Kula (volcano)
| Kula | |
|---|---|
| Katakekaumene[1] | |
 The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 750 m (2,460 ft) |
| Coordinates | 38°34′38″N28°31′12″E/ 38.57722°N 28.52000°E |
| Geography | |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Volcanic field/Cinder cones |
| Last eruption | Unknown |
Kulais avolcanic fieldlocated in westernTurkey.Kula field consists of a broad area of cinder cones andmaars.It is the westernmost volcano of Turkey.[2]The volcanic character of the area was recognized in antiquity, when it was namedKatakekaumene(the burned lands) from the appearance of the environment, which was mostly suited for viticulture. Volcanism began in the Miocene and over three stages continued in the Holocene.[3]It is associated with the presence of two neighboring active graben structures.[4]Footprints of prehistoric humans have been found in the area. The area is ageoparkrecognized byUNESCOgiven the universal and scientific value.[1]
Geography
[edit]The volcanic field is located inKula,Manisa Province.It is 65 km west ofUşakand 130 km east ofİzmir.It is located on the northern side of theGedizGraben, while theBozdağmountain range is on the southern side.
The current cones are mostly of small size and one of them has its internal structure exposed. Total volume of the volcanic field extrusion is about 2,3 km3and thelavasare rich inxenoliths.The lava field is formed ofbasalticlavasandtephrathat were originated from 80 cinder cones.[4]
Geology
[edit]TheAnatolian Plateis a minortectonic platemoving towards the west. The east of the Anatolian Plate is being compressed by the northward motion ofArabian Plateforming a mountainous area. Aside from the mountainous eastern provinces, the plate is characteristically aplateauabout 1 km above sea level. The plateau moves west away from the mountain belts along twostrike-slipfaults; theNorth Anatolian Faultand theEast Anatolian Fault.Towards the west of the plate movement changes from westward to south-westward, generating north-south extensions which increases towards the west and theAegean Sea,itself formed of stretched continental crust. Extension in Central Turkey has generated broad basins such as theLake Tuzdepressionwhile in Western Turkey larger amounts of extension are accommodated on east-west normal faults which definegrabensseparated by mountain ranges. The town of Kula is situated upon the edge of one of these grabens, the Gediz Graben, and is about halfway between Uşak, where the plateau ends, and İzmir on the Aegean coast. The oldest remaining volcanic rocks of Kula are about 2 Ma old and observations indicate that most of thebasaltsextruded since this time have been preserved.[4]
Geologic formations
[edit]Within theKula Volcanic Geoparkand near the volcanic field, there are several other geologic wonders caused by this volcanic system which includehoodoos,basalt columns andhot springs.
Ecology
[edit]The plant succession on the lava fields and cones was subject of a study in 1974, which found that the vegetation is influenced both by climate factors such as temperature and precipitation and the orientation of the sides of the volcanoes in question.[5]
Climate
[edit]TheMediterranean climateis dominant in the Aegean area, which the volcano can be found in. The usual characteristics of the Mediterranean climate are warm and arid summers with rather mild, rainy winters. However, due to the topography of the region, other specific climates can occur at certain places. Further, there are climatic differences between the east of the region and the coastline because of increasing altitude heading to the east. Therefore, the average yearly temperature is 12.2 °C and average yearly precipitation is 540.8 mm in Uşak, a city in the vicinity of the volcano, whereas these values are 17.5 °C and 693.2 mm respectively in İzmir. On the other hand, the lowest temperature recorded in January was -20 °C in Uşak and -8.2 °C in İzmir.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abPatricia Erfurt-Cooper (2012).Volcanic Tourist Destinations.Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 100–101.ISBN978-3-642-16191-9.
- ^"Kula".Global Volcanism Program.Smithsonian Institution.Retrieved12 July2015.
- ^E. Akdeniz. "SOME EVIDENCE ON THE FIRST KNOWN RESIDENTS OF KATAKEKAUMENE (BURNED LANDS)".Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry.11(1): 69–74.
- ^abcRichardson-Bunbury, J. M.(2009). "The Kula Volcanic Field, western Turkey: the development of a Holocene alkali basalt province and the adjacent normal-faulting graben".Geological Magazine.133(3): 275–283.doi:10.1017/S0016756800009018.ISSN0016-7568.
- ^abÖner, M.; Oflas, S. (1977). "Plant succession on the Kula Volcano in Turkey".Vegetatio.34(1): 55–62.doi:10.1007/BF00119886.ISSN0042-3106.S2CID24427124.
External links
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