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Howard the Duck

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This article is about the character and comic book series. For the film adaptation, seeHoward the Duck (film).For the video game, seeHoward the Duck (video game).
Howard the Duck
Howard the Duck as depicted on a variant cover ofHoward the Duck#1 (November2015)
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceAdventure into Fear#19 (Dec.1973)
Created bySteve Gerber(writer)
Val Mayerik(artist)
In-story information
Alter egoHoward Duckson
SpeciesDuckworldian
Place of originDuckworld
Team affiliations
PartnershipsMan-Thing
Beverly Switzler
Notable aliasesHoward the Duck
  • Leonard the Duck
  • Howard the Human
  • Iron Duck
  • Agent Duck
  • Cynical Duck
Abilities
  • Master of Quack-Fu
    As Iron Duck:
    Armored suit grants:
    * Superhuman strength and durability
    * Foot-mounted leaping coils
    * Chest-mounted searchlight
    *Flamethrowersin both arms

Howard the Duckis afictionalcharacterappearing inAmerican comic bookspublished byMarvel Comics.The character was created by writerSteve Gerber,based very loosely on his college friend Howard Tockman,[1]and artistVal Mayerik.Howard the Duck first appeared inAdventure into Fear#19 (cover-datedDec. 1973) and several subsequent series have chronicled the misadventures of the ill-temperedanthropomorphic animaltrapped on a human-dominated Earth. Echoing this, the most common tagline of his comics reads 'Trapped In a World He Never Made!'.

Howard's adventures are generally socialsatires,while a few areparodiesofgenre fictionwith ametafictionalawareness of the medium. The book isexistentialist,and its main joke, according to Gerber, is that there is no joke: "... that life's most serious moments and most incredibly dumb moments are often distinguishable only by a momentary point of view."[2]Gloria Katz,producer of the notorious, ill-fated1986 film adaptationof the comic, expressed a diametrically opposed opinion of the character, "It's a film about a duck from outer space... It's not supposed to be an existential experience."[3]

Howard the Duck was portrayed byEd Galeand voiced byChip Zienin the critically and commercially unsuccessful 1986self-titled film.Starting in 2014,the character,voiced bySeth Green,appeared in cameos in severalMarvel Cinematic Universe(MCU) films, theDisney XDanimated seriesGuardians of the Galaxy(2015–19) andUltimate Spider-Man(2016; withKevin Michael Richardson), and theDisney+seriesWhat If...?(2021–present).

Publication history

[edit]
Howard the Duck's first appearance inAdventure into Fear#19 (Dec. 1973). Art bypencilerVal Mayerikand inker Sal Trapani.

Howard the Duck was created by writer Steve Gerber andpencilerVal Mayerik inAdventure into Fear#19 (Dec. 1973) as a secondary character in that comic's "Man-Thing"feature.[4][5]He graduated to his own backup feature inGiant-Size Man-Thing#4–5 (May and Aug. 1975), confronting such bizarre horror-parody characters as Garko the Man-Frog andBessie the Hellcow,before acquiring his own comic book title withHoward the Duck#1 in 1976.[4][6]

Howard the Duck#1 (Jan. 1976), with
series co-starBeverly Switzlerin background.
Cover art byFrank Brunner.

Gerber wrote 27 issues of the series (for the most part ditching the horror parodies), illustrated by a variety of artists, beginning withFrank Brunner.For Gerber, Howard was a flesh-and-blood duck and explained that "IfWile E. Coyotegets run over by a steamroller, the result is a pancake-flat coyote who can be expected to snap back to three dimensions within moments; if Howard gets run over by a steamroller, the result is blood on asphalt. "[2]Gene Colanbecame the regularpencillerwith issue #4.[4]Gerber later said to Colan: "There really was almost a telepathic connection there. I would see something in my mind, and that is what you would draw! I've never had that experience with another artist before or since."[7]

Sporting the slogan "Get Down, America!", the All-Night Party was a fictional political party that appeared in Gerber'sHoward the Duckseries during the U.S.Presidential campaign of 1976,[8][9]and led to Howard the Duck allegedly receiving thousands of write-in votes in the actual election.[10]Gerber addressed questions about the campaign in theletters columnof the comic book and, as Mad Genius Associates, sold merchandise publicizing the campaign.

Marvel attempted aspin-offwith a short-livedHoward the Ducknewspapercomic stripfrom 1977 to 1978, at first written by Gerber and drawn by Colan and Mayerik,[11]later written byMarv Wolfmanand drawn byAlan Kupperberg.[12]

Gerber gained a degree of creative autonomy when he became the comic series' editor in addition to his usual writing duties. With issue #16, unable to meet the deadline for his regular script, Gerber substituted an entire issue of text pieces and illustrations satirizing his own difficulties as a writer.[13]

The Walt Disney Companycontacted Marvel in 1977 over concerns that the visual design of Howard infringed on their trademark forDonald Duck.Marvel agreed to a redesign of the character by Disney artists. A key feature of the redesign was that the character would wear pants.[14]

In 1978, Gerber was removed from the newspaper strip and the comic-book series due to chronic problems with deadlines.[15]His final issue of the comic-book series was #27 (September 1978). The series continued for four more issues with stories byMarv Wolfman,Mary Skrenes,Mark Evanier,andBill Mantlo.

The final episode of the newspaper strip was published on October 29, 1978. Issue #31 (May 1979) of the comic-book series announced on its letters page that it would be the final issue ofHoward the Duckas a color comic. Marvel then relaunched the series that year as a bimonthly black and white magazine, with scripts by Mantlo, art by Colan andMichael Goldenand unrelated backup features by others. The magazine was canceled after nine issues.

On August 29, 1980, after learning of Marvel's efforts to license Howard for use in film and broadcast media, Steve Gerber filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Marvel corporate parentCadence Industriesand other parties, alleging that he was the sole owner of the character.[16][17]This was one of the first highly publicizedcreator's rightscases in American comics, and attracted support from major industry figures, some of whom created homage/parody stories with Gerber to fund a lawsuit against Marvel; these includedDestroyer DuckwithJack Kirby.[18]The lawsuit was settled on September 24, 1982, with Gerber acknowledging that his work on the character was done aswork-for-hireand that Marvel parent Cadence Industries owned "all right, title and interest" to Howard the Duck and the Howard material he had produced. On November 5, 1982, JudgeDavid Kenyonapproved the motion and dismissed the case.[16][17][18]

The only new story featuring the character between 1981 and 1986 appeared inBizarre Adventures#34 (1983) Scripted bySteven Grant,it featured a suicidal Howard being put through a parody ofIt's a Wonderful Life.

The original comic book series reappeared with issue #32 (January 1986). It featured a story that had been written by Grant four years earlier.[18]Steve Gerber had submitted a script for the issue, but withdrew it after it had been revised to conform to editorial guidelines.[16][17]Issue #33 (October 1986), scripted by Christopher Stager, featured a parody of the filmBride of Frankenstein.Howard co-creator Val Mayerik co-plotted the story and provided the art. It was released alongside an adaptation of theHoward the Duckfeature film, which was published inMarvel Super Special#41 (November 1986) and a three-issue comic-book series.

Gerber returned to Howard in 1989 inThe Sensational She-Hulk#14–17. The character was again living with Beverly Switzler, now working as a rent-a-ninja.How they got back together was never explained. Beverly was not involved in the story, in which She-Hulk takes Howard on a trip through several dimensions with a theoretical physicist from Empire State University.

Gerber's next story featuring Howard appeared inSpider-Man Team-Up#5 (December 1996), around the same time he was writing a "Savage Dragon/Destroyer Duck "crossover for Image. He had the idea to create an unofficial crossover between the two issues, where the characters would meet momentarily in the shadows, but which would not affect either story. Soon after, Gerber discovered that Howard was scheduled to appear inGhost Ridervol. 3, #81 (Jan. 1997) alongsideDevil DinosaurandMoon Boy,and issues ofGeneration X,as well as the three issueDaydreamersminiseries byJ.M. DeMatteis.Gerber was not pleased with this development, and changed the "unofficial crossover" somewhat.[19]

InSpider-Man Team-Up#5,Spider-Man,Beverly and Howard meet theElf with a Gunand two shadowy figures (presumed to be Savage Dragon and Destroyer Duck) in a darkened warehouse, grab a disc, then leave shortly afterwards. But in theSavage Dragon/Destroyer Duckcrossover comic, Elf with a Gun creates thousands of clones of Howard during a fierce battle. As Savage Dragon and Destroyer Duck escape the warehouse, they reveal that they rescued the "real" Howard and Beverly, while Spider-Man left with one of the clones. Howard has his feathers dyed green, and is renamed "Leonard the Duck", and Beverly has her hair dyed black and is renamed "Rhonda Martini". Leonard later had a cameo appearance inSavage Dragon#41, and Leonard and Rhonda have a single-panel cameo when they meet Gerber'sNevadainVertigo Comics'Winter's Edge#2.

In 2001, when Marvel launched itsMAXimprint of "mature readers" comics, Gerber returned to write a six-issueHoward the Duckminiseriesillustrated byPhil Winsladeand Glenn Fabry. Featuring several familiarHoward the Duckcharacters, the series, like the original one, parodied a wide range of other comics and pop culture figures, but with considerably stronger language and sexual content than what would have been allowable 25 years earlier. The series hasDoctor Bongcausing Howard to go through multiple changes of form, principally into a mouse (as a parody ofMickey Mouse,in retaliation for the Disney-mandated redesign), and entering a chain of events parodying comics such asWitchblade,Preacherand several others, with Howard ultimately having a conversation with God in Hell.

Howard had cameo appearances inShe-Hulk(vol. 2) #9 in February 2005 and inShe-Hulkvol. 3 #3/#100 in February 2006 (issue #3 was also the numbered as the 100th total issue of all the various She-Hulk series). In 2007, he returned inHoward the Duckvol. 4 #1-4, a miniseries by writerTy Templetonand artistJuan Bobillo.This series was rated for ages 9 and up, though one issue was published with aMarvel Zombiestie-in cover with a parental advisory claim.

In November 2014, Marvel announced an ongoing series starting in March 2015 featuring Howard as aprivate investigatoron Earth. The creative team consisted of writerChip Zdarskyand artist Joe Quinones.[20]Howard the Duck(vol. 5) ran for 5 issues before Marvel relaunched many of their existing titles with theAll-New, All-Different Marvelline of comics. This led to a reboot produced by the same creative team starting withHoward the Duck(vol. 6) #1 in November 2015.[21]This series included a two-part crossover withThe Unbeatable Squirrel Girl.[22]The 11th and last issue was released in October 2016.[23]

Fictional character biography

[edit]

Howard's first appearance in comics is when he is abruptly abducted from his home planet by an unseen force and randomly dropped into the Florida Everglades by the demon-lordThog the Nether-Spawn.He meets theMan-Thing,who had been attacked by Korrek of Katharta, and the three of them are confronted by warriors of the Congress of Realities.[24]He then meetsDakimh the Enchanterand Dakimh banishes the warriors and transports Howard, Man-Thing, and Korrek to his castle, where they are joined byJennifer Kale.They then travel to the realm of Therea and destroy Thog the Nether-Spawn. Howard then accidentally falls off the inter-dimensional stepping stones that the group were traveling on[25]and materializes in Cleveland, Ohio, where he battles Garko the Man-Frog.[26]Howard is arrested at this time for disturbing the peace and is mistaken for a mutant during a strip search, but is released because the police fear he has mutant abilities. Howard also briefly encounters and kills a vampiric cow namedBessie the Hellcow.[27]

Howard makes friends with an artists' model named Beverly Switzler and a bizarre series of encounters follow. He battlesPro-Rata,the cosmic accountant, then meetsSpider-Manat the end of the battle.[28][29]He battles Turnip-Man and the Kidney Lady,[30]who would become a semi-recurring character over the years,[citation needed]then learns the fictional martial art of "Quack-Fu".[31]Howard then encounters the Winky Man, who is actually the sleepwalking alter-ego of Beverly's artist friend,Paul Same,[32]who would become a series regular and later become the pair's roommate.[citation needed]Howard also briefly becomes a wrestler.[33]

Howard and Beverly hit the road, seeking shelter in a gothic mansion where they battle a girl named Patsy and her giant, animated-to-life gingerbread man.[34][35]They eventually end up in New York City, where Howard is nominated for President of the United States by the All-Night Party[35]and he later battles theBand of the Bland,alongside theDefenders.[36]A doctored-photo scandal leads him to Canada where he defeats a supervillain, the Beaver, who caused the scandal. The Beaver falls to his death in a battle with Howard.[37]Howard then suffers a nervous breakdown and flees Bev and their situation on a bus. Unfortunately, the bus' passengers are all believers in various weird cults, and try to interest Howard in them. His seatmates areWinda Westerand the Kidney Lady, a woman who believes that the soul of a person lives in their kidneys and attempts to stop anything she sees as "anti-kidney health". After the bus crashes, Howard and Winda are sent to a mental institution. There he meets Daimon Hellstrom, and is briefly possessed by Hellstrom's demonic soul, becoming the newSon of Satan.[38]Beverly and Paul manage to get them both back to Cleveland. Later, while on theS. S. Damned,a cruise ship returning from scenic Bagmom, Howard and Beverly are taken captive by Lester Verde. Verde had known Beverly in college and had a crush on her and had assumed the identity of the supervillainDoctor Bong,[39]who illegally marries Beverly against her will and transforms Howard into a human.[40][41]

After escaping back to New York and being restored to his natural form, Howard is hired as a dishwasher by Beverly's uncle, Lee Switzler. Howard is later reunited with Dakihm the Enchanter, the Man-Thing, Korrek and Jennifer Kale, and they all battle the demon Bzzk'Joh. Korrek pilots the ship theEpoch Weaseland drops Howard back off at Cleveland before he and their allies fly away.[42][43]Howard finally meets up with the cruise ship that rescued Paul and Winda from Doctor Bong, and finds that Paul and Winda have befriended socialite Iris Raritan.

Howard is later kidnapped by theRingmasterand hisCircus of Crime.Winda is abandoned by Paul and Iris and Paul is shot and left in a coma.[44][45]After defeating the Circus of Crime, Howard is plagued by pessimistic dreams and goes his way alone, just as he had at the series' beginning.[46]

Writer Bill Mantlo, beginning with issue #30, returned the series to its former status quo, bringing Beverly back into the picture and having her divorce Doctor Bong. Howard's creator Steve Gerber, who left the series after issue #27, originally intended for Beverly and Bong's marriage to be lasting and for Beverly to be written out of the series from that point on. Howard and Beverly's friend Paul, who had ended up in a coma after he had previously been shot by the Ringmaster, awakens from his coma and is released from the hospital. Beverly's uncle Lee brings everyone back to Cleveland and employs Howard as a cab driver, while Paul, back to being a somnambulist after his release from the hospital, becomes Winda's boyfriend. Howard dons a suit of "Iron Duck" armor made by Claude Starkowitz, a man who has delusions of being related to Tony Stark and dreams of being the personal armorer toIron Man,and battles Doctor Bong in the final issue of the original 70sHoward the Duckseries (issue #31).[47][48]Howard later encountersDracula[49]and even once returns to Duckworld.[50]At the end of the nine-issue magazine series, Howard leaves Beverly (at her request) and is later offered a genetically-constructed female duck mate, whom he does not take to.[51]

On a later occasion,She-Hulkaccidentally pulls Howard though a cosmic wormhole along with theoretical physicist Brent Wilcox and they are able to prevent other universes from crowding outEarth-616.During this time, Howard meets a character called the Critic, travels to a dimension known as the Baloneyverse and again battles a group called the Band of the Bland, whom he had previously battled with the Defenders.[52][53][54]

In an encounter withPeter ParkerandBen Reilly(the then-current Spider-Man), Howard gets a rematch with theCircus of Crimeand the Circus is defeated. During the fight, Howard and Beverly get stuck in a warehouse full of anthropomorphic ducks, briefly meeting theSavage DragonandDestroyer Duck.Parker and Reilly leave the warehouse believing that they have the correct versions of Howard and Beverly with them. However, in the Savage Dragon/Destroyer Duck companion story that takes place simultaneously and that was written by Gerber, it is explained that the version of Howard and Beverly that left the warehouse with Parker and Reilly are simply clones taken by mistake and that the real Howard and Beverly actually left the scene with Savage Dragon and Destroyer Duck.[55]

The sorceressJennifer Kale,in a weekly attempt to return Howard to his home world, inadvertently teleportsDevil DinosaurandMoon-Boyinto her New York apartment. The disoriented dinosaur attempts to eat Howard, but spits him out when shot withJohnny Blaze's hellfire gun. Devil Dinosaur and Moon-Boy then rampage through the city before being subdued byGhost Rider (Daniel Ketch).Howard says that he relates to the pair being trapped in a world they never made before wandering off.[56][57]

Heroes Reborn

[edit]

After a brief series of adventures withGeneration X,[58]Howard gets a job as a department store Santa Claus, which gets him dragged to the North Pole where the real Santa Claus has sold out toHYDRA.[59]Howard goes through several dimensions, apparently through the power of Man-Thing, who can now talk but does not understand this new, unknown ability, and lands on a version of Duckworld where his parents are essentiallyWardandJune Cleaver,he has a sister named Princess, and he is regarded as a hero because his activities on Earth-616 were recognized by Duckworld's version ofReed Richards.This origin traces the source of these dimensions to be projections from Franklin's mind. Throughout the course of the adventure, Howard has a romance with Tana Nile, culminating in a kiss, after which he apologizes and tells her of his attachment to Beverly.[60][61][62]When Franklin understands that he has shaped all of these worlds, the group finds themselves back in the Man-Thing's swamp. While Man-Thing becomes a self-appointed guardian to Franklin Richards, Howard goes off on his own and is captured by theCult of Entropy,who wrap him in swaddling clothes.[63]Although last seen in the swamp, Howard states that he was thrown into baggage and transported on a plane. The cult wants Howard because he has part of theNexus of All Realities,which shattered duringHeroes Reborn,inside of him. Man-Thing then enters Howard's mouth, and Howard vomits him back out with the fragment, but Man-Thing is left desiccated and practically dead.[64]Howard then encountersNamor,who thought he had slain Man-Thing, but Howard explains that he would not be lugging his friend's body around if that were the case. Howard sets the Man-Thing down in the water, and he revives during Howard's conversation with Namor. Once he sees that the Man-Thing is alive and well, he bids Namor farewell and says that he is returning to Cleveland.[65]

Years later, back with Beverly, he undergoes further shapeshifting experiences after an accident at a chemical facility of Doctor Bong's. Beverly is hired by Bong's Globally Branded Content Corporation, which manufactures boy bands from protein vats based on the sexual arousal of a focus group of gay men. Attempting to destroy an escapee whom Beverly has taken in, Bong inadvertently knocks Howard into a vat, which changes him, unstably, into a rat.[66]When Howard later showers, he changes his form multiple times before again permanently returning to the form of the giant rat. Verde then goes to the press and claims that his building was attacked by Osama el-Barka ( "Osama the Duck" in Arabic). Howard and Beverly are sent back on the road after the junkyard office where they are living is destroyed by a S.W.A.T. team.[67]Denied admittance to every possible shelter due to lack of funds, the pair and their dog find a sign for the BoardingHouse of Mystery,but are taken to the police station for questioning and strip searches by Suzy Pazuzu, with whom Beverly had attended high school. One of the officers on the case is the same beat cop who mistook Howard for a mutant many years before. Suzy is the inheritor of thedoucheblade,which starts to take her over when she wears an enchanted bracelet. In a skirmish, the bracelet is caught by Howard causing him to be the wielder of the doucheblade. The doucheblade causes its holder to grow enormous bare breasts and armor in a parody ofWitchblade,and, possessed by this, Howard kills the male lover of a businessman who works with Verde as he and Verde break into Suzy's house.[68]

Arriving at the Boarding House of Mystery, Howard and Beverly encounterCain and Abel,the latter with a rock stuck in his head that allows him only moments of lucidity. There, they are granted their every wish, including Howard's return to his true form, and Beverly never being poor again, and meet parodies ofJohn Constantine,Wesley Dodds,theEndless,Spider Jerusalem,and Gerber's own Nevada (called Utah), all characters fromDC Comics'Vertigoimprint.The downside to the House is that everyone staying there gets their every wish; so Che Guevara can have his revolution, but someone else can easily slaughter him.[69]One tenant, a writer named Mr. Gommorah (a parody of Spider Jerusalem), later takes Beverly and Howard to be on theIprahshow with the topic "Why Women Give It to Men Who Don't Get It", guest starringDr. Phlip.

Upon leaving the House of Mystery, Howard is once again transformed into an anthropomorphic mouse. It is revealed that Iprah has been merged with an experiment by theAngel Gabrielcalled Deuteronomy, intended to replace God, because God has been spending all his time in a bar in Hell since 1938. Deuteronomy is a creature half-id and half-superego, while Iprah is an all-ego promoter of self-indulgent pop psychology. Considering her dangerous, Gabriel sends the cherub Thrasher to resurrect Sigmund Freud, whose cigar blasts out half of Thrasher's brains (being immortal, this just makes him act drunk). Iprah destroys Freud, but Howard blasts her with the cigar, separating her from Deuteronomy. Puffing on the cigar, Howard disintegrates and arrives in Hell.[70]He is eventually freed by Yah, a being who claims to be "God".[71]

Civil War

[edit]

Sometime later, Howard attempts to register under theSuperhero Registration Actduring the superheroCivil War,but learns his socially disrupted life has created so many bureaucratic headaches that the government's official policy is that Howard does not exist. This lack of government oversight delights him: "For the rest of my life, no more parking tickets, or taxes, or jury duty. Heck, I couldn't even vote if I wanted to!" In this story, Howard says he was pressured to give up his cigars.[72]

After he defeats the supervillain M.O.D.O.T.'s (MobileOrganismDesignedOnly forTalking) scheme to control the public through mass media, his attorney,Jennifer Walters,successfully restores his citizenship, including all relevant responsibilities.[73]

Secret Invasion

[edit]

Howard the Duck is briefly seen as part of the superpowered army gathered to battle invadingSkrullforces.[74]He is seen armed with a pistol and wearing a Skrull's hand around his neck.[75]He is later seen kicking a Skrull during interrogation after the invasion.[76]Brian Michael Bendishas commented when asked of Howard: "That character has shown up in six issues I've done, and I've never typed the words Howard the Duck."[77]

Marvel Zombies 5

[edit]
Main article:Marvel Zombies 5

InMarvel Zombies 5,Howard the Duck ofEarth-616teams up withMachine Manto travel across themultiversefighting zombies.[78]

Fear Itself

[edit]

During theFear Itselfstoryline, Howard forms a team called the Fearsome Four with She-Hulk, Frankenstein's Monster andNighthawkto stop the Man-Thing when he goes on a rampage in Manhattan, due to the fear and chaos he senses on the citizens. They later discover a plot byPsycho-Manto use the Man-Thing's volatile empathy to create a weapon.[79]

Spider-Man: Back in Quack

[edit]

Howard and Beverly are brainwashed and forced to work for Save Our Offspring From Indecency (S.O.O.F.I.) as Cynical Duck and Swizzle. They promote S.O.O.F.I. at a public speech held for them by J. Jonah Jameson. Spider-Man later interrupts a S.O.O.F.I. indoctrination at the New York Public Library, and Beverly and the other S.O.O.F.I.s see Spidey as a semi-demonic figure and attack him. Spidey escapes with Howard and breaks his brainwashing when Beverly is threatened. Howard quickly explains S.O.O.F.I.'s goals to Spider-Man. As Spider-Man publicly announces his long-standing support for S.O.O.F.I., Howard confronts Bev as she stands beside the Supreme S.O.O.F.I. Howard is able to break through to Beverly, reminding her of their past together. The Supreme S.O.O.F.I. orders the S.O.O.F.I.s to throw the pair into the special Blanditron at Guantanamo Bay, but Beverly keeps them at bay with a whip. Spidey attacks the S.O.O.F.I.s and unmasks the Supreme S.O.O.F.I., while the others escape through their teleporter. Howard states that he believes S.O.O.F.I. will lay low for a while after such a defeat and he also hopes that the group's Florida Everglades base might lead them to meet up with the Man-Thing.[80]

The Ducky Dozen

[edit]

Because of his experience with zombie-infested worlds and his leadership of Machine Man, Howard is chosen as the leader of, as he dubs them, the Ducky Dozen. The team is composed of him, several Golden Age heroes,Dum-Dum Dugan,andBattlestar,who is also a veteran of a zombie incident. Upon entering Earth-12591, the Ducky Dozen fight hordes of zombie Nazis andAsgardians,but suffer grave losses as the team's members are either killed or zombified during the battle. After successfully accomplishing their mission, Howard, Dugan,Taxi Taylorand Battlestar are the only members to survive and return to Earth-616 along with the Riveter, the only survivor of Earth-12591's resistance team, the Suffragists.[81][82]

Wolverine and the X-Men

[edit]

Howard later teams up with his friend Doop to battle the Robo-Barbarians in Dimension ZZZ. They beat the horde back with nothing but a broken sword, a rubber chicken with nails in it and a gun that shoots bees.[83]

Original Sin

[edit]

After the death ofUatuthe Watcher and the activation of the secrets buried in his eye, Howard discovers that he has the potential to be the most intelligent being in Duckworld. After evading a squirrel while driving, he is thrown flying from his vehicle but uses his intellect to calculate a way to land safely in a nearby dumpster.[84]

Back to New York

[edit]

Howard returns to his business as a private eye, working in the same building as She-Hulk, in Brooklyn. One of his first new clients is Jonathan Richards, who hires Howard to retrieve a necklace stolen by the Black Cat. With the help of Tara Tam, his new friend and assistant, Howard manages to recover the necklace. However, on his way to give it back to Richards, he finds himself kidnapped by the Collector and allied with the Guardians of the Galaxy to escape the villain, who was attempting to add Howard to his collection of rare space objects and entities. Upon returning to Earth, Howard is robbed byMay Parker,Spider-Man's aunt, and later re-encounters the Ringmaster, who is revealed to have brainwashed the elderly into committing robberies. After recovering the necklace for a third time, Howard is approached by Richards in the middle of his fight against the Ringmaster and Richards reveals himself to be Talos the Untamed, who reveals that the necklace was part of a marginally powerful item known as the Abundant Glove. With help from Doctor Strange, Howard and Tara locate the final piece of the Abundant Glove, but are unable to put it back together when Talos grabs it and proceeds to use it to wreak havoc on the city. Talos is confronted by numerous heroes while Howard and Tara take cover. Howard is able to point out that Tara, who is revealed to possess shapeshifting powers similar to that of a Skrull, could help him defeat Talos. Tara used her powers to impersonate Skrull Emperor Kl'rt (theSuper-Skrull), distracting Talos long enough for Howard to snatch the Abundant Glove from his hand. Talos is later apprehended by the Fantastic Four and everything returns to normal.[85]

Afterwards, with the help of new arrivalGwenpool,Howard prevented HYDRA from infecting the world with a deadly virus.[86]He also has a crossover event withThe Unbeatable Squirrel Girl.[87]Howard the Duck is shown to be living in the She-Hulk's apartment building whenPatsy Walkermoved out.[88]

Civil War II

[edit]

During theCivil War IIstoryline, Howard the Duck is among the building tenants that learn from Patsy Walker what happened to She-Hulk following the fight againstThanos.[89]

War of the Realms

[edit]

Howard's last name of Duckson is revealed inWar of the Realms:War Scrolls#1.

Howard the Duck later attempted to pose as a spider variant of himself called the Spectacular Spider-Duck in the building where the Great Web of Life of Destiny is only forSpider-Boyto ask if that is an actual variant or the real Howard the Duck posing as a variant in order to mooch off their food.Lady Arañathrows Howard the Duck out of the building. After tossing his Spider-Man outfit into the garbage can, Howard the Duck leaves stating that it was worth the shot.[90]

Powers and abilities

[edit]

Howard has no superhuman powers, but is skilled in the martial art known as Quak-Fu, enough to defeat, or at least to hold his own against, far larger opponents. He has shown some degree of mystic talent in the past, to the point thatStephen Strangetaught some spells to Howard and even offered to train him, but Howard declined.[36]

On one occasion, Howard used a suit of powered armor known as the "Iron Duck", designed by Claude Starkowitz. Besides its property as body armor, the suit was equipped with foot-mounted leaping coils, a chest-mounted searchlight, and arm-mounted flamethrowers.[47]

Characteristics and associations

[edit]

Howard the Duck is a three-foot-tallanthropomorphicduck.He generally wears a tie and shirt and is almost always found smoking acigar.Originally, like many cartoon ducks, he wore no pants;Disneythreatened legal action due to Howard's resemblance toDonald Duck,[91]and Marvel redesigned that aspect of the character by writing into the script that Howard was the target of anti-nudity protests, and was forced to do business with "Wally Sidney", a failed cartoonist who made his fortune through a chain of conservative clothing retailers known as "Sidney World". Howard tries on various outfits, including ones akin to Donald Duck's sailor uniform andUncle Scrooge's coat andtop hat,before settling on his new attire of a business suit complete with trousers. Although Howard sulks that he has lost, Beverly reassures him that she does not want him to be a victim of a mob, and loves him no matter what he wears.[92]

Howard has an irritable and cynical attitude towards the often bizarre events around him; he feels there is nothing special about him except that he is a duck, and though he has no goals other than seeking comfort and to be left alone, he is often dragged into dangerous adventures simply because he is visibly unusual. His series' tagline, "Trapped in a world he never made", played off thegenretrappings of 1950sscience fiction.

His near-constant companion and occasional girlfriend is former art model andClevelandnative Beverly Switzler. Like Howard, Beverly wants an ordinary life but is frequently singled out for her appearance, though as a beautiful woman rather than a duck. His other friends include Paul Same (a painter who briefly became asleepwalkingcrime-fighter named the Winky Man), Winda Wester (alispingingénue withpsychicpowers), andcountry musicsinger Dreyfus Gultch. Howard has worked withSpider-Manand theMan-Thingon various occasions.

Howard found himself on Earth due to a shift in the "Cosmic Axis" from a world similar to Earth, but where there are "more ducks" and "apes don't talk." In the black-and-whiteHoward the Duckmagazine series, writerBill Mantlotheorized that Howard came from an extra-dimensional planet called Duckworld, a planet similar to Earth where ducks, not apes, had evolved to become the dominant species. In 2001, Gerber dismissed this idea, calling it "very pedestrian" and 'comic-booky' — in the worst sense of the term. "Gerber stated that Howard came from an alternate Earth populated by a variety of anthropomorphic animals and not Duckworld.[93]A panel inFear#19, prior to Howard's introduction, depicts Howard or someone like him near an anthropomorphic mouse and an anthropomorphic dog, in a panel about hypothetical other dimensions. Gerber later depicted his characterDestroyer Duckas existing in such a world.

His antagonists (who usually appear in a single story each) are often parodies ofscience fiction,fantasy,orhorrorcharacters, as well as frequent parodies of political figures and organizations. The chief recurring villain, Lester Verde, better known asDoctor Bong– modeled onDoctor Doomand writersBob GreeneandLester Bangs– is a formertabloidreporter who has the power to "reorder reality" by smashing himself on thebell-shaped helmet on his head and his main goal is to marry Beverly. Beverly eventually agreed to marry him to save Howard from Bong's evil experimentation, but the two were divorced shortly thereafter. Doctor Bong would reappear in issues ofShe-HulkandDeadpoolin the mid-1990s. Other recurring villains include the Kidney Lady, an older woman who has been convinced by her former lover that the soul is in the kidneys and attacks anything she sees as a threat to them, and Reverend Jun Moon Yuc and his Yuccies, a parody of ReverendSun Myung Moonand theUnification Church( "Moonies" ). Another important villain was the organization S.O.O.F.I. (Save Our Offspring From Indecency), whose leader was implied to beAnita Bryant,though she looked like an old, fatElvis Presleywith asmiley face/orangeon her head.

Other Marvel Comics characters occasionally appeared with Howard, includingSpider-Man,theSon of Satanand theRingmaster.Omega the Unknownappeared to him in a dream, as did Spider-Man and the founding members of the rock groupKisson other occasions.

Seemingly anautodidact,Howard at various times referencesGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Albert Camus(whose novelThe StrangerGerber considers the principal influence on the comic series),[94]theBrontësisters, and other figures of philosophical and political significance. In a parody of the Marvel comic characterShang-Chi,Howard was trained in the martial art of Quak-Fu. In the 2001 miniseries, as a mocking gesture toward Disney's mascotMickey Mouseand as a reference to a previous lawsuit with the company over Howard's similarity to Donald Duck, Howard was turned into various other animals, but primarily appeared in the series as an anthropomorphicmouse.[95]

Other versions

[edit]

Amalgam Comics

[edit]

Lobo the Duck,a fusion of Howard the Duck and DC Comics characterLobo,appears in a self-titledAmalgam Comicsone-shot.[96][97]

Legion of Howards

[edit]

In a parody of theSpider-Verseevent, Howard andLeo Fitzteam up with a group of Howards from across theMultiversewho collectively call themselves the Legion of Howards.[98]Their ranks include:

  • Howard the Duck - A version of Howard who wieldsMjolnirand possesses the power ofThor.
  • Sister Howard the Duck - A female version of Howard who is anunon her world.
  • Howard the Roboduck - A Japanese-style giantmechapiloted by an alternate version of Beverly Switzler.
  • The Ever-Lovin' Blue-Eyed Howard the Duck - A version of Howard who possesses the abilities and appearance of theThing.
  • Strange-Duck - A mystical version of Howard who acts as his world'sSorcerer Supreme.

Marvel Zombies

[edit]

A zombified alternate universe variant of Howard the Duck from Earth-2149 appears inMarvel Zombies.[99][100]

MC2

[edit]

In theMarvel Comics 2universe, Howard is seen as a blindfold-wearing martial arts teacher, a reference harkening back to his mastery of "Quack Fu" in the original 1970s series.[101]

Spider-Gwen

[edit]

On Earth-65 in theSpider-Gwenseries, a human named Howard T. Duck is thePresident of the United States.[102]

Ultimate Marvel

[edit]

In the miniseriesUltimate Comics: Armor Wars,a billboard advertising for "HDTV" is seen in the first panel, showing Howard.[103]

Universe X

[edit]
  • While Howard does not appear, the Beast says "I still feel badly about Howard," who had been "hunted down and consumed."[104]
  • In the original draft forEarth X,Howard was supposedly served as a feast during the Skrull's invasion of New York City. The scene was cut due to space constraints.[105]

In other media

[edit]

Television

[edit]

Film

[edit]

Howard the Duck appears in aself-titled film,voiced byChip Zienand portrayed by stunt actors Peter Baird,Ed Gale,Jordan Prentice,Tim Rose,Steve Sleap, Lisa Sturz, and Mary Wells.[106]This version was transported to Earth following a laser spectroscope experiment gone awry.

Marvel Cinematic Universe

[edit]
See also:Howard the Duck (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Howard the Duck makes cameo appearances in media set in theMarvel Cinematic Universe,voiced bySeth Green.[106]

  • Howard first appears in the live-action filmGuardians of the Galaxy,[111]as a living exhibit in theCollector's museum onKnowherebefore the Collector's slave Carina uses thePower Stoneto cause an explosion that kills her and frees the Collector's imprisoned creatures.[112]In apost-credits scene,Howard has a drink with the Collector andCosmoamidst the wreckage.[113]In August 2014,Guardians of the GalaxydirectorJames Gunnsaid, "It's possible Howard could reappear as more of a character in the Marvel [Cinematic] Universe. But if people think that's going to lead to aHoward the Duckmovie, that's probably not going to happen in the next four years. Who knows after that? "[114]
  • Howard makes appearances in the live-action filmsGuardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2,[115]Avengers: Endgame,[116][117]andGuardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3.[118]He was also meant to make a cameo appearance in the live-action filmAvengers: Infinity War.While the scene was cut,[119]Howard was confirmed to have survivedthe Blip.[120]
  • Alternate timeline variants of Howard appear in theDisney+animated seriesWhat If...?,voiced again by Green.[121]
  • Plans have also occurred for Howard to star in his own film. In 2016,Rob Zombieclaimed that he had pitched aHoward the Duckfilm to Marvel, but was turned down.[122]After a rumor in June 2017 incorrectly stated that Marvel Studios was developing a film based Howard that would involve Gunn as a producer, Gunn himself confirmed later that September that a film for the character was not being made.[123]In June 2018,Lea Thompsonrevealed that she was preparing to meet with Marvel Studios about herpitchfor a new Howard the Duck film she wanted to direct after starring in the 1986 film asBeverly Switzler.[124]Thompson had developed the pitch to be set in the MCU and worked on it "for a really long time" with modern Howard the Duck comic book writersChip Zdarskyand Joe Quinones, who had included her as a character in one of their comic runs. That September, Thompson said Marvel Studios loved her pitch but told her they had no plans for a Howard the Duck film and that they would contact her again following the development of theirMCU television serieson Disney+.[125]Thompson expressed further interest in directing an MCU reboot for the character following his appearance inWhat If...?.[126]

Video games

[edit]

Miscellaneous

[edit]

Other comics

[edit]
  • InSavage Dragon/Destroyer Duck#1 (Nov. 1996), Gerber claims that Howard and Beverly Switzler changed their names to Leonard the Duck and Rhonda Martini, remained in theImage ComicsUniverse, and "were last sighted in Chicago boarding the Amtrak for Buffalo" while the duck who returned to Marvel is "only an empty trademark, a clone whose soul departed him at the corner of Floss and Regret."[138]This was done becauseTom Brevoortinvited Gerber to write the comic, claiming he was the only one to write Howard, then Gerber noticed the Howard guest appearances inGhost RiderandGeneration Xand felt as though he had been tricked.[19]
  • In theDon Simpson'sMegaton Manfeature, a comedy relief character isGower Goose,an intended parody of Howard.[139]
  • In theClaypool ComicsseriesElvira Mistress of the Dark,Gordon the Goose (clearly modelled on Howard) appears, together with Dorkheem the Sorcerer and the Heap-Thing, in issues #49, 58, and 59.
  • InAmerica's Best Comics'Top 10#8, a duck appearing to be Howard (with his distinctive blue hat & jacket) can be seen at the Transworld Transport Terminus.
  • In several issues ofThe Maxx,Howard appears, along with many other characters, seemingly cut and pasted into the story.
  • InAdam Beechen's ending ofDoctor Fate:More Pain Comics,which Gerber left unfinished when he died, Howard, who is heard but unseen (his speech balloon ends with "waaugh" ), dispatched theElf with a Gunto destroyNegalandYmp,then invited for one last drink with Yah, Bev,Thunny,andMegsbefore Yah goes back "upstairs".[140]
  • He is also seen being roasted in one of theDeadpool Kills The Marvel Universeissues, where the reporter states that Deadpool has gone into a killing spree, looking for heroes and villains alike, and also some characters that were never too special to begin with.[volume & issue needed]

Newspaper comic strip

[edit]

Between June 6, 1977 and October 29, 1978, Howard the Duck appeared in a syndicated daily comic strip that comic strip historianAllan Holtzhas described as having low distribution and that was eventually replaced by theIncredible Hulkcomic strip.[141]The strip was syndicated in almost 70 newspapers[142](by theRegister and Tribune Syndicate), including theToronto StarandSpokane Daily Chronicle.When the strip was dropped by theCleveland Plain Dealer,a Cleveland TV station began televising the strip for two minutes each night.[142]

A total of eleven story arcs, as well as a number of single-joke strips, constitute the 511 individual strips that were printed.[143]

The strip started with original stories written by Steve Gerber and illustrated by Gene Colan: "Pop Syke -- The Consciousness of Success", "The Cult of Entropy" and "Fred Feenix the Self-Made Man". The latter was started by Colan and completed byVal Mayerik,who stayed on to do two additional Gerber-scripted stories: "The Sleigh Jacking" and "In Search of the Good Life".[144]

These were followed by an adaptation of the "Sleep of the Just" story from issue #4 of the Marvel comic, scripted by Gerber and illustrated by Alan Kupperberg. Gerber was fired from the strip in early 1978 over chronic problems with deadlines.[15]He was replaced by Marv Wolfman as writer, while Alan Kupperberg continued as artist. The remaining stories were: "Close Encounters of the Fowl Kind", "The Tuesday Ruby", "The Clone Ranger", "Bye Bye, Beverly" and "The Mystery of the Maltese Human".[144]As the series drew to an end, its already meager list of client papers shrank, making copies of these last post-Gerber stories particularly hard to find.

In November 1978, the first of a projected eight-issue series reprinting the entire strip was published by John Zawadzki. TitledIt's Adventure Time With...Howard the Duck,only the initial issue was published.[145]

Collected editions

[edit]
Title Material collected Published date ISBN
Essential Howard the Duck Fear#19,Giant-Size Man-Thing#4–5,Howard The Duck(vol. 1) #1–27,Howard The Duck Annual#1, andMarvel Treasury Edition#12 March 2002 978-0785108313
Howard the Duck Omnibus Fear#19,Man-Thing#1,Giant-Size Man-Thing#4–5,Howard the Duck(vol. 1) #1–33,Marvel Treasury Edition#12, andMarvel Team-Up#96 August 2008 978-0785130239
Marvel Masterworks: Howard the Duck Vol. 1 Fear#19,Giant-Size Man-Thing#4–5,Man-Thing#1,Howard The Duck(vol. 1) #1–14,Marvel Treasury Edition#12 andFoom#15 March 2021 978-1302922160
Marvel Masterworks: Howard the Duck Vol. 2 Howard the Duck(vol. 1) #15–31 andHoward The Duck Annual#1 March 2023 978-1302949273
Howard the Duck: The Complete Collection Vol. 1 Fear#19,Man-Thing#1,Giant-Size Man-Thing#4–5,Howard the Duck(vol. 1) #1–16,Marvel Treasury Edition#12, andHoward the Duck Annual#1 June 2015 978-0785197768
Howard the Duck: The Complete Collection Vol. 2 Howard the Duck(vol. 1) #17–31 andHoward the Duck(vol. 2) magazine #1 March 2016 978-0785196860
Howard the Duck: The Complete Collection Vol. 3 Howard the Duck(vol. 2) magazine #2–7 and material fromCrazy#59, 63, and 65 August 2016 978-1302902049
Howard the Duck: The Complete Collection Vol. 4 Howard the Duck(vol. 2) magazine #8–9,Marvel Team-Up#96,Howard the Duckvol. 1 #32-33,Sensational She-Hulk#14-17, and material fromBizarre Adventures#34,Marvel Tales#237,Spider-Man Team-Up#5 October 2017 978-1302908607
Howard the Duck Howard the Duck(vol. 3) #1–6 September 2002 978-0785109310
Howard the Duck: Media Duckling Howard the Duck(vol. 4) #1–4,Howard the DuckVol. 1 #1 and material fromCivil War: Choosing Sides. April 2008 978-0785127765
Spider-Man: Animal Magnetism Spider-Man: Back in QuackandSpider-Ham 25th Anniversary Special,Ultimate Civil War Spider-HamandTop Dog#10 February 2011 978-0785151937
Howard the Duck Vol. 0: What the Duck Howard the Duck(vol. 5) #1–5 October 2015 978-0785197720
Howard the Duck Vol. 1: Duck Hunt Howard the Duck(vol. 6) #1-6 andThe Unbeatable Squirrel Girl(vol. 2) #6 June 2016 978-0785199380
Howard the Duck Vol. 2: Good Night, and Good Duck Howard the Duck(vol. 6) #7-11 November 2016 978-0785199397
Howard the Duck by Zdarsky & Quinones Omnibus Howard the Duck(vol. 5) #1–5,Howard the Duck(vol. 6) #1-11,The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl(vol. 2) #6, and material fromWar of the Realms: War Scrolls#1 November 2021 978-1302932015

Alternate versions

[edit]
Title Material collected Published date ISBN
Secret Wars Journal/Battleworld Howard the Human#1 andSecret Wars Journal#1-5,Secret Wars: Battleworld#1-4 andSecret Wars: Agents of Atlas#1 March 2016 978-0785195801
Deadpool the Duck Deadpool the Duck#1-5 May 2017 978-1846538018

Reception

[edit]

Michael Burkett of theOrange County Registerdescribed Howard the Duck as a "cantankerous, stogie-chomping, nattily dressed"antiherowith an "acerbic wit, irascible personality and down-and-dirty street smarts" that distinguished him from other cartoon animal characters. Burkett likened Howard to "Donald Duck cross-bred withGroucho MarxandJean-Paul Sartre."He wrote that Howard's" cult-worshipped "1970s comic book series brought the" surrealism, social commentary, political satire and what-the-hell-am-I-doing-here philosophy "of 1960s" underground comics "into the mainstream.[146]The New Yorkersaid Howard believed in "mainstream social Darwinism" and was "a web-footedEric Hoffer".Kenneth TuranofThe Washington Postcalled Howard "an Everyman with feathers, forever shooting his mouth off, battling a gloomy reality."[142]

Marvel editor-in-chiefRoy Thomasthought that Howard, as a "funny animal" character, was inappropriate for the horror comic book in which he was introduced. He told Gerber to dispose of the character "as fast as you can." After Gerber showed Howard seemingly dying by falling into a void, Marvel's "office was flooded with letters" of protest. One fan even sent in a duck carcass to make his point. AtSan Diego Comic-Con,the auditorium stood up and applauded when a fan asked Thomas if Howard would ever come back. Marvel responded by bringing Howard back for more appearances and soon launching his own self-titled comic book series.[147]

Howard the Duck#1 "was the best-selling book Marvel ever had (that wasn't based on a movie)" according to artist Frank Brunner.[148]The debut issue of his series instantly became a target of speculators and "occasionally sold for as much as $25." Comic-book dealer Jim Kovacs said he followed a delivery truck on the day of its release and "bought 900 copies right off the newsstands."[142]Marvel's circulation director Ed Shukin said he "underestimated" demand, only printing 275,000 copies, the minimum amount allowed at the time.[149]By December 1977, the issue was selling for an average price of $12.50, whichcomic book price guidepublisherRobert Overstreetdescribed as "the most phenomenal growth of any comic book that has been published."[142]Gerber was angry about the hoarding situation, "I felt as if the book had been sabotaged by the very people who supposedly liked the character." He suspected that the lack of availability of issue #1 eventually led to lower sales on the entire series.[11]Howard's first issue has been cited as "the first big speculative book in the collectors market" for comic books.[150]

TheHoward the Duckcomic book has been described as "the first successful title aimed at an older audience."[150]Former Marvel editor-in-chiefJim Shootersaid that Howard "had developed some cult favorite status that extended as far as Hollywood."[151]During post-production onStar Wars,George Lucasshowed issue #1 to his friends and collaboratorsWillard HuyckandGloria Katz,telling them, "this would make a great movie."[152]Gerber was surprised at how quickly the character attracted mainstream media attention. He was contacted for interviews byNew Yorkmagazine,The New Yorker,The Washington Post,and others.[153]

"Precious",a song written byChrissie HyndeforThe Pretenders'first album,features the lyric "Now Howard the Duck and Mr. Stress both stayed / Trapped in a world they never made".[154]According to lead guitaristJames Honeyman-Scott,quoted inBeatmagazine, "Chrissie used to readHoward the Duckcomic books and then she introduced Howard to [bassist]Pete [Farndon]and Pete was well over the top on it. He's got everyHoward the Duckcomic ever. "[155]

After Gerber parted ways with Marvel in 1978 amid numerous legal and creative disputes, and other writers took over for him, Howard the Duck's popularity diminished rapidly.Stan Lee,Shooter and Gerber himself criticized the post-Gerber stories for their lack of substance and clever humor. Within three years of Gerber's departure, Marvel had ceased publishing new Howard the Duck material. Lucasfilm's big-budget 1986Howard the Duckfilm disappointed critics, audiences and the character's fans alike. Although Marvel has occasionally released new Howard comic books, some written by Gerber, and sometimes features the character in other media, Howard's popularity has never again approached what it was in the 1970s.[16]

In August 2009,Timelisted Howard the Duck as one of the "Top 10 Oddest Marvel Characters".[156]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Lucus, Tim (13 February 2008)."Steve Gerber: Gone from a World He Never Made".Tim Lucas / Video WatchBlog.Retrieved7 May2024.
  2. ^ab"Where are the jokes? Howard the Duck meets his creator".Mediascene(#25). Supergraphics: 4–7. June 1977.
  3. ^McCoy, Paul Brian (March 16, 2010)."F.O.O.M. (Flashbacks of Ol' Marvel) #13:" If It Ain't Funk He Don't Feel It: Howard the Duck (1986) "".Comics Bulletin. Archived fromthe originalon July 29, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 3,2013.
  4. ^abc"Howard the Duck (character)".Grand Comics Database.
  5. ^Sanderson, Peter;Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1970s".Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History.London, United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley.p. 161.ISBN978-0756641238.December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 174: "Gerber and artist Frank Brunner quickly brought Howard back... in his own comic book."
  7. ^Field, Tom (2005).Secrets in the Shadows: The Art & Life of Gene Colan.Raleigh, North Carolina:TwoMorrows Publishing.p. 118.ISBN978-1893905450.
  8. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 177: "Howard the Duck ended up being nominated as [a] presidential candidate!"
  9. ^Saavedra, Scott (August 2020). "Cartoon Characters for President".RetroFan(10). United States:TwoMorrows Publishing:13.
  10. ^Daniels, Les(1991).Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics.New York, New York:Harry N. Abrams.p. 174.ISBN9780810938212.Stan Lee... recalls that the duck received thousands of write-in votes when he ran for President of the United States against Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter in 1976.
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  19. ^abGerber, Steve (January 17, 2007)."…and it's not like you're going to read about it on the Steve Gerber Web site".SteveGerberBlog. Archived fromthe originalon October 13, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 3,2013.
  20. ^Siegel, Lucas (November 21, 2014)."Marvel'sHoward the DuckTo Get New Ongoing Series ".Newsarama.Archivedfrom the original on November 23, 2014.
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  22. ^Whitbrook, James (2015-10-12)."The Howard the Duck/Squirrel Girl Crossover Is Already the Best Comic Book Team-Up of 2016".Gizmodo.Retrieved2020-07-12.
  23. ^Johnston, Rich (2016-06-21)."Howard The Duck And Web Warriors Ending In Marvel Comics Solicits For September 2016".Bleeding Cool.Retrieved2020-07-12.
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  46. ^Gerber, Steve (w), Colan, Gene (p), Janson, Klaus (i). "Circus Maximus"Howard the Duck,no. 27 (September 1978).
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