]It is aFortune 1000company based on its annual revenues.[15]The order also owns the Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors, amoney managementfirm which invests in accordance withCatholic social teachings.

As of 2023, the Knights reported having over twomillion members around the world.[16][17][18][19]Women may participate in K of C through theColumbiettesand other female auxiliaries, and boys may join theColumbian Squires.The Order comprises four different "degrees", each one of which exemplifies one of the core principles of the order.[2]There are more than 16,000 local Knights of Columbus councils around the world,[18]including over 300 on college campuses.[20][21]

History[edit]

Main article:History of the Knights of Columbus
See also:History of the Knights of Columbus and Catholic University of America
A painting of the Michael J. McGivney.
Michael J. McGivney,founder of the Knights of Columbus

Early years[edit]

American Catholic priestMichael J. McGivneyfounded the Knights of Columbus atSt. Mary's Churchin 1882 as amutual benefit societyfor Catholic immigrants inNew Haven, Connecticut.[22][23][24][25]As a parish priest in an immigrant community, McGivney saw what could happen to a family when the main income earner died. This was before most government support programs were established.[25]Because of religious and ethnic discrimination, Catholics in the late 19th century were regularly excluded from labor unions, popular fraternal organizations, and other organized groups that provided such social services.[26]

Although its first councils were all in Connecticut, the Order spread throughoutNew Englandand the United States in subsequent years.[27]As the order expanded outside of Connecticut, structural changes in the late 1880s and 1890s were instituted to give the Knights a federalist system with local, state, and national levels of government.[28]This allowed them to coordinate activities across states and localities.[29]

20th century[edit]

Poster showing a man in Knights of Columbus uniform gesturing toward soldiers in battle

DuringWorld War I,the Knights established soldiers' welfare centers in the U.S. and abroad.[30]After the war, the Knights participated in education, occupational training, and employment programs for veterans.[31]

TheOregon Compulsory Education Actof 1922 would have disallowedparochial schools,including Catholic schools, in that state.[32][33][34]The Knights of Columbus challenged the law in court with the ACLU,[35]and, in a landmark 1925 ruling (Pierce v. Society of Sisters), the U.S. Supreme Court struck it down.[36]

To combat the animus targeted at racial and religious minorities, including Catholics, the Order formed a historical commission which published a series of books in the 1920s on their contributions, among other activities.[37][38][39]The "Knights of Columbus Racial Contributions Series" of books included three titles:The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America,byW. E. B. Du Bois,The Jews in the Making of Americaby George Cohen, andThe Germans in the Making of Americaby Frederick Schrader.[38][39]

The Knights of Columbus "was the only American fraternal society which did not, by its constitution, prohibit Negro [sic] membership", according to historian Christopher Kauffman.[40]DuringWorld War I,the Knights were designated as the official agency for supporting Catholic troops, and its support facilities were the only racially integrated facilities open to troops.Emmett Jay Scottwrote, "Unlike the other social welfare organizations operating in the war, it never drew the color line."[40]

As the Knights grew and expanded, some councils in the United States were integrated, and others were not. An example of an integrated council was Sheridan Council 119 inSouthborough, Massachusetts.Samuel F. Williams, a Black man, was a member and among other activities, spoke on the stage of the 1896 Knights of Columbus Massachusetts State Convention to an audience that included two futureSupreme Knights.[40]The path to individual membership in a local Knights council did not explicitly excludeAfrican Americans.Each local council voted in new members, and as few as four or five negative votes against a prospective candidate (no matter the size of the council) was enough to deny someone entry. Joseph Bertrand, who graduated from theUniversity of Notre Damein 1954, was blackballed from joining a Chicago-area Knights council in 1963 after being nominated by Gene Liner. Liner said that as the vote was announced, "I just watched his face. There were five black balls." Liner then resigned his office in the Knights chapter along with five other council leaders.[41]

Meanwhile, Church officials and organizations increasingly encouraged integration. By the end of the 1950s, KoC Supreme KnightLuke E. Hartwas actively encouraging councils to accept Black candidates.[42]In 1963, Hart attended a special meeting at the White House hosted by PresidentJohn F. Kennedyto discusscivil rightswith other religious leaders. After the rejection of Joseph Bertrand's membership application in Chicago, Hart declared that the process for membership would be revised at the next Supreme Convention so that membership rejections would require a majority vote of local council members. The change occurred but Hart died before he could see it take place.[43][44][45][37]

Around 1915, during thenadir of American race relations,theKu Klux Klanbegan promoting aconspiracy theoryclaiming that Fourth Degree Knights swore an oath to exterminateFreemasonsandProtestants.[46][47][48][49][50]The Knights of Columbus vehemently denied the existence of any such oath, calling the rumors libel.[7]In 1923, the Knights of Columbus offered $25,000 to any person with proof that the fake oath attributed to the fourth degree membership was part of any authentic ceremony.[51]The Knights began suing distributors forlibelin an effort to stop this,[52]and the KKK ended its publication of the false oath.[53]

Recent history[edit]

Knights of Columbus headquarters

As the Order and its charitable works grew, so did its prominence within the Church.[54]Pope John Paul I's first audience with a layman was withSupreme Knight Virgil Dechant,andPope John Paul IImet with Supreme Knight Dechant three days after his installation.[54]During the pope's 1979 visit to the United States, the Supreme Officers and Board were the only lay organization to receive an audience.[55]

Richard Nixonaddressed the Supreme Convention in 1971.[56]Ronald Reaganspoke in 1982[57]and 1986[58]andGeorge W. Bushspoke in 2004.[58]George H. W. Bushspoke as vice US president in 1984 and then again as president in 1992.[58]Bill Clintonsent a videotaped message to the 111th Supreme Convention saying the Order's "contributions to the Catholic Church and to your communities merit our applause."[58]

Church historianMassimo Faggiolibelieves the scope of the Knights' philanthropy can "create influence through money, especially in important places like Rome or Washington, D.C."[10]

Organization and principles[edit]

See also:Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus
Council Assembly Circle
Grand Knight Faithful Navigator Chief Squire
Chaplain* Faithful Friar* Father Prior
Deputy Grand Knight Faithful Captain Deputy Chief Squire
Chancellor Faithful Admiral*** Marshal Squire
Recorder Faithful Scribe Notary Squire
Financial Secretary** Faithful Comptroller Bursar Squire
Treasurer Faithful Purser Bursar Squire
Lecturer* nonexistent nonexistent
Advocate nonexistent nonexistent
Warden Faithful Pilot Marshal Squire
Inside Guard Inner Sentinel Sentry
Outside Guard Outer Sentinel Sentry
Trustee (3 Year) Trustee (3 Year) nonexistent
Trustee (2 Year) Trustee (2 Year) nonexistent
Trustee (1 Year) Trustee (1 Year) nonexistent
nonexistent Color Corp Commander* nonexistent
Year Membership Councils
2023[59] 2,000,000+
1982[60] 1,300,000 <7,000
1964[43] 1,000,000+
1957[61] 1,000,000
1938[62] 500,000
1931[63] 2,600
1923[64] 774,189 2,290
1917[65][66] 400,000
1914[67] 300,000+
1909[68] 230,000 1300
1899[67][68] 40,267 300
1897[69] 16,651 195
1892[27] 6,500
1886[69] 2,700 27
1884[70] 459 5

The order is dedicated to the principles of charity, unity, fraternity, and patriotism.[71]Membership is restricted to adult male Catholics.[72]As of 2023,there were over two million knights.[73][74][16]

Each member belongs to one of more than 16,000 local "councils" around the world.[18]The college councils program started atCatholic University of Americain 1898.[75]The oldest continuously running college council is theUniversity of Notre DameCouncil #1477, chartered in 1910.[76]As of 2023, there are more than 300 college councils.[20][21]Separate organizations, known as Fourth Degree assemblies, may form color guards to attend important civic and church events; they are often the most visible arm of the Knights.[77][78]

The Supreme Council is the governing body of the order. It elects insurance members to serve three-year terms on a 24-memberBoard of Directors.[79][80]Leaders' salaries are set by the board of directors and ratified by the delegates to the Supreme Convention.[81]The seven-figure salaries of senior K of C officers have been criticized as excessive.[81][82]

In 1969, the Knights opened a 23-story headquarters building in New Haven.[83][84]

(*Appointed annually by each council's Grand Knight or Faithful Navigator)
(**Appointed for a three-year term by the Supreme Knight)
(**Appointed by the Past Faithful Navigators of the Assembly and Faithful Navigator)

Charitable giving[edit]

Main article:Charitable activities of the Knights of Columbus

Charity is the foremost important principle of the Knights of Columbus.[85][86]At their 2023 convention, Supreme KnightPatrick Kellysaid that the organization had donated $185million and 49million volunteer-hours toward charity projects in 2022.[87]Charitable activities include support for refugees, aid for victims of natural disasters, and advocatingCatholic ethics,such asopposition to same-sex marriageandopposition to abortion.

Beginning in 1897, the National Council encouraged local councils to establish funds to support members affected by the1890s depression.[69]Councils also offered employment agency services and provided aid to the poor and sick.[88]Aid has also been dispensed to assist victims of natural and man-made disasters, starting with a flood in Kansas in 1903.[89][90]In 2015 alone, the order donated hundreds of thousands of US dollars to victims of typhoons and other natural disasters.[10]

During times of war, the Order supports aid to refugees. Between 2014 and 2018, the Knights gave more than $2million to provide food, shelter, clothing, and medical care to persecutedChristiansandother religious minoritiesin the Middle East.[91][10]The Knights donated $250,000 in 2018 to help refugees crossing over theMexico–United States borderwho were seeking asylum in the United States and later expanded the program.[19]Within days of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,the 2,000 Knights of Columbus in the country worked to help those impacted.[92]They began by providing food and clothing to those at train and bus stations in Lviv who were fleeing into Poland.[92]They then began organizing busses to take people the Polish border.[92]In the first three months of the war, the Knights in Poland helped more than 300,000 people, or 10% of those who fled to that country.[92]

The Knights of Columbus has donated more than $600 million to those with intellectual and physical disabilities.[93]One of the largest recipients of aid in this area has been theSpecial Olympics,where the Knights have been involved since the first games in 1968.[93]

After the Knights had donated more than 1,000 ultrasound machines tocrisis pregnancy centersfrom 2009 to 2019, Anderson said, "Our ultrasound initiative is now the greatest humanitarian achievement in the history of the Knights of Columbus.... We can, and I am confident that we will, save millions of unborn lives."[94]Following the United States Supreme Court decision inDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization,Supreme KnightPatrick E. Kellycalled on the order to increase their support for women facing unplanned and crisis pregnancies with the Aid and Support After Pregnancy (ASAP) initiative.[95]

The Knights also donate to the institutional church, including being a major donor to theUnited States Conference of Catholic Bishops[10]and theCanadian Conference of Catholic Bishops.[96]As of 2017,the Knights'Vicarius Christifund has contributed more than $57 million to the charitable efforts of the pope.[97]The Knights have supported the Vatican's news operation for decades.[10]

In the field of education, the Knights of Columbus have a number of scholarships and other programs for seminarians, veterans,[98][[History of the Knights of Columbus and students atCatholic University of America,[75][64]and at other Catholic colleges. Especially duringWorld War IandWorld War II,the Order operated a number of "huts" to support troops serving in combat, regardless of race or religion.[98][99][100]

Insurance program[edit]

Early years[edit]

Year Insurance in force Assets
1957[61] $690 million $124 million
1956[101][a] $650million
1955[101] $562million
1953[61] $420 million
1932[90] $300million
1919[102] $140million
1897[103] $42,282
1896[104] $12,000

The original insurance system devised by McGivney gave a deceased Knight's widow a $1,000 death benefit. Each member was assessed $1 upon a death, and when the number of Knights grew beyond 1,000, the assessment decreased according to the rate of increase.[105]Each member, regardless of age, was assessed equally. As a result, younger, healthier members could expect to pay more over the course of their lifetimes than those men who joined when they were older.[106]There was also a Sick Benefit Deposit for members who fell ill and could not work. Each sick Knight was entitled to draw up to $5 a week for 13 weeks (roughly equivalent to $155 in 2022 dollars). If he remained sick after that, the council to which he belonged determined the sum of money given to him.[107]

The need for a reserve fund for times of epidemic was seen from the earliest days, but it was rejected several times before finally being established in 1892.[108]It had $12,000 in assets in 1896.[104]By 1897, the method of funding the program changed. Each member was assessed five cents a month for 100 months, so that he would contribute $5.[103]

Since its first loan to St. Rose Church inMeriden, Connecticut,in the late 1890s, the Knights of Columbus have made loans to parishes, dioceses, and other Catholic institutions.[109]By 1954, over $300 million had been loaned and the program "never lost one cent of principal or interest."[109]

In the post–World War IIera, the interest rates on long-term bonds dipped below levels at which the order's insurance program could sustain itself, and Supreme Knight Hart moved the order into a more aggressive program of investing in real estate.[110]Under his leadership, the order established a lease-back investment program in which the order would buy a piece of property and then lease it back to the original owner "upon terms generally that would bring to our Order a net rental equal to the normal mortgage interest rate."[110]Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased for a total of $29million.[109]Late in 1953 the order purchased the land beneathYankee Stadiumfor $2.5million.[109][111]In 1971, theCity of New Yorktook the land byeminent domain.[112]

Between 1952 and 1962, 18 pieces of land were purchased as part of the lease-back program for a total of $29 million. During this time, the amount of money invested in common stock also increased.[109]

Modern program[edit]

Year Insurance in force
(billions) 		Assets
(billions)
2023[59] $121
2021[113] $114 $26
2020[114] $110+ $20+
2019[94][72][115] $109+ $26+
2018[116] $109 $26
2017[117] $109
2015[10][118] $99
2014[119] $100 $24
2013[120][80] $90 $19.8
2012[121] $88.4 $19.4
2011[122][123] $83.5 $18.0
2010[124] $79.0 $16.9
2009[124] $74.3 $15.5
2008[124][125] $70.0 $14
2007[124][84] $66.0 $13
2006[124][126] $61.9 $12.2
2005[124] $57.7
2004[124] $53.3
2003[124] $49.1
2002[124] $45.6
2001[124] $42.9
2000[124][120] $40.4
1999[124] $38
1997[127] $30
1992[81] $20
1990[128] $14 $3.6
1981[129] $6.4 $1
1976[129] $3.6 $656 million
1975[130] $3
1971[130] $2
1964[43] $1+
1960[130] $1

The order offers a modern, professional insurance operation with more than $121 billion of life insurance policies in force and $26 billion in assets as of June 2023.[14][113]This places the Order on theFortune 1000list[117]and it is large enough to rank 49th on theA. M. Bestlist of all life insurance companies in North America.[125]

Products includepermanentandterm life insurance,as well asannuities,long term care insurance,anddisability insurance.[120][123][118]The insurance program is not a separate business offered by the order to others, but is exclusively for the benefit of members and their families. All agents are members of the order.[131]

The order's insurance program is the most highly rated program in North America. For more than 40 consecutive years, the order has received A. M. Best's highest rating, A++.[132][133][120][115][b]Forbespublishes an annual list of what it refers to as "America's Best Insurance Companies", and it has included the Knights of Columbus insurance program on this list since 2022.[136]

The order maintains a two-prong investment strategy: a company must first be a sound investment before stock in it is purchased, and secondly the company's activities must not conflict withCatholic social teaching.[13][118]The guidelines include protecting human life, promoting human dignity, reducing arms production, pursuing economic justice, protecting the environment, and encouraging corporate responsibility.[c][13]As of 2017, it had been named a "World's Most Ethical Company" by Ethisphere Institute for five consecutive years.[117]Citing the awards they have won, the order calls themselves "champions of ethical investing."[10]

In 2017, over $965 million was awarded in benefits.[117]Since the founding of the order, $3.5 billion in death benefits have been paid.[138]Additionally, the insurance program has a low 3.5 percent lapse rate of the 1.9 million members and their families who are insured.[120]

Its insurance operation invests in loans to various churches, schools, and other Catholic institutions.[139][140]As of 2008,over $500million had been loaned through the ChurchLoan program.[139]At the outset of theCOVID-19 pandemic,the Order established a $100 million fund to provide short-term loans to help dioceses weather the economic storm.[140]Each diocese was eligible to obtain a $1 million secured line of credit.[140]

Promotion of the Catholic faith[edit]

Efforts against religious discrimination[edit]

Further information:History of the Knights of Columbus and Catholic University of America § Chair of American History
The Knights of Columbus presented a check toCatholic University of Americaon the steps of the university's McMahon Hall in 1904 to establish a Chair of American History

Since its earliest days, the Knights of Columbus has been a "Catholic anti-defamation society."[141]In 1914, it established a Commission on Religious Prejudices.[141]As part of the effort, the order distributed pamphlets, and lecturers toured the country speaking on how Catholics could love and be loyal to America.[142]

The creation of the 4th Degree, with its emphasis on patriotism, performed an anti-defamation function as well as asserting claims to Americanism.[143][144]In response to a defamatory "bogus oath" circulated by the KKK,[145]in 1914 the Knights set up a framework for a lecture series and educational programs to combat anti-Catholic sentiment.[146]

New evangelization[edit]

The Knights have been urged to take a prominent role in thenew evangelization.[147]The CIS published a series on the new evangelization in 2011,[148]and donations to other Catholic mass communication services represent one of the Knights' major expenditures.[149]The Knights have also established councils in both secular and Catholic universities.[150]

Awards[edit]

Gaudium et Spes Award
Year Awardee
2023 Mother Agnes Mary Donovan[59]
2016 Little Sisters of the Poor[151]
2015 CardinalFrancis George[152]
2005 Jean Vanier[153]
2002 ArchbishopMichael Sabbah
2001 CardinalWilliam Baum
2000 CardinalJames Hickey
1994 CardinalJohn O'Connor
1992 Mother Teresa[151]


The order sponsors a number of international awards. The first, theGaudium et Spes Award,is named after thedocument from the Second Vatican Council,and is the highest honor bestowed by the order. It "is awarded only in special circumstances and only to individuals of exceptional merit" and comes anhonorariumof $100,000.[154]In the first 25 years after its institution in 1992, it was only awarded twelve times.[154]The award "recognizes individuals for their exemplary contributions to the realization of the message of faith and service in the spirit of Christ as articulated in the document for which it is named."[155]

The second international award, also only given when merited, is theCaritas Award.[156]Named for thetheological virtuealternatively translated as either charity or love, it recognizes "extraordinary works of charity and service" and was established in 2013.[156]It was first awarded to Monsignor Robert Weiss, pastor of St Rose of Lima inNewtown, Connecticut.[156]The second was awarded to St. Virgilius Knights of Columbus Council 185.[156]Both received the honor, and the $100,000 honorarium, for their actions following theSandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[156]

TheSaint Michael Awardwas established in conjunction with theCaritas Awardto recognize members of the order who have exemplified a lifetime of service on behalf of the Knights of Columbus. Additionally, at its annual convention each year, the order recognizes other individuals and councils with awards. These include the Family of the Year award, and prizes for the best activities in the categories of church, community, council,culture of life,family, and youth. Additionally, top selling general and field insurance agents are recognized, as are top recruiting individuals and councils.

The order established the Grand Cross of the Knights of Columbus, but awarded it only toCristobal Colón y de La Cerda,Duke of Veraguaand descendant of Columbus, when he visited the US in 1893.[157]

Political activity[edit]

Main article:Political activity of the Knights of Columbus

While the Knights were politically active from an early date, in the years following theSecond Vatican Council,as the "Catholic anti-defamation character" of the order began to diminish as Catholics gained more acceptance, the leadership began to use its financial resources to directly influence the direction of the church.[10]That led to the creation of a "variety of new programs reflecting the proliferation of the new social ministries of the church."[158][10]

At times, the leadership of the order has been bothliberalandconservative.Martin H. CarmodyandLuke E. Hartwere both political conservatives, butJohn J. Phelanwas aDemocraticpolitician prior to becoming Supreme Knight,[159]John Swift's "strong support for economic democracy and social-welfare legislation marks him as a fairly representative New Deal anti-communist,"[160]andFrancis P. Matthewswas a civil rights official and member ofHarry Truman's cabinet. Anderson previously served in theOffice of Public LiaisonunderRonald Reagan.[161]

The Knights of Columbus is classified as a501(c)(8)fraternalbenefit societyby the IRS. Unlike the more common501(c)(3)nonprofits, 501(c)(8)s are allowed to engage in limited direct political activity without jeopardizing their tax exemptions.[162]However, Anderson has said "One of our most important traditions throughout our 125-year history is that we do not, as an organization, become involved in partisan politics."[163]

The Knights of Columbus supports political awareness and activity among its members and local councils. Public policy activity is limited to issue-specific campaigns, typically dealing with Catholic family and sanctity of life issues.[164][72]They state that

In addition to performing charitable works, the Knights of Columbus encourages its members to meet their responsibilities as Catholic citizens and to become active in the political life of their local communities, to vote and to speak out on the public issues of the day.... In the political realm, this means opening our public policy efforts and deliberations to the life of Christ and the teachings of the Church. In accord with our Bishops, the Knights of Columbus has consistently maintained positions that take these concerns into account. The order supports and promotes thesocial doctrine of the Church,including a robust vision of religious liberty that embraces religion's proper role in the private and public spheres.[164]

The order opposed thepersecution of Catholics in Mexicoduring theCristero War,[165]andopposed communism.[166][167]During the 20th century, the order also established the Commission on Religious Prejudices and the Knights of Columbus Historical Commission, organizations which fought againstracism.[168]It was also supportive oftrade unionism,and published the works "of the broad array of intellectuals", includingGeorge Schuster,Samuel Flagg Bemis,Allan Nevins,andW. E. B. DuBois.[168]

During theCold War,the order had a history of waginganti-socialist,anti-communistandanti-anarchistcrusades.[169]They lobbied for the addition of the words "under God" to thePledge of Allegiance,as a religious response toSoviet atheism.[170][171]The Knights have actively opposed the legalization ofsame-sex marriageand in terms of funding, they have also been a key contributor to local measures against same-sex marriage.[11]The Knights have donated over US$1 million to theSusan B. Anthony Foundationand other anti-abortionand anti-contraceptionorganizations.[10][172]

Subsidiaries[edit]

Museum[edit]

A photograph of the façade of St. Peter's Basilica
The cross from the façade ofSt. Peter's Basilicanow resides in the Knights' museum.[173]

On March 10, 2001, the order opened a museum in New Haven dedicated to their history.[174][84]The 77,000 square foot building cost US$10 million to renovate.[174]It holds mosaics on loan from the Vatican and gifts from Popes, the membership application fromJohn F. Kennedy,and a number of other items related to the history of the Knights.[174]Near the entrance is thecross held by Jesus Christon the facade ofSt. Peter's Basilica[174]before undergoing a Knights-financed renovation.[173][174]

Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors[edit]

In 2015,[175]the order launched Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors, amoney managementfirm which invests money in accordance withCatholic social teaching.[13][118]As of early 2023, the firm had $25.8 billion inassets under management.[176]

The firm uses theSocially Responsible InvestmentGuidelines published by theUnited States Conference of Catholic Bishopsto guide their investment decisions.[13][118]The guidelines include protecting human life, promoting human dignity, reducing arms production, pursuing economic justice, protecting the environment, and encouraging corporate responsibility.[d][13]

In addition to the wholly owned subsidiary, it also purchased 20% of Boston Advisors, a boutiqueinvestment management firm,managing assets for institutional and high-net-worth investors.[13][177]Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors manages the fixed-income strategies for their funds while Boston Advisors sub-advises on the equity strategies.[13][177]Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors also offers model portfolio, outsourcedCIOservices, a bank loan strategy, and other alternative investment strategies.[13]In 2019, the Knights purchased the institutional management business of Boston Advisors.[177]

Saint John Paul II National Shrine[edit]

Main article:Saint John Paul II National Shrine

The order owns and operates theSaint John Paul II National Shrinein Washington D.C.[10]In 2011, the Order purchased the 130,000-square-foot John Paul II Cultural Center.[178][179][10]The mission as a cultural center ended in 2009[180]and the Knights rebranded it as a shrine toPope John Paul II.[178][179]Soon after the pope was canonized, theUnited States Conference of Catholic Bishopsnamed the building a national shrine.[180]

Each year 64,000 pilgrims visit the shrine, which features video content, interactive displays, and personal effects from John Paul.[180]There is also afirst class relicof the pope's blood on display for veneration.[180]It also serves as a base for the Order in Washington, D.C.[181]

Notable Knights[edit]

Main article:List of Knights of Columbus
A photograph of President John F. Kennedy
President John F. Kennedy was a Fourth Degree member of Bunker Hill Council No.62.[182]

Some of the most notable American members includeJohn F. Kennedy;Ted Kennedy;[183]Al Smith;[184]Sargent Shriver;[185]Samuel Alito;Conrad Hilton;[186]John Boehner;[187]Ray Flynn;[188]Jeb Bush;[189]film makerJohn Ford;[190]and Sergeant MajorDaniel Daly,[191]a two-timeMedal of Honorrecipient.[192]

In the world of sports,Vince Lombardi,the famed former coach of the Green Bay Packers;[193]James Connolly,the first Olympic gold medal champion in modern times;[194]Floyd Patterson,former heavyweight boxing champion;[195]and baseball legendBabe Ruth[196]were all knights.

On October 15, 2006, BishopRafael Guízar y Valencia(1878–1938) was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in Rome. In 2000, six other Knights, who were killed in the violence following theMexican Revolution,were declared saints byPope John Paul II.[197]

Emblem of the order[edit]

The emblem of the order was designed by Past Supreme Knight James T. Mullen and adopted at the second Supreme Council meeting on May 12, 1883.[198]Shields used by medieval knights served as the inspiration. The emblem consists of a shield mounted on aFormée cross,which is an artistic representation of the cross of Christ. This represents the Catholic identity of the order.[199][non-primary source needed]

Mounted on the shield are three objects: thefasces,an anchor, and a sword. Inancient Rome,the fasces was carried beforemagistratesas an emblem of authority. The order uses it as "symbolic of authority which must exist in any tightly-bonded and efficiently operating organization."[199][non-primary source needed]The anchor representsChristopher Columbus,admiral under the orders of thekings of Spainand patron of this partnership, here a symbol of the Catholic contribution to America.[200]The short sword, or dagger, was a weapon used by medieval knights. The shield as a whole, with the letters "K of C", represents "Catholic Knighthood in organized merciful action."[199][non-primary source needed]

Auxiliary groups[edit]

Women's auxiliaries[edit]

Many councils also have women's auxiliaries. At the turn of the 20th century, two were formed by local councils, each taking the nameDaughters of Isabella.[201][202]They expanded and issued charters to other circles but never merged. The newer organization renamed itself theCatholic Daughters of the Americasin 1921, and both have structures independent of the Knights of Columbus.[203][204]Other groups are known as theColumbiettes.[201]In the Philippines, the ladies' auxiliary is known as the Daughters of Mary Immaculate.[205]

A proposal in 1896 to establish councils for women did not pass and was never proposed again.[104]

Columbian Squires[edit]

Main article:Columbian Squires

The Knights' official junior organization is theColumbian Squires.According to its founder Barnabas McDonald, "The supreme purpose of the Columbian Squires is character building."[206]

It was founded in 1925 in Duluth, Minnesota, byBarnabas McDonald.[207][208][209]The formation of new Squire Circles in the United States and Canada is discouraged, as the Order desires to move youth activities from exclusive clubs into the local parish youth groups.[209]

Similar Christian organizations[edit]

The Knights of Columbus is a member of theInternational Alliance of Catholic Knights(IACK), which includes fifteen fraternal orders such as theKnights of Saint ColumbanusinIreland,theKnights of St ColumbainGreat Britain,theKnights of Peter Claverin the United States, theKnights of the Southern CrossinAustraliaandNew Zealand,theKnights of MarshallinGhana,theKnights of Da GamainSouth Africa,and theKnights of Saint MulumbainNigeria.[210]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The $88million increase during 1956 was the greatest single increase in the Order's history.[101]
  2. ^Standard & Poor's downgraded the insurance program's financial strength/credit rating from AAA to AA+ in August 2011 not due to the order's financial strength, but due to its lowering of the long-term sovereign credit rating of the United States to AA+.[134][135]Other US insurance groups also downgraded by S&P from AAA to AA+ wereNew York Life,Northwestern Mutual,TIAA,andUSAAas, like the Knights of Columbus, their assets are highly concentrated in the US and they have significant holdings in US Treasury and agency securities.
  3. ^The full guidelines are published on the episcopal conference's website.[137]
  4. ^The full guidelines are published on the episcopal conference's website.[137]

References[edit]

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Works cited[edit]

  • Egan, Maurice Francis; Kennedy, John James Bright (1920).The Knights of Columbus in Peace and War.Vol. 1.ISBN978-1-142-78398-3.

Further reading[edit]

  • Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1922)."Knights of Columbus".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London: Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 682–683.
  • Bauernschub, John P. (1949).Fifty Years of Columbianism in Maryland.Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland State Council, Knights of Columbus.[self-published source?]
  • ———(1965).Columbianism in Maryland, 1897–1965.Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland State Council, Knights of Columbus.[self-published source?]
  • Lapomarda, S.J., Vincent A. (1992).The Knights of Columbus in Massachusetts(second ed.). Norwood, Massachusetts: Knights of Columbus Massachusetts State Council.[self-published source?]
  • Sweany, Mark J. (1923).Educational Work of the Knights of Columbus.Bureau of Education Bulletin. Vol. 22. Mark J. Sweaney, Director of the Knights of Columbus Educational Activities. Washington: Government Printing Office.hdl:2346/60378.

Archival collections[edit]

External links[edit]

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