Karu language
You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding articlein Portuguese.(October 2020)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
This article shouldspecify the languageof its non-English content, using{{lang}},{{transliteration}}for transliterated languages, and{{IPA}}for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriateISO 639 code.Wikipedia'smultilingual support templatesmay also be used.(March 2021) |
Karu | |
---|---|
Baniwa of Içana | |
Tapuya | |
Native to | Colombia,Venezuela,Brazil |
Ethnicity | Baniwa people |
Native speakers | 12,000 (2001–2007)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Brazil(São Gabriel da Cachoeira) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:bwi – Baniwakpc – Curripako |
Glottolog | bani1259 Baniwa-Curripaco |
ELP | |
Karu,one of several languages calledBaniwa(Baniva), or in older sourcesItayaine (Iyaine),is anArawakanlanguage spoken inGuainía,Colombia,Venezuela,andAmazonas,Brazil.It forms a subgroup with theTariana,Piapoco,ResígaroandGuarequenalanguages.[2]There are 10,000 speakers.[3]
Varieties
[edit]Aikhenvald (1999) considers the three main varieties to be dialects; Kaufman (1994) considers them to be distinct languages, in a group he calls "Karu". They are:
- Baniwa of Içana (Baniua do Içana)
- Curripaco (Kurripako, Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)
- Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (Catapolitani, Kadaupuritana)
Various (sub)dialects of all three are calledtapuya,aBrazilianPortugueseandNheengatuword for non-Tupi/non-Guarani Indigenous peoples of Brazil (from aTupiword meaning "enemy, barbarian" ). All are spoken by theBaniwa people.Ruhlen lists all as "Izaneni"; Greenberg'sAdzánani(= Izaneni) presumably belongs here.
Ramirez (2020) gives the following classification for three separate dialect chains:[4]: 44
- Southern(Karotana): lowerIçana River,also a group living inVictorinoon theGuainia River(Colombia-Venezuela border)
- Mapatsi-Dákeenai (Yurupari-Tapuya)
- Wadzoli-Dákeenai (Urubu-Tapuya)
- Dzawi-Mínanai (Yauareté-Tapuya)
- Adaro-Mínanai (Arara-Tapuya)
- Central(Baniwa): middleIçana River(from Assunção Mission toSiuci-Cachoeira) and its tributaries (Aiari Riverand lowerCuiari River); also around Tunuí
- Hohódeeni
- Walipere-Dákeenai (Siucí-Tapuya)
- Máolieni (Cáuatapuya)
- Mápanai (Ira-Tapuya)
- Awádzoronai
- Molíweni (Sucuriyú-Tapuya)
- Kadáopoliri
- etc.
- Northern(called "Koripako"in Brazil): upperIçana River(fromMatapiupwards),Guainia River,headwaters of theCuiari River
- Ayáneeni (Tatú-Tapuya)
- Payoálieni (Pacútapuya)
- Komada-Mínanai (Ipéca-Tapuya)
- Kapitti-Mínanai (Coatí-Tapuya)
- etc.
Phonology
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | iiː | ||
Mid | eeː | ooː | |
Low | aaː |
- When occurring as short, the vowels /i e a o/ are realized as [ɪ ɛ ə ʊ]. They are also realized as both short and long nasals /ĩ ẽ ɐ̃ õ/, [ɪ̃ ɛ̃ ə̃ ʊ̃].
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | voiced | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |||
voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | |||||
Plosive | plain | p | t̪ | t | k | |||
aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
voiced | b | d | ||||||
Affricate | plain | ts | tʃ | |||||
aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | ||||||
voiced | dz | dʒ | ||||||
Fricative | plain | ɸ | ʃ | ʂ | ç | h | ||
voiced | β | ʐ | ||||||
Flap | voiced | ɺ | ||||||
voiceless | ɺ̥ | |||||||
Approximant | w~ʍ | j~j̊ |
- Voiced approximant sounds can fluctuate to voiceless sounds among dialects.
- /ŋ/ only occurs when preceding a velar consonant.
- /ɺ̥, ɺ/ is in free variation with [ɾ̥, ɾ].[7]
Grammar
[edit]Alignment System
[edit]Baniwa hasactive–stativealignment.[8]This means that the subject of anintransitiveclause is sometimes marked in the same way as the agent of atransitiveclause, and sometimes marked in the same way as the patient of a transitive clause. In Baniwa alignment is realized through verbal agreement, namelyprefixesandenclitics.
Prefixes are used to mark:
- Active intransitive subjects (Sa)
- Agents of transitive clauses (A)
- Possessors
- Arguments ofadpositions
Enclitics are used to mark:
- Stative intransitive subjects (So)
- Patients of transitive clauses (O)
Prefixes | Enclitics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
1st person | nu- | wa- | -hnua | -hwa | |
2nd person | pi- | i- | -phia | -ihia | |
3rd person |
Nonfeminine | ri- | na- | -ni/ -hria | -hna |
Feminine | ʒu- | ||||
Impersonal | pa- | -pha |
The differences between active and stative intransitive clauses can be illustrated below:
- Transitive:ri-kapa-ni'He sees him/it'
- Active Intransitive:ri-emhani'He walks'
- Stative Intransitive:hape-ka-ni'He is cold'
Noun Classification System
[edit]Baniwa has an interesting system of noun classification that combines agendersystem with anoun classifiersystem.[9]Baniwa has two genders: feminine and nonfeminine. Feminine gender agreement is used to refer to female referents, whilst nonfeminine gender agreement is used for all other referents. The two genders are only distinguished in third person singular. Aihkenvald (2007) considers the bipartite gender system to be inherited from Proto-Arawak.[9]
In addition to gender, Baniwa also has 46 classifiers. Classifiers are used in three main contexts:[9]
- As a derivational suffix on nouns, e.g.
tʃipaɾa-api
metal.object-CL.hollow
'pan'
- With numerals, e.g.
apa-api
one-CL.hollow
mawapi
blowgun+CL.long.thin
'one blow gun'
- With adjectives, e.g.
tʃipaɾa-api
metal.object-CL.hollow
maka-api
big-CL.hollow
'big pan'
Aihkenvald (2007) divides Baniwa classifiers into four different classes. One set of classifiers is used for humans, animate beings and body parts. Another set of classifiers specify the shape, consistency, quantification or specificity of the noun. Two more classes can be distinguished. One is only used with numerals and the other is only used with adjectives.[9]
Classifiers for Humans and animate beings:[9]
Classifier | Usage | Example |
---|---|---|
-ita | for animate males and body parts | apa-itapedaɾia'one old man' |
-hipa | for human males only | aphepanawiki'one man' |
-ma | for female referents | apa-mainaʒu'one woman' |
Classifiers according to shape, consistency, quantification and specificity:[9]
Classifier | Usage | Example |
---|---|---|
-da | round objects, natural phenomena and generic classifier | hipada'stone' |
-apa | flying animate, semioval objects | kepiʒeni'bird' |
-kwa | flat, round, extended objects | kaida'beach' |
-kha | curvilinear objects | a:pi'snake' |
-na | vertical, standing objects | haiku'tree' |
-Ø | hollow, small objects | a:ta'cup' |
-maka | stretchable, extended objects | tsaia'skirt' |
-ahna | liquids | u:ni'water' |
-ima | sides | apemanu-kapi makemaɾi'one big side of my hand' |
-pa | boxes, parcels | apa-'paitsa maka-paɾione big box of fishing hooks' |
-wana | thin slice | apa-wanakuphe maka-wane'a big thin slice of fish' |
-wata | bundle for carrying | apa-watapaɾana maka-wate'a big bundle of bananas' |
-Ø | canoes | i:ta'canoe' |
-pawa | rivers | u:ni'river' |
-ʃa | excrement | iʃa'excrement' |
-ya | skins | dzawiya'jaguar skin' |
Negation
[edit]There are two main strategies fornegationin the Kurripako-Baniwa varieties:[3]
- Independent negative markers
- Theprivativederivational prefixma-
Different varieties have different negative markers. This is so prominent that speakers identify Kurripako dialects according to the words for 'yes' and 'no'.[3]
Dialect | Spoken in | Yes | No |
---|---|---|---|
Aha-Khuri | Colombia, Venezuela & Brazil | Aha | Khuri |
Ehe-Khenim | Venezuela | Ehe | Khenim |
Oho-Karo | Colombia & Brazil | Oho | Karo |
Oho-Ñame | Colombia & Brazil | Oho | Ñame |
The independent negative markers come before the verb. They are used as clausal negators in declarative and interrogative sentences. They are also used to link clauses.[3]
The privative suffix is attached to nouns to derive a verb which means 'lacking' the noun from which it was derived. The opposite of the privative prefix is the attributive prefixka-.This derives a verb which means 'having' the noun from which it was derived.[3]The difference can be illustrated below:
- Noun:iipe'meat'
- Privative:ma-iipe > meepe'be thin' (lit. lack meat)
- Attributive:ka-iipe > keepe'be fat' (lit. have meat)
The prefix is used in combination with the restrictive suffix-tsato form negative imperatives, e.g.ma-ihnia-tsa'don't eat!'. A privative prefix is also reconstructed in Proto-Arawak privative as*ma-.[10]
Word Order
[edit]Granadillo (2014) considers Kurripako aVOSlanguage.[3]
Vocabulary
[edit]Baniwa | English |
---|---|
Kapa | To See |
Za | To Drink |
Hima | To Hear |
Cami | To Die |
Nu | To Come |
Baniwa | English |
---|---|
atxinari | man |
inarru | woman |
yene-pati | boy |
inarru | girl |
yém-beti | child |
pa-dzo | father |
noo-dua | mother |
noenipe | son |
noo-ido | daughter |
nuda-querri | grandchild |
nuda-queda | grand-daughter |
nutxi-marré | genre |
noo-ito | daughter-in-law |
noo-querri | uncle |
nocuiro | aunt |
ni-ri | nephew |
nôpérrirri | niece |
no-ri | brother-in-law |
no-i-dua | sister-in-law |
noo-perri | grandfather |
indaque-dua | grandmother |
ne-wi-da | head |
no-txi | eyes |
notxi-macaia | right eye |
noca-cuda | left eye |
notxi-coré | hair |
noécoá | forehead |
noéni | ears |
itaco | nose |
nunuma | mouth |
noénéne | tongue |
noé-txa | teeth |
nunumaia | lips |
nuca-cuià | face |
nué-râ | chin |
nué-galico | neck |
nuqui-apà | shoulders |
no-cudà | chest |
numiruapi | ribs |
nucaré | heart |
no-eni | lung |
no-au-à | stomach |
nona-pa | right or left arm |
no-capi | right or left hand |
no-motxi | navel |
no-capuira | fingers |
no-cotxi | leg |
no-ipà | foot |
no-ipé-uidà | toes |
no-coro-da | to heel |
nosso-tà | nail |
e-eno | sky |
e-uitxi | stars |
amôri | sun |
ke-rri | moon |
e-eno | thunderbolt |
e-quapi | day |
de-pi | night |
i-zzapà | hill, mountain |
u-uni | river |
cá-retá | lake |
i-zzá | rain |
cuára | wind |
inhau-opo | stream |
u-ni | water |
qué-véré | island |
ri-ipá | waterfall |
kenihé | farm |
pan-ete | house |
ni-dá | canoe |
ti-iná | ranch |
i-ipaí | yard |
ti-izzé | fire, firewood |
tizé-ven | ember |
ye-tá | network |
u-paí | floor |
ai-co | tree |
cuia | gourd |
no-inhau-adá | food |
cápa | do |
má-tari | axe |
to-rro | pan |
to-ro-dá | clay pot |
guaraia | basket |
dôpetzi | sieve |
paraná | banana |
cae-ini | manioc |
ma-tsoca | flour |
noo-cacá, cará-atxi | sweet potato |
a-pi | pepper |
mapa | sugar cane |
matxucá | chicken |
rie-fé | egg |
ci-no | dog |
a-pidzá | pig |
tzzaui | ounce |
né-irri | deer |
ti-itxi | agouti |
aridari | armadillo |
e-má | tapir |
cal-xerri | alligator |
cu-pé | fish |
acorro | animal |
hamé | ant |
maroio | beads |
yukira | salt |
palito | matches |
txurra | trousers |
ma-uidá | comb |
hon-hon | yes |
curi-papa | no |
no-i-no | single |
no-i-nerri | married |
no-ine-dzango | widower |
ma-txi-áde | good |
dopo | ugly |
matxidé | bad |
a-perri | cold |
a-mûde | hot, warm |
tacua | fever |
cá-ide | ache |
pauéridza | one |
dzamâuari | two |
madariaui | three |
uadáca | four |
Further reading
[edit]- Gonçalves, Artur Garcia. 2018.Para uma dialetologia baniwa-koripako do rio Içana.M.A. dissertation, Universidade de Brasília.
References
[edit]- ^BaniwaatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
CurripakoatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required) - ^Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2014-01-01).Negation in Tariana: A North Arawak Perspective in the Light of Areal Diffusion.doi:10.1163/9789004257023_006.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-21.Retrieved2015-07-17.
- ^abcdefGranadillo, Tania (2014-01-01).On Negation in Kurripako Ehe-Khenim.doi:10.1163/9789004257023_005.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-21.Retrieved2015-07-17.
- ^Ramirez, Henri(2020).Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados.Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV.doi:10.24824/978655578895.2.ISBN978-65-5578-895-2.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-24.Retrieved2021-04-08.
- ^de Souza (2012),p. 42.
- ^de Souza (2012),p. 43.
- ^de Souza (2012),p. 83.
- ^Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds.,The Amazonian Languages,1999.
- ^abcdefAikhenvald, Alexandra (2007). "Classifiers in Multiple Environments: Baniwa of Içana/Kurripako—A North Arawak Perspective on JSTOR".International Journal of American Linguistics.73(4): 475.doi:10.1086/523774.
- ^Michael, Lev; Granadillo, Tania; Granadillo, Lev Michael|Tania (2014-01-01).Negation in Arawak Languages » Brill Online.doi:10.1163/9789004257023.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-21.Retrieved2015-07-17.
- ^"The ASJP Database - Wordlist Baniva".asjp.clld.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-06-02.Retrieved2019-06-02.
Bibliography
[edit]de Souza, Erick Marcelo Lima (2012).Estudo Fonológico da Língua Baniwa-Kuripako[Phonological Analysis of the Baniwa-Kuripako language](PDF)(Master's thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). University of Campinas.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2016-03-11.Retrieved2017-06-24.
External links
[edit]- Baniva del Guainia Language
- Baniwa of the Aiary and Içana Collection of Robin M. Wrightat the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America.
- Curripaco Collection of Jonathan Hillat the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America.