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Konrad Zuse

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"Zuse" redirects here. For Konrad Zuse's son, seeHorst Zuse.For the institute, seeZuse Institute Berlin.
"Helixturm" redirects here. For the lighthouse in Cologne, seeHeliosturm.

Konrad Zuse
Konrad Zuse in 1992
Born
Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse

(1910-06-22)22 June 1910
Berlin,Prussia,German Empire
Died18 December 1995(1995-12-18)(aged 85)
Hünfeld,Hesse, Germany
Alma materTechnische Universität Berlin
Known for
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsAerodynamic Research Institute
Signature

Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse(German:[ˈkɔnʁaːtˈtsuːzə];22 June 1910 – 18 December 1995) was a German civil engineer,pioneering computer scientist,inventor and businessman. His greatest achievement was the world's first programmable computer; the functional program-controlledTuring-completeZ3became operational in May 1941. Thanks to this machine and its predecessors, Zuse is regarded by some as the inventor and father of the modern computer.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Zuse was noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the firstprocess controlcomputer. In 1941, he founded one of the earliest computer businesses, producing theZ4,which became the world's first commercial computer.[11]From 1943[12]to 1945[13]he designedPlankalkül,the firsthigh-level programming language.[14]In 1969, Zuse suggested the concept of acomputation-based universein his bookRechnender Raum(Calculating Space).[15][16][17]

Much of his early work was financed by his family and commerce, but after 1939 he was given resources by thegovernment of Nazi Germany.[18]Due toWorld War II,Zuse's work went largely unnoticed in the United Kingdom and United States. Possibly his first documented influence on a US company wasIBM's option on his patents in 1946.[19]

Early life and education

Konrad Zuse was born inBerlinon 22 June 1910.[20]In 1912, his family moved toEast PrussianBraunsberg(now Braniewo inPoland), where his father was a postal clerk. Zuse attended theCollegium Hosianumin Braunsberg, and in 1923, the family moved toHoyerswerda,where he passed hisAbiturin 1928, qualifying him to enter university.[citation needed]

He enrolled at Technische Hochschule Berlin (nowTechnische Universität Berlin) and explored both engineering and architecture, but found them boring. Zuse then pursued civil engineering, graduating in 1935.[20]

Career

After graduation, Zuse worked for theFord Motor Company,using his artistic skills in the design of advertisements.[14]He started work as a design engineer at theHenschelaircraft factory inSchönefeld near Berlin.This required the performance of many routine calculations by hand, leading him to theorize and plan a way of doing them by machine.[21]

Beginning in 1935, he experimented in the construction of computers in his parents' flat onWrangelstraße38, moving with them into their new flat onMethfesselstraße10, the street leading up theKreuzberg,Berlin.[22]: 418 Working in his parents' apartment in 1936, he produced his first attempt, theZ1,afloating-pointbinary mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from a perforated 35 mm film.[14]

Zuse Z1 replica in theGerman Museum of Technologyin Berlin

In 1937, Zuse submitted two patents that anticipated avon Neumann architecture.In 1938, he finished the Z1 which contained some 30,000 metal parts and never worked well due to insufficient mechanical precision. On 30 January 1944, the Z1 and its originalblueprintswere destroyed with his parents' flat and many neighbouring buildings by aBritish air raidinWorld War II.[22]: 426 

Zuse completed his work entirely independently of other leading computer scientists and mathematicians of his day. Between 1936 and 1945, he was in near-total intellectual isolation.[23]

1939–1945

Plaque commemorating Zuse's work, attached to the ruin ofMethfesselstraße7, Berlin

In 1939, Zuse was called tomilitary service,where he was given the resources to ultimately build theZ2.[18]In September 1940 Zuse presented the Z2, covering several rooms in the parental flat, to experts of theDeutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt(DVL; German Research Institute for Aviation).[22]: 424 The Z2 was a revised version of the Z1 using telephonerelays.

In 1940, the German government began funding him and his company through theAerodynamische Versuchsanstalt(AVA, Aerodynamic Research Institute, forerunner of theDLR),[24]which used his work for the production ofglide bombs.Zuse built the S1 and S2 computing machines, which were special purpose devices which computed aerodynamic corrections to the wings of radio-controlled flying bombs. The S2 featured an integratedanalog-to-digital converterunder program control, making it the first process-controlled computer.[25]: 75 

In 1941 Zuse started a company,Zuse Apparatebau(Zuse Apparatus Construction), to manufacture his machines,[26]renting a workshop on the opposite side inMethfesselstraße7 and stretching through the block toBelle-AllianceStraße29 (renamed and renumbered asMehringdamm84 in 1947).[22]: 418, 425 

In 1941, he improved on the basic Z2 machine, and built theZ3.On 12 May 1941 Zuse presented the Z3, built in his workshop, to the public.[22]: 425 [27]The Z3 was abinary22-bitfloating-pointcalculator featuring programmability with loops but without conditional jumps, with memory and a calculation unit based on telephone relays. The telephone relays used in his machines were largely collected from discarded stock. Despite the absence of conditional jumps, the Z3 was aTuring completecomputer. However, Turing-completeness was never considered by Zuse (who was unaware of Turing's work and had practical applications in mind) and only demonstrated in 1998 (seeHistory of computing hardware).

The Z3, the first fully operational electromechanical computer, was partially financed by German government-supported DVL, which wanted their extensive calculations automated. A request by his co-workerHelmut Schreyer—who had helped Zuse build the Z3 prototype in 1938[28]—for government funding for an electronic successor to the Z3 was denied as "strategically unimportant".

Statue of Zuse inBad Hersfeld

In 1937, Schreyer had advised Zuse to usevacuum tubesas switching elements; Zuse at this time considered it a "crazy idea" (Schnapsideein his own words). Zuse's workshop onMethfesselstraße7 (along with the Z3) was destroyed in anAllied Air raid in late 1943and the parental flat with Z1 and Z2 on 30 January the following year, whereas the successorZ4,which Zuse had begun constructing in 1942[25]: 75 in new premises in theIndustriehofonOranienstraße6, remained intact.[22]: 428 

On 3 February 1945, aerial bombing caused devastating destruction in theLuisenstadt,the area aroundOranienstraße,including neighbouring houses.[29]This event effectively brought Zuse's research and development to a complete halt. The partially finished, telephone relay-based Z4 computer was then packed and moved from Berlin on 14 February, arriving inGöttingenapproximately two weeks later.[22]: 428 

These machines contributed to the Henschel WerkeHs 293andHs 294guided missiles developed by the German military between 1941 and 1945, which were the precursors to the moderncruise missile.[25]: 75 [30][31]The circuit design of the S1 was the predecessor of Zuse'sZ11.[25]: 75 Zuse believed that these machines had been captured by occupyingSoviet troopsin 1945.[25]: 75 

While working on his Z4 computer, Zuse realised that programming inmachine codewas too complicated. He started working on a PhD thesis,[32]containing groundbreaking research years ahead of its time,[editorializing]mainly the first high-level programming language,Plankalkül( "Plan Calculus" ) and, as an elaborate example program, the first real computer chess engine.[33]

1945–1995

After the 1945 Luisenstadt bombing, he fled from Berlin to the ruralAllgäu.[34]In the extreme deprivation ofpost-war GermanyZuse was unable to build computers.

Zuse founded one of the earliest computer companies: theZuse-Ingenieurbüro Hopferau.Capital was raised in 1946 throughETH Zurichand an IBM option on Zuse's patents.[35]

In 1947, according to the memoirs of the German computer pioneerHeinz Billingfrom theMax Planck Institute for Physics,there was a meeting betweenAlan Turingand Konrad Zuse inGöttingen.[36]The encounter had the form of acolloquium.Participants wereWomersley,Turing, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing. (For more details see Herbert Bruderer,Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz).

It was not until 1949 that Zuse was able to resume work on the Z4. He would show the computer to the mathematicianEduard Stiefelof the ETH Zurich. The two men settled a deal to lend the Z4 to the ETH.[37]

Zuse's workshop at Neukirchen, 2010

In November 1949, Zuse founded another company, Zuse KG, inHaunetal-Neukirchen;in 1957, the company's head office moved toBad Hersfeld.TheZ4was finished and delivered to the ETH Zurich in July 1950, where it proved very reliable.[14]At that time, it was the only working digital computer in Central Europe,[38]and the second computer in the world to be sold or loaned, beaten only by theBINAC,which never worked properly after it was delivered. Other computers, all numbered with a leading Z, up to Z43,[39]were built by Zuse and his company. Notable are theZ11,which was sold to the optics industry and to universities, and theZ22,the first computer with a memory based on magnetic storage.[40]

Unable to do any hardware development, he continued working onPlankalkül,eventually publishing some brief excerpts of his thesis in 1948 and 1959; the work in its entirety, however, remained unpublished until 1972.[33]The PhD thesis was submitted atUniversity of Augsburg,but it was rejected because Zuse forgot to pay theDM400 university enrollment fee. The rejection did not bother him.[41]

Plankalkülslightly influenced the design ofALGOL 58[42]but was itself implemented only in 1975 in a dissertation by Joachim Hohmann.[43]Heinz Rutishauser,one of the inventors ofALGOL,wrote: "The very first attempt to devise analgorithmiclanguage was undertaken in 1948 by K. Zuse. His notation was quite general, but the proposal never attained the consideration it deserved. "Further implementations followed in 1998 and then in 2000 by a team from theFree University of Berlin.Donald Knuthsuggested athought experiment:What might have happened had the bombing not taken place, and had the PhD thesis accordingly been published as planned?[33]

Z64 Graphomat plotter
Z64 Graphomat plotter

In 1956, Zuse began to work on a high precision, large formatplotter.It was demonstrated at the 1961Hanover Fair,[44]and became well known also outside of the technical world thanks toFrieder Nake's pioneering computer art work.[45]Other plotters designed by Zuse include the ZUSE Z90 and ZUSE Z9004.[44]

An elementary process in Zuse's Calculating Space: Two digital particles A und B form a new digital particle C.[46]

In 1967, Zuse suggested that theuniverseitself is running on acellular automatonor similar computational structure (digital physics); in 1969, he published the bookRechnender Raum(translated into English asCalculating Space).[15][16][17]

Between 1989 and 1995, Zuse conceptualized and created a purely mechanical, extensible, modular tower automaton he named "helix tower" ("Helixturm"). The structure is based on a gear drive that employs rotary motion (e.g. provided by a crank) to assemble modular components from a storage space, elevating a tube-shaped tower; the process is reversible, and inverting the input direction will deconstruct the tower and store the components. In 2009, theDeutsches Museumrestored Zuse's original 1:30 functional model that can be extended to a height of 2.7 m.[47]Zuse intended the full construction to reach a height of 120 m, and envisioned it for use with wind power generators and radio transmission installations.[3][4][48][2]

Between 1987 and 1989, Zuse recreated the Z1, suffering a heart attack midway through the project. It cost 800,000DM(approximately $500,000) and required four individuals (including Zuse) to assemble it. Funding for thisretrocomputingproject was provided bySiemensand a consortium of five companies.[49]

Personal life

Zuse Memorial inHünfeld,Hesse

Konrad Zuse married Gisela Brandes in January 1945, employing a carriage, himself dressed in tailcoat and top hat and with Gisela in a wedding veil, for Zuse attached importance to a "noble ceremony". Their sonHorst,the first of five children, was born in November 1945.

While Zuse never became a member of theNazi Party,he is not known to have expressed any doubts or qualms about working for the Nazi war effort. Much later, he suggested that in modern times, the best scientists and engineers usually have to choose between either doing their work for more or less questionable business and military interests in aFaustian bargain,or not pursuing their line of work at all.[50]

After Zuse retired, he focused on his hobby of painting.[51]He signed his paintings as "Kuno [von und zu] See".

Zuse was anatheist.[52][25]: 12–13 

Zuse died on 18 December 1995 inHünfeld,Hesse (nearFulda) from heart failure.[53]

Awards and honours

Magnetic drumstorage inside a Z31 (which was first displayed in 1963)

Zuse received several awards for his work:

TheZuse Institute Berlinis named in his honour.

TheKonrad Zuse Medalof theGesellschaft für Informatik,and the Konrad Zuse Medal of the Zentralverband des Deutschen Baugewerbes (Central Association of German Construction), are both named after Zuse.

A replica of the Z3, as well as the original Z4, is in theDeutsches Museumin Munich. TheDeutsches TechnikmuseuminBerlinhas an exhibition devoted to Zuse, displaying twelve of his machines, including a replica of theZ1and several of Zuse's paintings.

The 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by exhibitions, lectures and workshops.[56][57]

See also

References

  1. ^abeditor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.
  2. ^abcEibisch, Nora (2016). Written at Mountain View, California, USA.Selbstreproduzierende Maschinen: Konrad Zuses Montagestraße SRS 72 und ihr Kontext(Thesis). Research (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany:Springer Vieweg/Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH.doi:10.1007/978-3-658-12942-2.ISBN978-3-658-12941-5.(272+4 pages)
  3. ^abEibisch, Nora (2009).Der Helixturm von Konrad Zuse – Analyse, Dokumentation und Instandsetzung eines höhenverstellbaren Turmmodells, 1989 bis 1995, im Deutschen Museum in München(PDF)(Thesis) (in German). Munich, Germany: Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft, Technische Universität München (TUM).Archived(PDF)from the original on 2 August 2022.Retrieved2 August2022.(10+105 pages, 50+28+9 pages appendices, 2 DVDs)
  4. ^abBock, Thomas[in German];Eibisch, Nora (2010).The helix tower by Konrad Zuse: Automated con- and deconstruction(PDF).27th International Symposion on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC). Bratislava.Retrieved2 August2022.
  5. ^Rojas, Raúl (1997)."Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3"(PDF).IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.19(2): 5–16.doi:10.1109/85.586067.Archived(PDF)from the original on 26 April 2021.Retrieved12 May2021.Konrad Zuse is popularly recognized in Germany as the father of the computer, and his Z1, a programmable automaton built from 1936 to 1938, has been called the first computer in the world. Other nations reserve this honor for one of their own scientists, and there has been a long and often acrimonious debate on the issue of who is the true inventor of the computer.
  6. ^Flippo, Hyde."Konrad Zuse: The first programmable, digital computer".german-way.com.The German Way & More. Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2013.The German civil engineer Konrad Zuse is considered the inventor of the first digital and programmable computers
  7. ^von Leszczynski, Ulrike (27 June 2010)."Z like Zuse: German inventor of the computer".monstersandcritics.com.Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Archived fromthe originalon 22 May 2013.Retrieved22 May2013.There's strong evidence that [Zuse] built the world's first computer in Berlin.
  8. ^Bellis, Mary (15 May 2019) [First published 2006 at inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa050298.htm]."Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor and Programmer of Early Computers".thoughtco.com.Dotdash Meredith.Archivedfrom the original on 13 December 2020.Retrieved3 February2021.Konrad Zuse earned the semiofficial title of 'inventor of the modern computer'
  9. ^"Who is the Father of the Computer?".
  10. ^Bruderer, Herbert (2021).Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing(3rd ed.). Springer. pp. 13, 961.ISBN978-3030409739.
  11. ^Bruderer, Herbert (2021).Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing(3rd ed.). Springer. p. 14.ISBN978-3030409739.
  12. ^Zuse, Konrad (1943), "Ansätze einer Theorie des allgemeinen Rechnens unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Aussagenkalküls und dessen Anwendung auf Relaisschaltungen" [Inception of a universal theory of computation with special consideration of the propositional calculus and its application to relay circuits], unpublished manuscript, Zuse Papers 045/018.
  13. ^A book on the subject:(full text of the 1945 manuscript)Archived10 February 2012 at theWayback Machine
  14. ^abcdTalk given byHorst Zuseto theComputer Conservation Societyat theScience Museum (London)on 18 November 2010
  15. ^abZuse, Konrad(1967)."Rechnender Raum"(PDF).Elektronische Datenverarbeitung(in German).8.Bad Hersfeld, Germany: 336–344.Archived(PDF)from the original on 18 June 2020.Retrieved2 August2022.(9 pages)
  16. ^abZuse, Konrad(1969).Rechnender Raum[Calculating Space]. Schriften zur Datenverarbeitung (in German). Vol. 1. Braunschweig, Germany:Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn.ISBN3-528-09609-8.(70+4 pages)
  17. ^abZuse, Konrad(February 1970)."Calculating Space - Translation of: Rechnender Raum"(PDF).MIT Technical Translation. Translated by Aztec School of Languages, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.AZT-70-164-GEMIT (Project MAC).Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 March 2020.Retrieved25 March2020.(98 pages);Zuse, Konrad(2012)."Konrad Zuse's Rechnender Raum (Calculating Space)"(PDF).In German, Adrian; Zenil, Hector (eds.).A Computable Universe: Understanding & Exploring Nature as Computation(re-edition inLaTeXwith permission ofMITand Zuse's family ed.).World Scientific.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 May 2022.Retrieved2 August2022.(69 pages)
  18. ^ab"Weapons Grade: How Modern Warfare Gave Birth To Our High-Tech World",David Hambling. Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006.ISBN0-7867-1769-6,ISBN978-0-7867-1769-9.Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  19. ^Schmidhuber, Jürgen (19 August 2021)."1941: Konrad Zuse completes the first working general-purpose computer, based on his 1936 patent application".Universita della Svizzera Italiana.
  20. ^abSchofield, Jack (20 December 1995). "Konrad Zuse: First on the digital track".The Guardian.p. 13.
  21. ^Lee, J. A. N. (1995)."Konrad Zuse".computer.org.IEEE Computer Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.Archivedfrom the original on 4 December 2022.Retrieved14 April2022.
  22. ^abcdefgSpode, Hasso(1994). Engel, Helmut; Jersch-Wenzel, Stefi; Treue, Wilhelm (eds.).Der Computer – eine Erfindung aus Kreuzberg, Methfesselstraße 10/Oranienstraße 6.Geschichtslandschaft Berlin: Orte und Ereignisse (5 volumes) (in German). Vol. 5: Kreuzberg. Berlin, Germany: Nicolai. pp. 418–429.ISBN3-87584-474-2.
  23. ^"Konrad Zuse"Archived29 August 2011 at theWayback Machine,Gap System. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  24. ^"Mathematicians during the Third Reich and World War II",Technical University of Munich. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  25. ^abcdefZuse, Konrad(1993). Wössner, Hans (ed.).The Computer, My Life.Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany:Springer-Verlag.pp. 12–13, 75.ISBN978-3-540-56453-9.pp. 12–13:The only problem was that the progressive spirit at our school did not always correspond to my parents' ideas. This was particularly true for religious instruction, which now and again seemed even to us pupils to be rather too enlightened. After the 'Abitur' my parents wanted to go to communion with me; it was a terrible disappointment to them when I wouldn't go. They had lived under the illusion that I was a good student when it came to religion, too, which wasn't the case. […] I remember a poem presented by a student, which made a great impression on me. The essence of the poem read, "Basically, you are always alone". I have forgotten the name of the poet, but have often experienced the truth of these words in later life.
  26. ^Lippe, Wolfram-M."Kapitel 14: Die ersten programmierbaren Rechner"[Chapter 14: The First Programmable Computer].Die Geschichte der Rechenautomaten[The History of Computing Machines]. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 3 May 2008.Retrieved21 June2010.
  27. ^Kathrin Chod, Herbert Schwenk and Hainer Weißpflug,Berliner Bezirkslexikon: Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg,Berlin: Haude & Spener / Edition Luisenstadt, 2003, p. 52.ISBN3-7759-0474-3.
  28. ^St. Amant, Kirk; Still, Brian.Handbook of research on open source softwareIdea Group. 2007.ISBN978-1-59140-999-1.Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  29. ^Selig, Bernd (October 2011)."Bomber über Kreuzberg".Kreuzberger Chronik(in German). Kreuzberg, Berlin, Germany: Außenseiter Verlag.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2022.Retrieved3 August2022.
  30. ^"Germany's Secret Weapons in World War II",Roger Ford. Zenith Imprint, 2000.ISBN0-7603-0847-0,ISBN978-0-7603-0847-9.Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  31. ^"The S1 and S2 Computing Machines — Konrad Zuse´s Work for the German Military 1941–1945",Atypon Link. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  32. ^Konrad Zuse:Der PlankalkülArchived12 May 2015 at theWayback Machine.PhD thesis, 1945
  33. ^abcKnuth & Pardo: The early development of programming languages. In Nicholas Metropolis (Ed):History of Computing in the Twentieth Century,p. 203.
  34. ^"Konrad Zuse im Schloss zu Hopferau".www.hopferau.de.Retrieved28 October2023.
  35. ^Schmidhuber, Jürgen (19 August 2021)."1941: Konrad Zuse completes the first working general-purpose computer, based on his 1936 patent application".Universita della Svizzera Italiana.
  36. ^Bruderer, Herbert."Did Alan Turing interrogate Konrad Zuse in Göttingen in 1947?"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 May 2013.Retrieved7 February2013.
  37. ^Lippe, Wolfram M. (13 April 2010) [2007]."Kapitel 14 – Die ersten programmierbaren Rechner"(PDF)(in German). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 July 2011.Retrieved21 June2010.[in 1949 Professor Stiefel from ETH Zürich] was not a little surprised when he found the Z4, which was already a bit battered from the outside, set up in a horse stable. Nevertheless, he dictated to Zuse a simple differential equation that Zuse could immediately program, demonstrate on the machine and solve. After that he concluded a contract with Zuse: the Z4 should be loaned to the ETH after a thorough overhaul and cleaning.
  38. ^Bruderer (2021), p. 1098
  39. ^"Part 7 (continued): The Zuse KG".Archived from the original on 11 May 2009.Retrieved4 July2011.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)Horst Zuse, EPE Online, archived on 11 May 2009 fromthe originalArchived28 December 2008 at theWayback Machine
  40. ^"The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse".Archived from the original on 29 June 2009.Retrieved18 April2010.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)Horst Zuse, EPE Online, archived on 29 June 2009 fromthe originalArchived18 April 2010 at theWayback Machine
  41. ^"Ursula Walk, geb. 1925".www.get-it.tu-berlin.de.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2018.
  42. ^Rojas, Raúl; Hashagen, Ulf (2002).The First Computers: History and Architectures.MIT Press. p. 292.ISBN978-0-262-68137-7.Retrieved25 October2013.
  43. ^Joachim Hohmann:Der Plankalkül im Vergleich mit algorithmischen Sprachen.Reihe Informatik und Operations Research, S. Toeche-Mittler Verlag, Darmstadt 1979,ISBN3-87820-028-5.
  44. ^ab"Graphomat Z64 (in German)".www.zuse.de.
  45. ^"Pioneer Work: Frieder Nake".www.heikewerner.com.
  46. ^Rechnender Raum(PDF), Elektronische Datenverarbeitung, 8: 336–344, 1967.
  47. ^"Automata and punched card machines: Helix tower".Deutsches Museum.2015. Archived fromthe originalon 6 May 2021.Retrieved13 February2019.
  48. ^Böttiger, Helmut[in German](26 October 2011). "Der Philosoph - Die technische Keimzelle". In Rabenseifner, Adolf (ed.).Konrad Zuse: Erfinder, Unternehmer, Philosoph und Künstler(in German) (1 ed.). Petersberg, Germany:Michael Imhof Verlag.pp. 69–75 [70–71].ISBN978-3-86568-743-2.(128 pages)
  49. ^Rojas, Paul (August 2015)."Reconstruction of the Z1 Computer".Paul Rojas, Professor of Artificial Intelligence.Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2023.
  50. ^Zuse, Konrad(1984).Der Computer – Mein Lebenswerk[The Computer, My Life's Work] (in German) (1 ed.). Berlin, Germany:Springer-Verlag.p. X.ISBN3-540-56292-3.
  51. ^"Konrad Zuse – Biography, History and Inventions".History Computer. 4 January 2021.Retrieved4 February2021.
  52. ^Jane Smiley (2010).The Man Who Invented the Computer: The Biography of John Atanasoff, Digital Pioneer.Random House Digital, Inc.ISBN978-0-385-52713-2.Like Alan Turing, Zuse was educated in a system that focused on a child's emotional and philosophical life as well as his intellectual life, and at the end of school, like Turing, Zuse found himself to be something of an outsider—to the disappointment of his very conventional parents, he no longer believed in God or religion.
  53. ^Martin Campbell-Kelly (21 December 1995)."OBITUARY: Konrad Zuse".The Independent.
  54. ^Lee, J. A. N. (30 September 2004)."Konrad Zuse".ei.cs.vt.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2022.
  55. ^"Konrad Zuse: 1999 Fellow".computerhistory.org.Computer History Museum.Archivedfrom the original on 3 July 2012.
  56. ^Zwernemann-Blech, Irene."Zuse-Jahr 2010".www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de.
  57. ^Zuse-Jahr 2010 – zum 100. Geburtstag des Computerpioniers Konrad ZuseDeutsches Technikmuseum Berlin, 19 April 2010(in German)

Further reading

  • Zuse, Konrad. Direction-bound engraving tool with program control. U.S. Patent 3163936
  • U.S. Patents 3234819; 3306128; 3408483; 3356852; 3316442
  • Jürgen Alex, Hermann Flessner, Wilhelm Mons, Horst Zuse:Konrad Zuse: Der Vater des Computers.Parzeller, Fulda 2000,ISBN3-7900-0317-4
  • Raul Rojas (ed.):Die Rechenmaschinen von Konrad Zuse.Springer, Berlin 1998,ISBN3-540-63461-4.
  • Wilhelm Füßl (ed.):100 Jahre Konrad Zuse. Einblicke in den Nachlass,München 2010,ISBN978-3-940396-14-3.
  • Jürgen Alex: "Wege und Irrwege des Konrad Zuse." In:Spektrum der Wissenschaft(German edition ofScientific American) 1/1997,ISSN0170-2971.
  • Hadwig Dorsch:Der erste Computer. Konrad Zuses Z1 – Berlin 1936. Beginn und Entwicklung einer technischen Revolution.Mit Beiträgen von Konrad Zuse und Otto Lührs. Museum für Verkehr und Technik, Berlin 1989.
  • Clemens Kieser: "'Ich bin zu faul zum Rechnen': Konrad Zuses Computer Z22 im Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe." In:Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg,4/34/2005, Esslingen am Neckar, S. 180–184,ISSN0342-0027.
  • Mario G. Losano (ed.),Zuse. L'elaboratore nasce in Europa. Un secolo di calcolo automatico,Etas Libri, Milano 1975, pp. XVIII–184.
  • Arno Peters:Was ist und wie verwirklicht sich Computer-Sozialismus: Gespräche mit Konrad Zuse.Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin 2000,ISBN3-355-01510-5.
  • Paul Janositz: Informatik und Konrad Zuse: "Der Pionier des Computerbaus in Europa – Das verkannte Genie aus Adlershof." In:Der TagesspiegelNr. 19127, Berlin, 9. März 2006, Beilage Seite B3.
  • Jürgen Alex:Zum Einfluß elementarer Sätze der mathematischen Logik bei Alfred Tarski auf die drei Computerkonzepte des Konrad Zuse.TU Chemnitz 2006.
  • Alex, Jürgen (2007).Zur Entstehung des Computers – Von Alfred Tarski zu Konrad Zuse […] – Tertium non datur.Düsseldorf, Germany:VDI-Verlag.ISBN978-3-18-150051-4.ISSN0082-2361.
  • Herbert Bruderer:Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von NeumannOldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten,ISBN978-3-486-71366-4
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