TheKuy(Khmer:កួយ,Thai:กูย) are an indigenousethnic groupof mainlandSoutheast Asia.The native lands of the Kuy range from the southernKhorat Plateauinnortheast Thailandeast to the banks of theMekong Riverin southernLaosand south to north centralCambodia.[4]The Kuy are an ethnic minority in all three countries, where they live as"hill tribes"orMontagnards.Their language is classified as aKatuic languageof theMon-Khmerlanguage family. The Thais, Lao, and Khmer traditionally recognize the Kuy as the aboriginal inhabitants of the region.[citation needed]The wordkuyin theKuy languagemeans "people" or "human being"; alternate English spellings include Kui, Kuoy and Kuay, while forms similar to "Suay" or "Suei" are derived from the Thai/Laoexonymsmeaning "those who pay tribute".[5]The Kuy are known as skilledmahouts,or elephant trainers, and many Kuy villages are employed in finding, taming, and selling elephants.[6]
The Kuy are found in a region of mainland Southeast Asia roughly between theDangrek Mountainsand theMun River,straddling the borders where Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos meet.[citation needed]The majority, over 80 percent, live in Thailand in the provinces ofSurin,Buriram,Sisaket,Nakhon Ratchasima,andUbon Ratchathani.From Ubon Ratchathani, their range continues over the Lao border where another 43,000 live inSavannakhet,SalavanandChampasakprovinces along both banks of the Mekong. Across the Cambodian border, approximately 38,000 Kuy live mainly inPreah Vihear,Steung Treng,Siem Reap,and northernKampong Thomwith a small population inKratie.[7]
In Cambodia and Laos, Kuy is considered a "hill tribe" and, especially in Laos, many live in remote isolated areas in separate villages and have not integrated into mainstream society. In Cambodia, where significant numbers of Kuy also live among the Khmer, they are considered aKhmer Loeugroup while in Laos there are counted among theLao Theung( "midland Lao" ). In Thailand, most Kuy people are more socially integrated and often live in mixed villages alongside theNorthern Khmer.
Traditional Kuy culture is similar to other Mon-Khmer minority groups of Southeast Asia. Historically, they were subsistence farmers and supplemented this by weaving, raising livestock, and fishing. During times of drought or when the soil lost its fertility, whole villages relocated to more favorable land. Veneration of spirits, known by the Lao termsatsana phi,was the primary religious or cosmological belief. In addition to ancestor spirits, Kuy believe in other nature spirits including that of themonitor lizard(takuat) which they believe to be symbol of fertility. The Kuy perform ceremonies to please the spirit and ask for fertility from nature. Those of ill health would perform a ceremony calledkael mofor healing.[citation needed]Those Kuy who raise and train elephants venerate their own set of spirits related to their work, so-called "Pakam",which is located mostly in Thailand.[8]
Modern Kuy, however, is influenced by the dominant culture of the country in which they live. Most Kuy in Thailand, for example, where 20th centuryThaificationpolicies outlawed spirit worship, have adopted the local form ofTheravada Buddhismand some, start usingIsan Thaias an alternate first language.[citation needed]Seventy-four percent of the Kuy in Cambodia are no longer fluent in Kuy, having adopted Khmer for daily use,[7]and many have all but integrated into Khmer society although a significant portion still participates in traditional Kuy spiritual activities alongside Khmer Buddhism.
Women have an esteemed position in Kui society ensuring community cohesion and spiritual beliefs, apart from their central role in subsistence food production.[9]
As with other aspects of Kuy culture, language use varies based on the country of residence. The Kuy in Thailand have been subject toThaificationpolicies in the past and, while maintaining positive views about their native language (Kuy), most often use the localLao dialect.Thai Kuy are also fluent inCentral Thaiand 40 percent also useNorthern Khmer.A majority of monolingual Kuy speakers are in Laos, where approximately 80 percent speak only Kuy. The remaining Kuy of Laos also usesLao.Only 26 percent of the Kuy in Cambodia reported being able to communicate in the Kuy language with the remainder speaking only Khmer.[7]The Kuy language had been reported to have no alphabet of its own until recently the Kui Association of Thailand has launched 21st Kui/Kuy writing system developed by Dr. Sanong Suksaweang for all the Kui/Kuy. However, most of the Kuy have not learned and have been using the national languageThai scriptin Thailand,Khmer scriptin Cambodia, andLao scriptin Laos.
The Kuy language belongs to theAustroasiaticlanguage family, within which several more closely related languages, includingBru,Ta-Oi,and Kuy, among others, make up theKatuicsubgroup. Kuy accounts for the largest group of Katuic speakers with recent estimates placing their numbers at 800,000, double the more conservative traditionally accepted estimates.[10]Separated by distance, geographical features and political borders, Kuy speakers' speech has evolved into several marked, but mutually intelligible,dialects.In Thailand, two major dialects have been recognized, each of which can be further divided into sub-dialects.[11]Cambodian Kuy has been described as having four distinct dialects,[12]while the political situation in Laos has made study of Kuy dialects there difficult.
Research of the late-19th to early-20th century reported that the Kuy of the time were "vaguely aware" of different clans or tribes within Kuy society, but even by that time consciousness of these divisions was waning.[11]A 1988 study found that modern Kuy were no longer conscious of any clan or tribal affiliation and, among themselves, only recognized differences in dialect and national origin.[11]One exception were the approximately 200[13]Kuy Nheu(ɲə), found in theSisaket,Phrai BuengandRasi Salaidistricts of Srisaket, who were "very conscious of the fact that they were different from all other Kui".[11]
Kuy people in Cambodia playing traditional instruments
The Kuy people are actively engaged in efforts to preservePrey Langforest in Cambodia.[14][15]Prey Lang's name originated from theKuy languageand means "the forest (Prey) which belongs to all of us".[16]
Organisations includingAmnesty InternationalandCultural Survivalhave documented how Kuy people have faceddevelopment aggressionand been forcefully evicted from their homes due to economic land concessions.[14][17][18]
The "spirit forest" is an integral part of Kuy culture, however spirit forests are increasingly impacted bymininginterests as Cambodia develops.[19]
Some Kuy people areartisanswith uniquebasketandtextileweavingskills.[20]Some Kuy arericefarmers or raisesilk wormsand weavesilk.[21]
The Cambodian Indigenous Youth Association has members who are Kuy people who study and work inPhnom Penh.
