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LK-99

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LK-99

3D structure
Identifiers
  • InChI=1S/Cu.6H3O4P.O.9Pb/c;6*1-5(2,3)4;;;;;;;;;;/h;6*(H3,1,2,3,4);;;;;;;;;;/q+2;;;;;;;-2;9*+2/p-18
    Key: KZSIWLDFTIMUEG-UHFFFAOYSA-A
  • [Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Cu+2].O=P([O-])([O-])[O-].O=P([O-])([O-])[O-].O=P([O-])([O-])[O-].O=P([O-])([O-])[O-].O=P([O-])([O-])[O-].O=P([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-2]
Properties
CuO25P6Pb9
Molar mass 2514.2g·mol−1
Appearance Purple crystal when pure[1]
Density ≈6.699 g/cm3
Structure
hexagonal
P63/m,No. 176
a= 9.843 Å,c= 7.428 Å
623.2 Å3
1
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Oxypyromorphite(lead apatite)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state(at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

LK-99(from theLee-Kim 1999research),[2]also calledPCPOSOS,[3]is a gray–black,polycrystallinecompound, identified as acopper-dopedlead‒oxyapatite.A team fromKorea Universityled by Lee Sukbae (이석배) and Kim Ji-Hoon (김지훈) began studying this material as a potentialsuperconductorstarting in 1999.[4]: 1 In July 2023, they publishedpreprintsclaiming that it acts as aroom-temperature superconductor[4]: 8 at temperatures of up to 400K(127 °C; 260 °F) at ambient pressure.[2][5][4]: 1 

Many different researchers have attempted toreplicatethe work, and were able to reach initial results within weeks, as the process of producing the material is relatively straightforward.[6]By mid-August 2023, the consensus[1]was that LK-99 is not a superconductor at room temperature, and is aninsulatorin pure form.[7][8][9]

As of 12 February 2024, no replications had gone through the peer review process of a journal, but some had been reviewed by amaterials sciencelab. A number of replication attempts identified non-superconductingferromagneticanddiamagneticcauses for observations that suggested superconductivity. A prominent cause was acopper sulfideimpurity[10]occurring during the proposed synthesis, which can produceresistancedrops,lambda transitioninheat capacity,and magnetic response in small samples.[11][12][10][13][14][15][16]

After the initial preprints were published, Lee claimed they were incomplete,[17]and coauthor Kim Hyun-Tak (김현탁) said one of the papers contained flaws.[18]

Chemical properties and structure

[edit]

The chemical composition of LK-99 is approximately Pb9Cu(PO4)6O, in which— compared to pure lead-apatite (Pb10(PO4)6O)[19]: 5 — approximately one quarter of Pb(II) ions in position 2 of the apatite structure are replaced by Cu(II) ions.[4]: 9 

The structure is similar to that of apatite,space groupP63/m(No. 176).

Synthesis

[edit]

Leeet al.provide a method forchemical synthesisof LK-99[19]: 2 in three steps. First they producelanarkitefrom a 1:1 molar mixing oflead(II) oxide(PbO) andlead(II) sulfate(Pb(SO4)) powders, and heating at 725 °C (1,000 K; 1,340 °F) for 24 hours:

PbO + Pb(SO4) → Pb2(SO4)O.

Then,copper(I) phosphide(Cu3P) is produced by mixing copper (Cu) andphosphorus(P) powders in a 3:1 molar ratio in a sealed tube under a vacuum and heated to 550 °C (820 K; 1,000 °F) for 48 hours:[19]: 3 

3 Cu + P → Cu3P.

Then, lanarkite and copper phosphide crystals are ground into a powder, placed in a sealed tube under a vacuum, and heated to 925 °C (1,200 K; 1,700 °F) for between 5‒20 hours:[19]: 3 

Pb2(SO4)O + Cu3P → Pb10-xCux(PO4)6O + S (g), where 0.9 < x < 1.1.

There were a number of problems with the above synthesis from the initial paper. The reaction is notbalanced,and others reported the presence of copper(I) sulfide (Cu2S) as well.[20][12]Fora balanced reaction might be:

5Pb2SO4O + 6 Cu3P → Pb9Cu(PO4)6O + 5 Cu2S + Pb + 7 Cu.[21]

Many syntheses produced fragmentary results in different phases, where some of the resulting fragments were responsive to magnetic fields, other fragments were not.[22]The first synthesis to produce pure crystals found them to be diamagnetic insulators.[23]

Physical properties

[edit]

Some small LK-99 samples were reported to show strong diamagnetic properties, including a response confusingly[24]referred to as "partial levitation" over a magnet.[19]This was misinterpreted by some as a sign of superconductivity, although it is a sign of regular diamagnetism or ferromagnetism.

While initial preprints claimed the material was a room-temperature superconductor,[19]: 1 they did not report observing any definitive features of superconductivity, such as zero resistance, theMeissner effect,flux pinning,AC magnetic susceptibility,theJosephson effect,a temperature-dependent critical field and current, or a sudden jump in specific heat around the critical temperature.[25]

As it is common for a new material to spuriously seem like a potential candidate forhigh-temperature superconductivity,[14]thorough experimental reports normally demonstrate a number of these expected properties. As of 15 October 2023,not one of these properties had been observed by the original experiment or any replications.[26]

Proposed mechanism for superconductivity

[edit]

Partial replacement of Pb2+ions with smaller Cu2+ions is said to cause a 0.48% reduction in volume, creating internal stress in the material,[4]: 8 causing aheterojunctionquantum wellbetween the Pb(1) and oxygen within the phosphate ([PO4]3−). This quantum well was proposed to be superconducting[4]: 10 ,based on a 2021 paper[27]by Kim Hyun-Tak describing a novel and complicated theory combining ideas from a classical theory of metal-insulator transitions,[28]the standardBardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory,and the theory ofhole superconductivity[29]byJ.E.Hirsch.

Response

[edit]

On 31 July 2023,Sinéad GriffinofLawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryanalyzed LK-99 withdensity functional theory(DFT), showing that its structure would have correlated isolatedflat bands,and suggesting this might contribute to superconductivity.[30]However, while other researchers agreed with the DFT analysis, a number suggested that this was not compatible with superconductivity, and that a structure different from what was described in Lee,et al.would be necessary.[31]

Analyses by industrial and experimental physicists noted experimental and theoretical shortcomings of the published works.[32]Shortcomings included the lack of phase diagrams[29]spanning temperature, stoichiometry,[33]and stress; the lack of pathways for the very highTcof LK-99 compared to prior heavy fermion superconductors; the absence of flux pinning in any observations; the possibility of stochastic conductive artifacts[34]in conductivity measurements; the high resistance and low current capacity of the alleged superconducting state; and the lack of directtransmission electron microscopy(TEM) of the materials.

Compound name

[edit]

The name LK-99 comes from the initials of discoverers Lee and Kim, and the year of discovery (1999).[2]The pair had worked with Tong-Seek Chair (최동식) at Korea University in the 1990s.[35]

In 2008, they founded the Quantum Energy Research Centre (퀀텀 에너지연구소; also known asQ-Centre) with other researchers from Korea University.[17]Lee would later become CEO ofQ-Centre,and Kim would become director ofresearch and development.

Publication history

[edit]

Lee has stated that in 2020, an initial paper was submitted toNature,but was rejected.[35]Similarly presented research on room-temperature superconductors (but a completely different chemical system) byRanga P. Diashad been published inNatureearlier that year, and received with skepticism—Dias's paper would subsequently be retracted in 2022 after its data was questioned as having been falsified.[36]

In 2020, Lee and Kim Ji-Hoon filed a patent application.[37]A second patent application (additionally listing Young-Wan Kwon), was filed in 2021, which was published on 3 March 2023.[38]AWorld Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO) patent was also published on 2 March 2023.[39]On 4 April 2023, a Korean trademark application for "LK-99" was filed by theQ-Centre.[40]

Scholarly articles and preprints

[edit]

A series of academic publications summarizing initial findings came out in 2023, with a total of seven authors across four publications.

On 31 March 2023, a Korean-language paper, "Consideration for the development of room-temperature ambient-pressure superconductor (LK-99)", was submitted to theKorean Journal of Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology.[5]It was accepted on 18 April, but was not widely read until three months later.

On 22 July 2023, two preprints appeared onarXiv.The first was submitted by Young-Wan Kwon, and listed Kwon, formerQ-CentreCTO, as third author.[4]The second preprint was submitted only 2 hours later by Kim Hyun-Tak, former principal researcher at theElectronics & Telecommunications Research Instituteand professor at theCollege of William & Mary,listing himself as third author, as well as three new authors.[19][41]

On 23 July, the findings were also submitted by Lee toAPL Materialsforpeer review.[35][17]On 3 August 2023, a newly-formed Korean LK-99 Verification Committee requested a high-quality sample from the original research team. The team responded that they would only provide the sample once the review process of their APL paper was completed, expected to take several weeks or months.[42]

On 31 July 2023, a group led by Kapil Kumar published a preprint on arXiv documenting their replication attempts, which confirmed the structure usingX-ray crystallography(XRD) but failed to find strong diamagnetism.[20]

On 11 Aug 2023, P. Puphal et al., released their preprint synthesizing the first single crystals of Pb9Cu(PO4)6O finally disproving superconductivity in this chemical stoichiometry published later inAPL Materials.[43]

On 16 August 2023,Naturepublished an article declaring that LK-99 had been demonstrated to not be a superconductor, but rather an insulator. It cited statements by ancondensed matterexperimentalist at theUniversity of California, Davis,and several studies previewed in August 2023.[1]

Other discussion by authors

[edit]

On 26 July 2023, Kim Hyun-Tak stated in an interview with theNew Scientistthat the first paper submitted by Kwon contained "many defects" and was submitted without his permission.[33][41]

On 28 July 2023, Kwon presented the findings at a symposium held at Korea University.[44][45][46]That same day,Yonhap News Agencypublished an article quoting an official from Korea University as saying that Kwon was no longer in contact with the university.[17]The article also quoted Lee saying that Kwon had left theQ-CentreResearch Institute four months previously.[17]

On the same day, Kim Hyun-Tak providedThe New York Timeswith a new video presumably showing a sample displaying strong signs of diamagnetism.[2]Thevideoappears to show a sample different to the one in the original preprint. On 4 August 2023, he informedSBSNews that high-quality LK-99 samples may exhibit diamagnetism over 5,000 times greater than graphite, which he claimed would be inexplicable unless the substance is a superconductor.[47]

Response

[edit]

Materials scientists and superconductor researchers responded with skepticism.[18][48]Thehighest-temperature superconductorsknown at the time of publication had a critical temperature of 250 K (−23 °C; −10 °F) at pressures of over 170 gigapascals (1,680,000 atm; 24,700,000 psi). The highest-temperature superconductors at atmospheric pressure (1 atm) had a critical temperature of at most 150 K (−123 °C; −190 °F).

On 2 August 2023,The Korean Society of Superconductivity and Cryogenicsestablished a verification committee as a response to the controversy and unverified claims of LK-99, in order to arrive at conclusions over these claims. The verification committee is headed by Kim Chang-Young ofSeoul National Universityand consists of members of the university,Sungkyunkwan UniversityandPohang University of Science and Technology.Upon formation, the verification committee did not agree that the two 22 July arXiv papers by Leeet al.or the publicly available videos at the time supported the claim of LK-99 being a superconductor.[41][49]

As of 15 August 2023,the measured properties do not prove that LK-99 is a superconductor. The published material does not explain how the LK-99's magnetisation can change, demonstrate its specific heat capacity, or demonstrate it crossing its transition temperature.[18]A more likely explanation for LK-99's magnetic response is a mix offerromagnetismand non-superconductivediamagnetism.[41][16][50]A number of studies found that copper(I) sulfide contamination common to the synthesis process could closely replicate the observations that inspired the initial preprints.[10][11]

Public response

[edit]

The claims in the 22 July papers by Leeet al.wentviralonsocial mediaplatforms the following week.[6][51]The viral nature of the claim resulted in posts from users usingpseudonymsfrom Russia and China claiming to have replicated LK-99 on bothTwitterandZhihu.[52]Otherviral videosdescribed themselves as having replicated samples of LK-99 "partially levitating", most of which were found to be fake.[48]

Scientists interviewed by the press remained skeptical,[53][54]because of the quality of both the original preprints, the lack of purity in the sample they reported, and the legitimacy of the claim after the failure of previous claims of room temperature superconductivity did not show legitimacy (such as theRanga Dias affair).[41]TheKorean Society of Superconductivity and Cryogenicsexpressed concern on the social and economic impacts of the preliminary and unverified LK-99 research.[55]

A video fromHuazhong University of Science and Technologyuploaded on 1 August 2023 by a postdoctoral researcher on the team of Chang Haixin,[41]apparently showed amicrometre-sized sample of LK-99 partially levitating. This went viral on Chinese social media, becoming the most viewed video onBilibiliby the next day,[56][41]and aprediction marketbriefly put the chance of successful replication at 60%.[57]A researcher from theChinese Academy of Sciencesrefused to comment on the video for the press, dismissing the claim as "ridiculous".[56]

In early August, people began to creatememesabout "floating rocks",[58]and there was a brief surge in Korean and Chinese technology stocks,[59][60][61]despite warnings from theKorean stock exchangeagainst speculative bets in light of the excitement around LK-99,[55]which eventually fell on August 8.[62]Following the publication of theNaturearticle on August 16 that proclaimed LK-99 is not a superconductor,[1]South Korean superconductor stocks fell further, as the interest about LK-99 frominvestorsin previous weeks disappeared.[63]

Replication attempts

[edit]

After the July 2023 publication's release, independent groups reported that they had begun attempting to reproduce the synthesis, with initial results expected within weeks.[6]

As of 15 August 2023,no replication attempts had yet been peer-reviewed by a journal. Of the non-peer-reviewed attempts, over 15 notable labs have published results that failed to observe any superconductivity, and a few have observed magnetic response in small fragments that could be explained by normal diamagnetism or ferromagnetism. Some demonstrated and replicated alternate causes of the observations in the original papers: Copper-deficient copper (I) sulfide[10]has a known phase transition at 377 K (104 °C; 219 °F) from a low-temperature phase to a high-temperature superionic phase, with a sharp rise in resistivity[11][10]and a λ-like-feature in the heat capacity.[10]Furthermore, Cu2S is diamagnetic.

Only one attempt observed any sign of superconductivity:Southeast Universityclaimed to measure very low resistance in a flake of LK-99, in one of four synthesis attempts, below a temperature of 110K(−163 °C; −262 °F).[2][64]Doubts were expressed by experts in the field, as they saw no dropoff to zero resistance, and used crudeinstrumentsthat could not measure resistance below 10 μΩ (too high to distinguish superconductivity from less exotic low-temperature conductivity), and had large measurement artifacts.[48][65]

Some replication efforts gained global visibility, with the aid of online replication trackers that catalogued new announcements and status updates.[52][26]

Experimental studies

[edit]

Selected experimental studies.

Results Key: # Success * Partial success ‡ Partial failure † Failure

Group Country/region Status Results Publication notes
Max Planck (Solid State) Germany Preliminary † Produced pure LK-99 samples withfloating zonetechnique. Purple crystals with high resistance, no magnetic response.
Huazhong Tech China Preliminary * Measured diamagnetism ofmicron-sized flakes. Non-zero resistance, purity of sample was important.
Beihang University Preliminary † No diamagnetism observed. Highresistivitynot consistent with superconductivity.
Southeast University Preliminary * Structure confirmed byXRD.Resistance of one mm-sized sample dropped from 0.1 Ω at room temperature to noise level (10−5Ω) at 110 K and below. No observed Meissner effect.
Peking University Preliminary † No Meissner effect nor zero resistivity observed.
Chinese Academy of Sciences(Condensed Matter) Preliminary † No superconductivity observed. Proposed that resistivity drop and strong diamagnetism could be due to a phase change ofCu2Simpurities.
Central South University,South China Tech,andUESTC Preliminary * Low-field microwave absorption below 250 K resembles superconductivity, but is destroyed by rotation in an external field. Theoretical models suggest the external field excites a fragile superconducting state to avortex glass,followed by a ~2-day-long relaxation to the ground state.
DIPC,Princeton,Max Planck (Chemical Physics) Spain,USA,Germany Preliminary † Synthesized LK-99 found to be a multiphase material. Performed single-crystal analysis with XRD. Tested four different Cu dopings, some found to be magnetic but none was superconducting.
University of Manchester United Kingdom Preliminary † Synthesized and characterized samples of LK-99, no superconductivity.
CSIR-NPLI India Preliminary * Initial attempt: Structure confirmed by XRD, no diamagnetism or superconductivity.

Second attempt: strong diamagnetism in a fragment.

Varda Space&USC United States Preliminary † Only a few LK-99 fragments responded to magnetic field.

Analysis showed impurities of Iron and Cu2S, which could explain magnetic response rather than superconductivity.

UC–Boulder Unpublished † Samples have failed tests for superconductivity.
Argonne Un­known Not reported
Korea University,Sungkyunkwan University,Seoul National University South Korea Un­known Not reported
Chinese Academy of Sciences(Process Engineering),South China Tech,Beijing 2060,Huazhong Tech,Fuzhou University,Tokai University,andUSTB Mainland China,Japan Preliminary * Modified LK-99 exhibited diamagnetic direct current magnetization occurred under a 25 Oe magnetic field, but significant bifurcation between zero field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) measurements, and paramagnetism at a 200 Oe magnetic field. A glassy memory effect was discovered while cooling. Typical hysteresis loops of superconductors were detected below 250 K, and there was asymmetry between forward and reverse magnetic field scans. Possible Meissner effect at room temperature.
Chinese Academy of Sciences(Process Engineering),Huazhong University of Science and Technology,University of Science and Technology Beijing,South China University of Technology,Fuzhou University,Tokai UniversityandUniversity of Science and Technology of China Preliminary * 1. Proposed a new lk99 structure theory

2. The resistance of lk99 material was measured, which is roughly equivalent to copper.

3. Observedstrange metal phenomena

arXiv:Observation of diamagnetic strange-metal phase in sulfur-copper codoped lead apatite

Theoretical studies

[edit]

In the initial papers, the theoretical explanations for potential mechanisms of superconductivity in LK-99 were incomplete. Later analyses by other labs added simulations and theoretical evaluations of the material's electronic properties from first principles.

Selected theoretical studies:

Group Country Result Publication notes
Chinese Academy of Sciences(SYNL) China First-principles study of the electronic structure of LK-99 and other variants. Expresses no opinion on room-temp superconductivity. arXiv: Junwen Lai,et al.[90]

Media mentions:[91]

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory United States Density functional theory analysis on a simplified 3D structure explored possible electronic structure that could favor superconductivity, suggests slightly decreased lattice constant.

Similar work published the next day by Si & Held[31]and Kurleto,et al.[92]

arXiv:Sinéad Griffin[30][b 1]Analysis:[93][94]

Media mentions:[57][58]

Universidad de Chile Chile DFT analysis, finding large electron-phonon coupling in the flat bands. arXiv: J. Cabezas-Escares,et al.[95]
CIEMAT Spain,Armenia Concludes the original synthesis for LK-99 likely produces a heterogenous material, making it hard for others to reproduce the same results arXiv: P. Abramian,et al.[22]
Northwest University (China)andTU Wien China,Austria ConcludesPb9Cu(PO4)6O,without further doping, is an insulator. Analyzes possible effects of doping. arXiv: Liang Si & Karsten Held[31][b 1]
Indiana University Bloomington United States Concludes material is a transparent insulator, possibly with active Cu color centers at low temperature. Does not find signatures of type I or II superconductivity. Solves previous issues related to overestimation of lattice constant contraction, doping site energetics. Does not find flat bands at Fermi level, concluding they are related to an unfavored high-symmetry structure. arxiv:A.B. Georgescu[96]Analysis and discussions:[97][98]
  1. ^abThe first threedensity functional theoryanalyses were published within 24 hours of one another, and have largely overlapping analysis.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghGaristo, Dan (16 August 2023)."LK-99 isn't a superconductor — how science sleuths solved the mystery: Replications pieced together the puzzle of why the material displayed superconducting-like behaviours".Nature.620(7975): 705–706.doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02585-7.PMID37587284.S2CID260955242.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2023.Retrieved17 August2023.
  2. ^abcdefChang, Kenneth (3 August 2023)."LK-99 Is the Superconductor of the Summer".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2023.Retrieved3 August2023.
  3. ^Bulletin of the American Physical Society,March 2024 meeting notice
  4. ^abcdefgLee, Sukbae; Kim, Ji-Hoon; Kwon, Young-Wan (22 July 2023). "The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor".arXiv:2307.12008[cond-mat.supr-con].
  5. ^abLee, Sukbae; Kim, Ji-Hoon; Im, Sungyeon; An, Soomin; Kwon, Young-Wan; Auh, Keun Ho (31 March 2023)."Consideration for the development of room-temperature ambient-pressure superconductor (LK-99)".Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology.33(2). Korea Association Of Crystal Growth: 61‒70.doi:10.6111/JKCGCT.2023.33.2.061.Archivedfrom the original on 25 July 2023.Retrieved25 July2023.
  6. ^abcGaristo, Dan (27 July 2023)."Viral New Superconductivity Claims Leave Many Scientists Skeptical".Materials science.Scientific American.Archivedfrom the original on 27 July 2023.Retrieved28 July2023.
  7. ^abJohnson, Carolyn Y. (9 August 2023)."A superconductor claim blew up online. Science has punctured it".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2023.Retrieved9 August2023.
  8. ^Robinson, Dan."LK-99 slammed as 'not a superconductor at all'".www.theregister.com.Archivedfrom the original on 10 August 2023.Retrieved10 August2023.
  9. ^Padavic-Callaghan, Karmela."LK-99: Mounting evidence suggests material is not a superconductor".New Scientist.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2023.Retrieved10 August2023.
  10. ^abcdefJain, Prashant K. (2023). "Phase transition of copper (I) sulfide and its implication for purported superconductivity of LK-99".arXiv:2308.05222v1[cond-mat.supr-con].
  11. ^abcdShilin Zhu; Wei Wu; Zheng Li; Jianlin Luo (8 August 2023). "First-order transition in LK-99 containing Cu2S".Matter.6(12): 4401–4407.arXiv:2308.04353.doi:10.1016/j.matt.2023.11.001.
  12. ^abGuo, Kaizhen; Li, Yuan; Jia, Shuang (6 August 2023). "Ferromagnetic half levitation of LK-99-like synthetic samples".Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy.66(10).arXiv:2308.03110.Bibcode:2023SCPMA..6607411G.doi:10.1007/s11433-023-2201-9.S2CID260680385.
  13. ^ab@andrewmccalip (10 August 2023)."Meissner Effect or Bust: Day 12"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  14. ^abFuhrer, Michael S. [@MichaelSFuhrer](2 August 2023)."You'd think superconductivity would be easy to detect; it comes with zero electrical resistance, so if you measure resistance, and it's zero, you're done. Unfortunately there are many ways to get fooled"(Tweet).Retrieved2 August2023– viaTwitter.
  15. ^abHao Wu; Li Yang; Jie Yu; Gaojie Zhang; Bichen Xiao; Haixin Chang (9 August 2023). "Observation of abnormal resistance-temperature behavior along with diamagnetic transition in Pb10−xCux(PO4)6O-based composite ".arXiv:2308.05001[cond-mat.supr-con].
  16. ^abOrf, Darren (9 August 2023)."Well, Seems Like LK-99 Isn't a Room Temperature Superconductor After All".Popular Mechanics.Archivedfrom the original on 10 August 2023.Retrieved10 August2023.
  17. ^abcde조승한 (28 July 2023). 강의영 (ed.).'상온 초전도체 구현' 한국 연구에 국내외 논란... "검증 거쳐야"[Controversy both domestic and abroad regarding Korean development of room temperature superconductor... "It has to be verified" ] (in Korean).Yonhap News Agency.Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2023.Retrieved28 July2023.... 논문이 아니며 공개도 의도한 바가 아니라고 선을 그었다.... 이 대표는 이날 연합뉴스와 통화에서 "다른 저자들의 허락 없이 권 연구교수가 임의로 아카이브에 게재한 것" 이라며 "아카이브에 내려달라는 요청을 해둔 상황 "이라고 주장했다.... 이 대표는 권 연구교수가 퀀텀에너지연구소 최고기술책임자(CTO)로 있었지만 4개월 전 이사직을 내려놓고 현재는 회사와 관련이 없다고도 밝혔다....고려대관계자에 따르면 권 연구교수는 현재 학교와도 연락이 닿지 않는 상황으로 알려졌다.
  18. ^abcPadavic-Callaghan, Karmela (26 July 2023)."Room-temperature superconductor 'breakthrough' met with scepticism".New Scientist.Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2023.Retrieved26 July2023.Speaking toNew Scientist,Hyun-Tak Kim at theCollege of William & Maryin Virginia says he will support anyone trying to replicate his team's work.... [HT] Kim has only co-authored one of the arXiv papers, while the other is authored by his colleagues at the Quantum Energy Research Centre in South Korea,... Both papers present similar measurements, however [HT] Kim says that the second [3-author] paper contains "many defects" and was uploaded to arXiv without his permission.... Once the findings are published in a peer-reviewed journal,... [HT] Kim says... he will support anyone who wants to create and test LK-99
  19. ^abcdefgLee, Sukbae; Kim, Ji-Hoon; Kim, Hyun-Tak; Im, Sungyeon; An, SooMin; Auh, Keun Ho (22 July 2023). "Superconductor Pb10−xCux(PO4)6O showing levitation at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and mechanism ".arXiv:2307.12037[cond-mat.supr-con].
  20. ^abcKumar, Kapil; Karn, N.K.; Awana, V.P.S. (31 July 2023). "Synthesis of possible room temperature superconductor LK-99: Pb9Cu(PO4)6O ".Superconductor Science and Technology.36(10): 10LT02.arXiv:2307.16402.Bibcode:2023SuScT..36jLT02K.doi:10.1088/1361-6668/acf002.S2CID260333984.
  21. ^Kumar, Kapil; Karn, N. K.; Kumar, Yogesh; Awana, V. P. S. (7 August 2023)."Absence of superconductivity in LK-99 at ambient conditions".ACS Omega.8(44): 41737–41743.arXiv:2308.03544.doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c06096.PMC10633996.PMID37969980.
  22. ^abAbramian, P.; Kuzanyan, A.; Nikoghosyan, V.; Teknowijoyo, S.; Gulian, A. (2023). "Some Remarks on Possible Superconductivity of Composition Pb9CuP6O25".Optical Memory and Neural Networks.32:S424–S427.arXiv:2308.01723.doi:10.3103/S1060992X23070020.
  23. ^Puphal, P.; Akbar, M. Y. P.; Hepting, M.; Goering, E.; Isobe, M.; Nugroho, A. A.; Keimer, B. (11 August 2023). "Single crystal synthesis, structure, and magnetism of Pb10−xCux(PO4)6O ".APL Materials.11(10).arXiv:2308.06256.Bibcode:2023APLM...11j1128P.doi:10.1063/5.0172755.S2CID260866146.
  24. ^Chen, Yan-Cong (2023). "Magical or magnetic? Less commonly taught facts about real-world permanent magnets and their diverse interactions with objects".arXiv:2308.11542[physics.pop-ph].
  25. ^Fuhrer, Michael S. [@MichaelSFuhrer](2 August 2023)."So generally you'll see multiple pieces of evidence for superconductivity in a new report: Meissner effect, AC susceptibility, temperature-dependent critical field and critical current, single-particle tunnelling gap, jump in specific heat at T_c, Josephson tunnelling... etc"(Tweet).Retrieved2 August2023– viaTwitter.
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  35. ^abc이병철; 최정석 (27 July 2023).'노벨상감' 상온 초전도체 세계 최초 개발했다는 한국 연구...과학계 '회의론' 넘을까[Korean study into world's first room-temperature superconductor... can it overcome scientific 'skepticism'... to win Nobel prize].ChosunBiz(in Korean).Archivedfrom the original on 27 July 2023.Retrieved27 July2023.연구를 주도한 이석배 퀀텀에너지연구소 대표는 27일 오전 조선비즈와 만나 "2020년에 처음 연구 결과를네이처에 제출했지만다이어스 교수사태 때문에네이처가 논문 게재를 부담스러워했고, 다른 전문 학술지에 먼저 게재할 것을 요구했다 "며" 국내 학술지에 먼저 올려서 국내 전문가의 검증을 받고 사전공개 사이트인 아카이브에 올린 것 "이라고 말했다. 이 대표는 지난 23일 국제 학술지인 'ALP 머터리얼즈'에도 논문을 제출했다고 덧붙였다. 세계적인 물리학 저널에 인정을 받겠다는 설명이다.... "지금은 작고한최동식고려대 화학과 교수와 함께 1990년대 중반부터 상온 초전도체 구현을 위해 20년에 걸쳐 연구와 실험을 진행했다 "고 말했다. 이 대표는 상압상온 초전도체에 대한 특허도 출원했다고 밝혔다.
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  46. ^Bodin, Kenneth [@KennethBodin] (28 July 2023)."They have now also presented at MML2023. They took questions. Answers not entirely satisfying. Rumour is thatMITSCspecialists are flying over to scrutinize experiments. (Photo @JohanaAkerman [Johaa Akerman]) "(Tweet).Retrieved28 July2023– viaTwitter.
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  93. ^Sinéad Griffin [@sineatrix](2 August 2023)."a monster thread on what my paper says, the approximations and the caveats"(Tweet).Retrieved3 August2023– viaTwitter.
  94. ^Condensed Matter Theory Center, UMD [@condensed_the] (1 August 2023)."For such flat band systems, packaged LDA type calculations are of limited utility, but knowing the LDA band structure is again a small, but necessary, step in understanding the physics. Flat bands DO NOT imply SC, flat bands often lead to magnetic instabilities"(Tweet).Retrieved2 August2023– viaTwitter.
  95. ^Cabezas-Escares, J (2024). "Electronic structure and vibrational stability of copper-substituted lead apatite LK-99".Physical Review B.109(14): 144515.arXiv:2308.01135.Bibcode:2024PhRvB.109n4515C.doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.109.144515.
  96. ^Georgescu, Alexandru B. (2023). "Cu-doped Pb10(PO4)6O, and V doped SrTiO3-- a tutorial on electron-crystal lattice coupling in insulating materials with transition metal dopants ".arXiv:2308.07295[cond-mat.str-el].
  97. ^@AlexandruBG (10 August 2023)."So here's some results on LK-99 as a tutorial case example in electron-lattice interactions. So here's my two main results on it. Just very isolated, S=1/2, Cu bands in an insulator. Nothing at the Fermi level in DFT+U. One can also think of these as color centers"(Tweet).Retrieved28 August2023– viaTwitter.
  98. ^@AlexandruBG (16 August 2023)."Nice. Theory can be pretty predictive at times"(Tweet).Retrieved28 August2023– viaTwitter.

Further reading

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