Labia stretching

Labia stretching,also referred to aslabia elongationorlabia pulling,is the act of lengthening thelabia minora(the inner lips of the female genitals) through manual manipulation (pulling) or physical equipment (such as weights).It is a familialcultural practicein parts ofEasternandSouthern Africa,and abody modificationpractice elsewhere. It is performed forsexualenhancement for the benefit of both partners, aesthetics, symmetry and gratification.

Thelabiaand the wholevulvadiffer in size, shape, and colour from one person to another. In that labia stretching is attempting to change this body part to fit an ideal, and that it is often done by older women to girls, it has been compared tofemale genital mutilation(FGM) andchild abuse.

Benefits, drawbacks, and medical issues

Elongated labiaare perceived to facilitateorgasmandfemale ejaculation,and are considered to enhance sexual pleasure for both partners.Women who have unequally long labia may increase the size of the shorter to achieve symmetry. They also swell inwards, partially blocking the entrance to thevagina.

Some writers have asserted that labia stretching may reduce rates ofHIVinfection.

One review concluded:

... that pain at the beginning of the practice, nuisances related to the use of caustic herbs, and stigmatization in failing to comply with the practice are the principal health risks associated with LME [labia minora elongation]. At the same time, there is evidence that labial elongation may benefit the sexual health and well-being of women.

The opposite of labia stretching is labia reduction orlabiaplasty,which is performed as a surgical procedure for women whose genitals cause them discomfort or pain,or for aesthetic reasons.

Controversy and legality

Although theWorld Health Organizationpreviously included labial stretching within the context of "mutilation" (seeGenital modification and mutilation), the negative context of that was not supported by the research of Marian Koster MSc and Dr. Lisa Price ofWageningen University,Netherlands. This led the WHO to schedule amending their treatment of it, perhaps as "modification" instead, in February 2008.

The practice of labial stretching does not violate women's rights, in that it does not involve physical violence, unless the woman is misled as to the benefits of the practice. However, it may be contrary to Africancustomary lawand rights of women if it is in conflict with public policy.

Girls usually start to stretch their labia from ages 8 to 14, beforemenarche.Children in the African diaspora practise this too, so it occurs within immigrant communities in, for example, Britain, where aBBCreport labelled it a hidden form ofchild abuse.The girls are subject to familial and social pressure to conform.

Historic context

The early recordings of the results of the practice are perhaps among theKhoisanpeoples of southern Africa, where the inner labia were seen to be several centimeters longer than the outer labia.When CaptainJames CookreachedCape Townin 1771, towards the end ofhis first voyage,he acknowledged being "very desirous to determine the great question among natural historians, whether the women of this country have or have not that fleshy flap or apron which has been called theSinus pudoris";eventually a physician described treating patients with labia ranging from half an inch to three or four inches.

In Eastern Africa,Monica Wilsonrecorded the custom through her fieldwork with theNyakyusa peoplein the 1930s, and in Southern AfricaIsaac Schaperaworked with theNama people,the largest group amongst theKhoikhoi,early in the 20th century,publishingThe Khoisan Peoples of South Africain 1930, in which he documents labia stretching.

Rwanda

InRwandan culture,female family members teach girls at puberty how to pull their labia to lengthen them (gukuna,"pull",imishino"labia" inKinyarwanda language), using local medicinal flora to ease the process. Women continue the practice into adulthood and through marriage.The most important aspect ofgukuna imishino,which may begin about the age of 10, is to assist the couple to perform the sexual practice ofkunyaza,in which the sexual satisfaction of the woman comes before that of the man.

Uganda

Labia elongation is something that every girl who has grown up on Ugandan terrain has at least heard about. Others have experienced it, complete with its joys and pains, while for many it is a mystery they can only imagine. Some men have heard of it too, and others have gone beyond the doors of these protected waters. Some people cherish it with their entire being, while others could not care at all about a matter so trivial. Another section of the community downrightly abhors elongated labia.

— Patience Akumu, The Observer (Uganda), 2010

Some human rights activists in the country, including feminist scholarSylvia Tamale,support labia stretching.

Zambia

According to a report in theGlobal Press Journal,labia stretching is common in Zambia, but such a social taboo that it is rarely discussed. It is defended by traditional marriage counsellors and challenged by feminist activists.

Wala Nalungwe, a feminist and activist, says that powerful, cultural figures – such as marriage counselors and family matriarchs – unfairly pressure young women to stretch their labia.... even older women do not understand why they pull their labia, she says. They manufacture false reasons to support the practice, scaring girls into pulling.... The practice of labia stretching denies women and girls autonomy over their bodies and sexuality, she says.... "It is unfair that girls and young women are taught to pull their labia minora for the sexual gratification of their male partners, not for their own sexual fulfillment."

South Pacific

Labia modification is documented as having existed in cultures outside Africa, particularly in the South Pacific.Robert Carl Suggswrote about it in 1966 regarding theculture of the Marquesas Islands.

Links to other practices

Scholars link labial elongation with genital tattooing.Elsdon Bestwrote about theMaori(published in 1924, but apparently referring to a historical custom he had not witnessed himself): "Women were occasionally tattooed on the private parts, and this was a custom among Fijian women. It was alluded to as atara whakairo."Belgian missionaryGustaaf Hulstaertwrote about genital tattooing in 1938 inLe mariage des Nkundó,about theMongo peopleof the Congo: "Both women and men wear tattoos, but it is more common among women. For women, it is considered more sexual and often located near the sex organs."

Quoted on the overview of theMongo peopleby theDatabase for Indigenous Cultural Evolutionat theUniversity of Missouri.Bronisław Malinowskiwrote about theTrobriand IslandsinThe Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia:

The body, as distinguished from the face, is very seldom painted, and no tattoo markings are ever visible. I am told that girls at the time of their first menstruation are tattooed round the vagina. This tattooing is calledki'uki'u,and is done, according to my informants, for aesthetic purposes.

See also

• Clitoral enlargement methods
• Labia piercing
• Labia pride
• Sarah Baartman
• Steatopygia
• Stretching (body piercing)
• Vagina and vulva in art