Kymograph
| Kymograph | |
|---|---|
 Ludwigs kymograph.One limb of the manometer is connected to a stylus which writes on the kymograph. Below: kymograph recording | |
| MeSH | D007734 |
Akymograph(from Greek κῦμα, swell or wave + γραφή, writing; also called akymographion) is ananalog devicethat draws a graphical representation of spatial position over time. The graphical representation is agraphin which they axisshows position and the x axis shows time. A kymograph consists of a revolving drum wrapped in paper on which astylusdraws to record measured changes of phenomena such as motion or pressure.[1][2]
The kymograph was initially a mechanical and hydraulic device, invented by GermanphysiologistCarl Ludwigin the 1840s, and found its first use as a means to monitorblood pressure.The blood pressure was conveyed by hydraulics and levers to move a stylus that scratched a white trace into soot-covered paper on the revolving drum. Time is represented by the drum's rotation rate, and was recorded by a second stylus driven by a clock or tuning fork. The kymograph almost immediately became the central instrument in physiology and physiology education. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, researchers and technicians devised many improvements to the device, plus numerous new sensory components to measure a wide range of physiological phenomena such as breathing, muscle movement, and speech. New detection and registration systems included electrical and electronic methods, and plotted in ink.[3]
Kymographs were also used outside medical science to measure atmospheric pressure, tuning fork vibrations, the functioning of steam engines, animal habits, and the movement of molecules in cells.
Kymography in experimental physiology
[edit]The kymograph is generally used to study the effects ofxenobioticson tissue preparations. It is a standalone recording apparatus used alongside other apparatuses such as organ baths. Writing levers are used to trace the recording from muscle contractions. Some of the commonly used writing levers are the simple lever, the frontal writing lever and the starling heart lever. These writing levers are connected to afulcrumwhich is found on a secondary apparatus.[4]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^University of Toronto Scientific Instruments Collection."Vertical Kymograph".www.psych.utoronto.ca.Archived fromthe originalon 2008-12-11.Retrieved2017-04-29.
- ^Science Museum."Kymograph, London, England, 1925-1935".Archived fromthe originalon 2017-04-05.Retrieved2017-04-29.
- ^Kwan, Alistair (2016).""Do not kill guinea pig before setting up apparatus": the kymograph's lost educational context ".Teorie Vědy.38:301–335.
- ^M.N. Ghosh; J.R. Vedasiromoni (2015).Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology(Sixth ed.). Kolkata.ISBN978-8190296502.OCLC949350586.
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