Jump to content

Kyrgyz Khaganate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
State of the Kyrgyz
𐰴𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰕:𐰅𐰠
Qyrğyz El
693–1130
Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate
Hypothetical extent of territory in the 9th century
StatusKhaganate(Nomadic empire)
Capital
[2]
Common languages
Religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Khagan(Īnāl)
• 693–711
Bars Bek(first)
• 847–866
Yingwu (last)
History
• Established
693
• Disestablished
1130
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Uyghur Khaganate
Liao dynasty
Mongol Empire
Early Turkic Khaganates

TheKyrgyz Khaganate(Chinese:Hiệt kiết tư hãn quốc,Old Turkic:𐰴𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰕:𐰅𐰠,romanized:Qyrğyz El,lit. 'State of the Kyrgyz') was aTurkicempirethat existed for about a century between the late7thand early12thcenturies. It ruled over theYenisei Kyrgyzpeople, who had been located in southernSiberiasince the 7th century. By the 9th century, the Kyrgyz had asserted dominance over theUyghurswho had previously ruled the Kyrgyz. The empire was established as a khaganate in 7th century. The khaganate's territory at its height would briefly include parts of modern-dayChina,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Mongolia,andRussia.After the 10th century, there was little information on the Yenisei Kyrgyz.

Periodization

[edit]

History

[edit]

The earliest records of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate were written during theTang dynasty.The Kyrgyz did not keep reliable written records during this period.

Before 201 BC,XiongnuchanyuModunconquered the Kyrgyzes, then known to Chinese as Gekun ( cách côn ), along with the Hunyu ( hồn dữu ), Qushe ( khuất xạ ),Dingling( đinh linh ), andXinli( tân lê ).[3]

In 50 BC, Xiongnu chanyuZhizhidefeated theWusun,Wujie (Oguzes?[4]),Dinglingsand Jiankun (Kyrgyzes).[5]During those times, Kyrgyz people lived in theBorohoro Mountainsand theManasi Rivervalley on eastTengir-Too,about 7,000 li (4,000 km) west ofOrdos– the center of Xiongnu's territory.[citation needed]

InChinese historiography,the Kyrgyzes' endonym was first transcribed asGekun(orKo-kun;Chinese:Cách côn) orJiankun(orChien-kun;Chinese:Kiên côn) inRecords of the Grand HistorianandBook of Han,respectively.[6]other transcriptions areJiegu( kết cốt ),Hegu( hột cốt ),Hegusi( hột thiên tư ),Hejiasi( hột kiết tư ),Hugu( hộ cốt ),Qigu( khế cốt ),Juwu( cư vật ), andXiajiasi( hiệt kiết tư ),[7]Peter Goldenreconstructs underlying *Qïrğïz< *Qïrqïz< *Qïrqïŕand suggests a derivation fromOld Turkicqïr'gray' (horse color) plus suffix-q(X)ŕ/ğ(X)ŕ~k(X)z/g(X)z.[8][9]

They were largely subordinate to theGöktürksfrom 560s to 700s.[10]Kyrgyz khaganBars Bekwas a brother-in-law toBilge Khagan.His son ruled Kyrgyzs after Bars Bek's defeated in hands ofQapaghanin 710.[11]After Turkic downfall, they submitted to Uyghurs.[12]Their leader Bayanchur killed the Kyrgyz leader and appointed a new Kyrgyz khagan named Bilge Tong Erkin ( bì già đốn hiệt cân ).

Bars Khagan

[edit]
Elegest inscription

After an unsuccessful campaign against the Kyrgyz in 693, theGokturkkhaganQapaghanwas forced to recognize the title ofKhaganfor theKyrgyzrulerBars Bekand even tried to conclude a dynastic alliance with him by marrying his "younger sister-princess" to him. However, this only temporarily dulled the most acute contradictions between the Gokturks and the Kyrgyz, who fought for dominance overCentral Asia.In 707 and 709 Kyrgyz envoys visited the Tang Empire twice. At this time, the Gokturks were at war with the Tang Empire and the Kyrgyz found themselves in a new coalition with theTürgesh,Chik, Az and Tang Empire. The greatest danger to the Gokturks during this period was represented by the Kyrgyz who gained strength. In 709, theGokturkarmy defeated the Chiks and Azs, capturingTuvaand a bridgehead for the invasion of the Kyrgyz lands. Bars Khagan did not dare to intervene, hoping for the impregnability of their lands beyond theSayan Mountains.However, in the winter of 710–711. the Gokturk army, having made a roundabout maneuver, crossed the Sayan Range and suddenly fell upon the Kyrgyz. As a result of the defeat inBattle of Sayan Mountains,the Kyrgyz army was defeated, the Khagan Bars died. The Kyrgyz state was conquered, Gokturk troops were stationed in the Minusinsk Basin. However, management was handed over to the Kyrgyz ruler. Already in 711, China arrived Kyrgyz embassy. Perhaps it was sent by Bars Khagan before his death in the hope of help. In 722 and 723 two arrived in Tang Empire Kyrgyz embassies headed byteginIsibo Sheyuzhe Bishi Sygin and Tegin Juili Pinhezhong Sigin.[13]

Relations with Tang dynasty

[edit]

The first embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of theEmperor Taizong of Tang,in 632.[14]He received Kyrgyz ambassador named Shiboqu Azhan ( thất bát khuất a sạn ) who was later appointed to the Yanran ( yến nhiên ) Commandery.

The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from theHan dynastygeneralLi Ling,grandson of the generalLi Guang.[15][16][17]Li Ling was captured by theXiongnuand defected in the first century BCE.[18][19]And since the Tang imperialLi familyalso claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kyrgyz khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khaganAre( a nhiệt ) invaded theUyghur Khaganateand put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought toChang'anby Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu ( chú ngô hợp tố ).

Yenisei Kyrgyz tableware and altar

The Khitan rulerAbaojidid extend his influence onto theMongolian Plateauin 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations. Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.[10]

— Michael Drompp

The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate of the Are family bolstered his ties and alliance to the Tang imperial family against the Uyghur Khaganate by claiming descent from the Han dynasty general Li Ling who had defected to the Xiongnu and married a Xiongnu princess, daughter of Qiedihou Chanyu and was sent to govern the Jiankun (Ch'ien-K'un) region which later became Yenisei. Li Ling was a grandson of Li Guang (Li Kuang) of the Longxi Li family descended from Laozi which the Tang dynasty Li imperial family claimed descent from.[20]The Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tang dynasty launched a victorious successful war between 840 and 848 to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate and its centre at the Orkhon valley using their claimed familial ties as justification for an alliance.[21]Tang forces under General Shi Xiong wounded the Uyghur Khagan (Qaghan) Ögä, seized livestock, took 5,000–20,000 Uyghur Khaganate soldiers captive, killed 10,000 Uyghur Khaganate sources on 13 February 843 at the Battle of Shahu (kill the barbarians) mountain.[22][23][24]

In 845, Are khagan was created Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan (Chinese:Tông anh hùng võ thành minh khả hãn;lit.'Fathering Heroes', ' Martial and Sincere', ' Brilliant Khagan') byEmperor Wuzong.But Wuzong died before his ambassadors departed Chang'an. The new emperorXuanzongdid not rush to create him khagan. At a general council of senior officials, they decided that the titles were given to the Uyghurs when they were strong, and if the Yenisei Kyrgyz were awarded as well, they would become proud and become dangerous. The emperor revoked the letter.[10]

After Are's murder by one of his officials in 847, new Kyrgyz khagan was created Yingwu Chengming Khagan ( anh võ thành minh khả hãn ) by Xuanzong,[10]who sent Li Ye (Lý nghiệp) to award him the title.

After the tenth century, there is little additional information regarding the Kyrgyz until their absorption into theMongol Empirein the thirteenth century. There was a conflict between the Kyrgyz and theQara Khitaiaround 1130; the Kyrgyz were not defeated, but there is some speculation that at some point they came under the sway of the Qara Khitai. Almost 80 years later, in 1207/1208, the Kyrgyz submitted to the rising power of the Mongols underGenghis Khan.[10]

— Michael Drompp

Khagans

[edit]

According to theTobchiyanandJami' al-tawarikh,title of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khagan wasĪnāl(Persian:اینال,Chinese:Diệc nạp lặc).[25][26]

Personal Name Title Reign Religion Dynasty
Bars Khagan
𐰴𐰍𐰣‎:𐰉𐰺𐰋𐰏 		Inanch Alp Bilge(𐰃𐰣𐰀𐰣𐰲𐰆 𐰀𐰞𐰯 𐰋𐰄𐰠𐰏𐰅) 693–711 Tengrism Aje dynasty
???
 711–758
Bilge Tong Erkin
𐰋𐰄𐰠𐰏𐰅 𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰏 𐰅𐰼𐰚𐰄𐰤 		Pitsye Tungye Gin (𐰯𐰄𐰾𐰾𐰘𐰅 𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰏𐰘𐰅 𐰏𐰄𐰪) 758–795
Ajo Khagan
𐰴𐰍𐰣‎:𐰀𐰳𐰆 		Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan ( tông anh hùng võ thành minh khả hãn ) 795–847
Yingwu Khagan
𐰴𐰍𐰣‎:𐰄𐰤𐰍𐰆 		Yingwu Chengming Khagan ( anh võ thành minh khả hãn ) 847–866

References

[edit]
  1. ^The peoples of Southern Siberia in the ancient Turkic era Chapter IV. Late Turkic time. (in Russian)[1]Archived2020-07-01 at theWayback Machine
  2. ^Mustafa Kalkan, (2005), “Kırgız Boylarının Yenisey’den Çıkarılmaları ve Coğrafî Dağılımları”, (in Turkish), Erdem: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Dergisi, Vol: 15, No: 47, Page: 77-100.[2]Archived2022-04-09 at theWayback Machine
  3. ^Sima QianRecords of the Grand HistorianVol. 110Archived2022-11-09 at theWayback Machine"Hậu bắc phục hồn dữu, khuất xạ, đinh linh, cách côn, tân lê chi quốc.…… Thị thời hán sơ định trung quốc,……." translation: "Later in the North [Modun] subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli nations. [...] It was when theHanhad just stabilized theCentral Region,[...]. [i.e. 202 BCE] "
  4. ^Golden, Peter B. (2012), “Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz”,Turkic Languages,16/2.archived pdf.p. 15 of 29
  5. ^Book of Han"vol. 94 B– Account of the Xiongnu "quote:" Chất chi kiến ô tôn binh đa, kỳ sử hựu bất phản, lặc binh phùng kích ô tôn, phá chi. Nhân bắc kích ô yết, ô yết hàng. Phát kỳ binh tây pháKiên côn,Bắc hàng đinh lệnh, tịnh tam quốc. "rough translation:" Zhizhi saw that Wusun had numerous soldiers and their [Xiongnu's] ambassador again had not returned. He commanded his armies, encountered and attacked the Wusun, defeating them. Then he attacked the Wujie in the north; the Wujie surrendered. Dispatching his armies westwards, he defeated theJiankun (Kyrgyzes);northwards he subjugated the Dinglings. Thus, he quelled three countries. "
  6. ^Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" inCentral Asiatic Journal,Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98–108
  7. ^Theobald, Ulrich (2012)."Xiajiasi hiệt kiết tư, Qirqiz"Archived2021-02-01 at theWayback MachineforChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
  8. ^Golden, Peter B. (2017)."The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgarî"(PDF).Türkologiya 4:16. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2022-04-03.Retrieved2022-11-09.
  9. ^Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".The Medieval History Journal,21(2): 302.
  10. ^abcdeDrompp, Michael (January 2002)."The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest".Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-11.Retrieved2019-12-13.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  11. ^Butanaev, V. I︠A︡.; Бутанаев, В. Я. (2000).Istorii︠a︡ eniseĭskikh kyrgyzov.Khudi︠a︡kov, I︠U︡. S. (I︠U︡liĭ Sergeevich), Худяков, Ю. С. (Юлий Сергеевич), Khakasskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet imeni N.F. Katanova. Institut istorii i prava., Хакасский государственный университет имени Н.Ф. Катанова. Институт истории и права. Abakan: Izd-vo Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.F. Katanova. p. 69.ISBN5-7810-0119-0.OCLC47206450.
  12. ^Barfield, Thomas J. (Thomas Jefferson), 1950- (1989).The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China.Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell. p. 152.ISBN1-55786-043-2.OCLC18629749.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^"V.Ya. Butanaev, Yu.S. Khudyakov, 2000".kronk.spb.ru.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-27.Retrieved2023-01-27.
  14. ^Theobald, Ulrich."Xiajiasi hiệt kiết tư or Jilijisi cát lợi cát tư, Qirqiz (www.chinaknowledge.de)".www.chinaknowledge.de.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-02-01.Retrieved2019-12-13.
  15. ^Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001.Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.ISBN978-3447055376.Archivedfrom the original on 11 March 2023.Retrieved8 February2012.
  16. ^Michael Robert Drompp (2005).Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history.Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.ISBN9004141294.Archivedfrom the original on 11 March 2023.Retrieved8 February2012.
  17. ^Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research(PDF).Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane – Editura Istros. p. 245.ISBN978-973-27-1962-6.Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2021-10-26.Retrieved2020-04-30.
  18. ^The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26–31 August 2001.Veit, Veronika, 1944–. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2007. p. 61.ISBN978-3-447-05537-6.OCLC182731462.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ^Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".Journal of the American Oriental Society.119(3): 394–395.doi:10.2307/605932.JSTOR605932.
  20. ^Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History.Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 126, 291, 190, 191, 15, 16.ISBN9004141294.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-11.Retrieved2020-11-21.
  21. ^Drompp, Michael R. (1999)."Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".Journal of the American Oriental Society.119(3): 390–403.doi:10.2307/605932.JSTOR605932.Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2021.Retrieved4 September2021.
  22. ^Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History.Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 114.ISBN9004141294.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-11.Retrieved2022-07-09.
  23. ^Drompp, Michael R. (2018)."THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848".In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800).Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 92.ISBN978-9004391789.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-11.Retrieved2022-07-09.
  24. ^Drompp, Michael R. (2018)."THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848".In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800).Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 99.ISBN978-9004391789.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-11.Retrieved2022-07-09.
  25. ^Stefan, Kamola (January 2019).Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jami' al-Tawarikh.p. Preface and Chapter 1.
  26. ^Lưu chính dần (2013 niên ). "《 sử tập · bộ tộc chí · khất nhi cát tư bộ 》 nghiên cứu".《 trung quốc biên cương sử địa nghiên cứu 》( đệ 1 kỳ ).S2CID224661200.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_Khaganate&oldid=1248440098"