Russell, New Zealand
Russell
Kororāreka | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Russell | |
 | |
| Coordinates:35°15′42″S174°7′20″E/ 35.26167°S 174.12222°E | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Northland Region |
| District | Far North District |
| Ward | Bay of Islands-Whangaroa |
| Community | Bay of Islands-Whangaroa |
| Subdivision | Russell-Ōpua |
| Settled | Early 19th century |
| Named for | John Russell,Secretary of State for the Colonies |
| Electorates | |
| Government | |
| • Territorial Authority | Far North District Council |
| • Regional council | Northland Regional Council |
| Area | |
| • Total | 3.28 km2(1.27 sq mi) |
| Population (June 2023)[2] | |
| • Total | 790 |
| • Density | 240/km2(620/sq mi) |
| Postcode | 0202 |
Russell,also known by theMāorinameKororāreka,is a town in theBay of Islands,in New Zealand's far north. It was the first permanent European settlement and seaport in New Zealand.
History
[edit]
Māori settlement
[edit]Before the arrival of the Europeans, the area now known as Russell was inhabited byMāoribecause of its pleasant climate and the abundance of food, fish and fertile soil. The settlement was known as Kororāreka, and was located on the coast. The name translates to 'sweetblue penguin', after an ailing chief who had eaten a penguin broth remarkedka reka te kororāor 'the kororā is sweet'.[3][4][5]
Early European explorersJames CookandMarc-Joseph Marion du Fresneremarked, by their arrival in the 18th century, that the area was quite prosperous.[6]
Early European settlement
[edit]When European and American ships began visiting New Zealand in the early 1800s, the indigenous Māori quickly recognised there were great advantages in trading with these strangers, whom they calledtauiwi.[7] The Bay of Islands offered a safe anchorage and had a large Māori population. To attract ships, Māori began to supply food, timber and prostitution. In exchange, the Māori population traded for firearms, alcohol and other goods of European manufacture.
Kororāreka developed as a result of this trade but soon earned a reputation as a community full of prostitution and without laws. It became known as the "Hell Hole of the Pacific";[8]European law had no influence and Māori law was seldom enforced within the town's area. Fighting on the beach at Kororāreka in March 1830, between northern and southern subtribes (hapū) within theNgāpuhiiwi, became known as theGirls' War.
On 30 January 1840 atChrist Church,GovernorWilliam Hobsonread his proclamations (which were the beginnings of theTreaty of Waitangi) in the presence of a number of settlers and the Māori chiefMoka Te Kainga-mataa.A document confirming what had happened was signed at this time by around forty witnesses, including Moka, the only Māori signatory. The following week, the treaty proceedings moved across to the western side of the bay toWaitangi.[9]
By this time, Kororāreka was an important mercantile centre and served as a vital resupply port forwhalingandsealingoperations. When theColony of New Zealandwas founded in that year, Hobson was reluctant to choose Kororāreka as hiscapital,due to its bad reputation. Instead, he purchased land atOkiato,situated five kilometres to the south, and renamed it Russell in honour of the Secretary of State for the Colonies,Lord John Russell.Hobson soon decided that the move to the Okiato site was a mistake, andAucklandwas selected as the new capital not long after.[10]
Kororāreka was part of the Port of Russell, and after Russell (nowOkiato) became virtually deserted, Kororāreka gradually came to be known as Russell as well. In January 1844, Governor Robert FitzRoy officially designated Kororāreka as part of the township of Russell. Today, the name Russell applies only to Kororāreka, while the former capital is known either by its original name of Okiato or as Old Russell.
Catholic mission
[edit]In 1841–42,Jean Baptiste Pompallierestablished aRoman Catholicmission in Russell, which contained aprinting pressfor the production of Māori-language religious texts. His building, known asPompallier Mission,remains in the care ofHeritage New Zealand.
On 18 November 1844, while at anchor in the Bay of Islands, Mary Davis Wallis described "Kororarika" [sic] as a town "which appears small, consisting of a few houses along the shore, and cottages scattered here and there on the slope of the hills behind. Nothing is to be seen back of the town but lofty hills not particularly verdant."[11]
Flagstaff War
[edit]TheFlagstaff Warwas touched off in 1845 by the repeated felling and re-erection of the Union Jack onFlagstaff Hillabove the town. The town was sacked byHōne Heke,after diversionary raids drew away the British defenders. The flagstaff was felled for the fourth time at the commencement of theBattle of Kororāreka,and the inhabitants fled aboard British ships, which then shelled and destroyed most of the houses.[12]
Hōne Heke directed his warriors not to interfere withChrist Churchand thePompallier Mission.[citation needed]
Twenty-first century
[edit]In January 2023, theNew Zealand Geographic Boardproposed that the town's name be officially changed back to Kororāreka, its originalMāoriname.[13]
Demographics
[edit]Russell covers 3.28 km2(1.27 sq mi)[1]and had an estimated population of 790 as of June 2023,[2]with a population density of 241 people per km2.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 786 | — |
| 2013 | 702 | −1.60% |
| 2018 | 762 | +1.65% |
| Source:[14] | ||
Russell had a population of 762 at the2018 New Zealand census,an increase of 60 people (8.5%) since the2013 census,and a decrease of 24 people (−3.1%) since the2006 census.There were 339 households, comprising 372 males and 390 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female. The median age was 58.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 69 people (9.1%) aged under 15 years, 66 (8.7%) aged 15 to 29, 351 (46.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 276 (36.2%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 86.6% European/Pākehā, 20.1% Māori, 1.2% Pacific peoples, 2.0% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 33.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.3% had no religion, 31.5% were Christian, 1.6% hadMāori religious beliefs,0.8% were Hindu, 0.4% were Buddhist and 0.8% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 153 (22.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 102 (14.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 87 people (12.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 261 (37.7%) people were employed full-time, 114 (16.5%) were part-time, and 24 (3.5%) were unemployed.[14]
Much of the accommodation in the area consists of holiday homes or tourist accommodation.
Marae
[edit]The local Kororāreka Marae is a traditional meeting ground of Te Kapotai, ahapūofNgāpuhi.[15][16]
Climate
[edit]Russell experiences a mildsubtropicalclimate.[citation needed]
| Climate data for Russell, elevation 15 m (49 ft), (2016–2024) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.1 (77.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.8 (69.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.6 (51.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
11.2 (52.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 93.2 (3.67) |
90.1 (3.55) |
108.8 (4.28) |
118.7 (4.67) |
139.2 (5.48) |
148.6 (5.85) |
177.0 (6.97) |
143.7 (5.66) |
112.2 (4.42) |
81.5 (3.21) |
74.7 (2.94) |
104.1 (4.10) |
1,391.8 (54.8) |
| Source: NIWA (rainfall 1991–2020)[17] | |||||||||||||
Economy
[edit]
Russell is now mostly a "bastion of cafés, gift shops andB&Bs".[12]
Pompallier Mission, the historic printery/tannery/storehouse of the earlyRoman Catholicmissionaries, is the oldest surviving industrial building in New Zealand, while the town's Christ Church is the country's oldest survivingAnglicanchurch.[18]The surrounding area also contains many expensive holiday homes, as well as New Zealand's most expensive rental accommodation, theEagles Nest.[12]The photographerLaurence Aberhartlives here.
A car ferry across the Bay of Islands runs between Okiato andOpua,and is the main tourist access to Russell. There is a land connection, but this requires a substantial detour (the ferry route is only 2.3 kilometres, while the land route is 43.5 km[19]).
Education
[edit]Russell School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school[20]with a roll of 63 as of August 2024.[21]The school opened in 1892.[22]
Notable people
[edit]- Lucy Takiora Lord(1842–1893), guide and interpreter
References
[edit]- ^ab"ArcGIS Web Application".statsnz.maps.arcgis.com.Retrieved12 April2022.
- ^ab"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat".Statistics New Zealand.Retrieved25 October2023.
- ^"History of Russell".russellnz.co.nz.9 February 2023.Retrieved9 February2023.
- ^McCloy, Nicola (2006).Whykickamoocow – curious New Zealand place names., Random House New Zealand.
- ^"Town of Russell could soon go back to its original Māori name".1 News.19 January 2023.Retrieved27 January2023.
- ^"PRE-CONTACT – TŌ MUA I A TAUIWI".Russell.
- ^Binney, Judith (2007).Te Kerikeri 1770–1850, The Meeting Pool,Bridget Williams Books (Wellington) in association with Craig Potton Publishing (Nelson).ISBN1877242381.
- ^"Bay of Islands History".Jasons Travel Media.
- ^King, M. (1949).Port in the North: A Short History of Russell.p. 37
- ^NZETC. The Cyclopedia of New Zealand.The Seat Of Government, Page 8.Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^Wallis, Mary (a lady) (2002).Life in Feejee: five years among the cannibals, a woman's account of voyaging the Fiji Islands aboard the "Zotoff" (1844–49).Santa Barbara, Calif.: Narrative Press. p. 10.ISBN1-58976-208-8.
- ^abcRussell (from theLonely PlanetNew Zealand, 13th Edition, September 2006.
- ^Tokalau, Torika (18 January 2023)."Proposal to change name of Russell township to original Māori name".Stuff.Retrieved4 July2023.
- ^ab"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census".Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Russell (103800).2018 Census place summary: Russell
- ^"Te Kāhui Māngai directory".tkm.govt.nz.Te Puni Kōkiri.
- ^"Māori Maps".maorimaps.com.Te Potiki National Trust.
- ^"CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent numbers: 41262)".NIWA.Retrieved6 September2024.
- ^Petriello, Amy (28 August 2005)."Russell – the sleeping beauty".The New Zealand Herald.Retrieved6 November2011.
- ^Google Maps Directions
- ^Education Counts: Russell School
- ^"New Zealand Schools Directory".New Zealand Ministry of Education.Retrieved17 September2024.
- ^"Cosmopolitan Russell".Russell Lights.9(3). February 2006.
External links
[edit]
- Russell(a local page about the town)
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| National | |
