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Lakas–CMD

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This article is about the party founded in 2008. For the original party founded in 1991, seeLakas–CMD (1991).

Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats
PresidentMartin Romualdez
ChairpersonBong Revilla Jr.
Secretary-GeneralJose Aquino II
President EmeritusGloria Macapagal Arroyo
FounderFidel Ramos
Raul Manglapus
FoundedDecember 1991;32 years ago(1991-12)(original form)
June 18, 2008;16 years ago(2008-06-18)(current form)
Merger ofLakas–CMDandKAMPI
Headquarters3/F, Universal Re Building, 106Paseo de Roxas,Legazpi Village,Makati,1229Metro Manila
Youth wingLakas Youth
IdeologyChristian democracy
Islamic democracy
Conservatism
Filipino nationalism
Federalism[1][2]
Parliamentarianism
Political positionCentre-right[3]
National affiliationUniTeam(2021–2024)
Coalition for Change(2016–2021)
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
ColorsSky blue,gold,green,orange
Seats in theSenate
1 / 24
Seats in theHouse of Representatives
100 / 316
Provincial governorships
8 / 82
Provincial board members
18 / 1,023
Cityandmunicipalmayorships
68 / 1,634
City and municipal councilors
514 / 16,812
Website
lakascmd.com

Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats,abbreviated asLakas–CMDand also known simply asLakas,is a political party in the Philippines. Lakas–CMD is considered to sit on thecentre-rightof the political spectrum and is influenced byChristian democracyandIslamic democracy.Since the2022 elections,Lakas–CMD is currently the biggest party in theHouse of Representatives,with the party's president,Martin Romualdez,serving asSpeaker of the House.[4]The party is a dominant member of theUniTeam Allianceled by PresidentBongbong Marcos.

Lakas–CMD has produced onePresident of the Philippines,Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,who was in power when the party was formed in 2009, and one vice president,Sara Duterte,who was elected in2022.

Lakas–CMD was founded in 2008, after theoriginal Lakas–CMDparty merged with theKabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino(KAMPI), formingLakas Kampi CMD.The party later reverted to its original name and removed KAMPI after many of its members defected to theNational Unity Party(NUP).[5]

After the2010 elections,the party was split into both the majority and minority blocs. By2013,Lakas supported most candidates of the opposition coalitionUnited Nationalist Alliancein the2013 Senate election,although the party was still split.[6][7]After the2016 elections,the party joined the majority bloc led byPDP–Laban,the party of the winner of the presidential election,Rodrigo Duterte.In the2019 elections,the party joined theHugpong ng Pagbabagoalliance. After the2022 elections,Lakas won the vice presidency and replaced PDP–Laban as the largest party in Congress, leading the majority bloc.[8]

History[edit]

See also:Lakas–CMD (1991)andKabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino

Origins[edit]

After theHello Garci scandal,the party was split into two main factions in 2006, one led byPresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyoand another by former presidentFidel V. Ramos,who had initially supported Arroyo despite the scandal but later called for her resignation.[9]

On January 16, 2008, Lakas spokesman and legal counselRaul Lambinoreleased a list of potential Lakas senatorial bets for 2010. Except for Parañaque Representative Eduardo Zialcita, they were not yet identified.[10]

Former House SpeakerJose de Venecia Jr.resigned his post as president of Lakas–CMD on March 10, 2008; he rejected the proposition of former presidentFidel Ramosto give him the title Chairman-emeritus. The then current House SpeakerProspero Nograleswas sworn in as the new president of Lakas–CMD party andFeliciano Belmonte Jr.as vice president for Metro Manila affairs on the same day.

On June 18, 2008, President Arroyo confirmed the merger of theoriginal Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats(Lakas–CMD) and theKabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino(KAMPI) parties. Both parties adopted the "equity of the incumbent" principle, as the merger would account for almost 200 national and 8,000 local officials, amid Arroyo's prediction of 2010 elections victory. The party's president,Prospero Nograles,and KAMPI chairperson,Ronaldo Puno,signed the covenant at theDavao Cityregionalcaucus.[11][12]Ramos announced on February 6, 2008, that the Lakas–CMD name would be retained even after the merger, and asserted that de Venecia will remain as the party's president.[13]

On August 9, 2009, de Venecia and Ramos led fifty members from Lakas in objecting to its merger with KAMPI on May 28, 2009. The faction retained de Venecia its president with Ramos as the Chairman Emeritus. Ramos refused the offer to become the Chairman Emeritus of the new party after being named in the interim party organization. De Venecia filed a resolution at theCommission on Electionsto declare the merger null and void.[14]However, theSupreme Courtultimately upheld the legality of the merger, citing the failure of de Venecia "to sufficiently show that any grave abuse of discretion was committed by theCommission on Electionsin rendering the challenged resolution. "[15][16]

Majority to minority (2010–2016)[edit]

In the2010 elections,the party suffered several losses, and was split into both the majority and minority blocs. It lost the2010 presidential electionwithGilberto Teodoroas its presidential nominee while only two of its candidates in the2010 Senate electionwon; the two joined theLiberal Party–led majority coalition. In the2010 House of Representatives election,it won 47% of the seats contested in the district election. However, afterBenigno Aquino IIIwas sworn in as president on June 30, 2010, the majority of the former legislative members of Lakas were sworn as members of the rebornLiberal Party,Aquino's party. Other members led byPablo P. Garciaestablished the neutralNational Unity Partyin December 2010.[17]After the split, the party's new chairman,Edcel Lagman,declared that the Lakas Kampi CMD coalition has "ceased to exist".[18]On May 11, 2012, the party decided to revert to its original name and drop Arroyo's KAMPI from the coalition.[5]It became one of the parties in the opposition after the 2010 elections.

The party weakened following Arroyo's arrest under charges ofelectoral fraudin 2011 which were later dismissed, and again in 2012, on charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds; she would later be acquitted in 2017.[19]On February 5, 2013, senatorBong Revillasucceeded Lagman and became the party's chairperson, while1st district representativeofLeyte,Martin Romualdez,became the party's president.[20]In the2013 Senate election,the party mostly supported several candidates from theUnited Nationalist Alliance(UNA), which counts previous Lakas members among its candidates, such asMigz Zubiri,Dick Gordon,andMitos Magsaysay.Three out of nine UNA candidates were elected.

In 2016, the party initially planned to field senator Revilla for thepresidential election.[21][22]However, he would be detained at thePhilippine National Policecustodial center atCamp Cramedue to his alleged involvement in thepork barrel scam.[23]By August 2015, Lakas reportedly eyed to form an alliance with UNA and support vice presidentJejomar Binay'scandidacy for president.[24]However, by February 2016, the party failed to reach a consensus on who to support, eventually opting not to endorse any candidate for president.[25]The party supported the candidacy ofBongbong Marcosfor vice president, who lost.[26][27]

Recovery under the Duterte administration (2016–2022)[edit]

After thenDavao City mayorRodrigo Dutertewon the presidential election, Lakas signed a coalition agreement with Duterte's party,PDP–Laban,on May 18, 2016, joining several other political parties in theCoalition for Change,the administration's coalition.[28]In October 2017, Arroyo and two of her allies joined PDP–Laban. According to Arroyo, the move was done to "consolidate support for the president."[29]In September 2018, House Minority LeaderDanilo Suarez,who had rejoined Lakas, announced that the party is rebuilding to restore its dominance before Arroyo stepped down as president.[30]On November 6, 2018, the party joinedHugpong ng Pagbabago,[31][32]with Revilla joining the coalition's senatorial slate for the2019 Senate election.Revilla was reelected, marking Lakas' return to the upper chamber. The party also won a dozen seats in the2019 House of Representatives elections.After the 2019 elections, several politicians joined the party.[33][34]Arroyo returned to the party on March 9, 2020.[35]

On November 17, 2021,Sara Dutertebecame the chairperson of the party, succeeding Revilla.[36]Following her move to Lakas, she announced her candidacy forvice presidentin the2022 vice presidential election,becoming the running mate ofBongbong Marcos.[37]On November 29, 2021, the party formed theUniTeam Alliancewith three other parties to support thecandidaciesof Marcos and Duterte.[38]The tandem won the elections, becoming the first presidential ticket to win together since Arroyo's victory along with her running mate in2004.[39]

Return to dominance (2022–present)[edit]

Following the2022 Philippine general election,which saw Lakas winning 26 seats in the House of Representatives as well as the vice presidency, 38 politicians moved to the party, most of whom belonged to the weakening PDP–Laban.[40]By the time the19th Congresswas opened, the party's seats in the House of Representatives increased from 12 in the 18th Congress to 64, replacing PDP–Laban as the dominant party in the lower house.[41][8]Prominent members of the party were elected to various leadership positions in the lower house; Romualdez was elected as theHouse Speakerwhile Arroyo andIsidro Ungabbecamedeputy speakers.[42]As of May 2023, the party has 71 members in the lower chamber.[43]

On May 17, 2023, Arroyo was demoted from senior deputy speaker to deputy speaker, reportedly due to her plotting to oust Romualdez from his position.[44]Arroyo has subsequently denied the allegations.[45][46]She was replaced byAurelio Gonzales Jr.of PDP–Laban. The party later also signed a partnership agreement with PDP–Laban.[47]Following Arroyo's demotion, vice president and party chair Duterte resigned from the party on May 19, 2023. She stated that her leadership "cannot be poisoned by political toxicity."[48][49]

Ideology[edit]

Lakas–CMD adheres to theChristian democracyandIslamic democracyideologies, adopting the same ideologies of its predecessor party, and is a member of theCentrist Democrats International(CDI). The party also advocates for a shift from the presentpresidential systemto aparliamentary form of governmentthrough constitutional amendments and through establishing peace talks withMuslimseparatists andcommunistrebels.[50]

Lakas–CMD has always focused on economic growth and development, stronger ties with theUnited States,creation of jobs, and strong cooperation between the executive and legislative branches of government. The party is distinct in its ecumenical inclusion of Muslim leaders in its political alliance.[51]The party has tended to be more popular in theMindanaoprovinces.

Current party officials[edit]

List of party chairpersons[edit]

  • Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2008–2009)
  • Gilberto Teodoro (2009–2010)
  • Amelita Villarosa (2010)
  • Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2010–2011)
  • Edcel Lagman (2011–2012)
  • Bong Revilla, Jr. (2012–2021)
  • Sara Duterte (2021–2023)
  • Bong Revilla, Jr. (2023–present)

Candidates for Philippine general elections[edit]

2010[edit]

Presidential ticket[edit]

For senator[edit]

2016[edit]

For senator[edit]

2019[edit]

For senator[edit]

2022[edit]

Presidential ticket[edit]

Electoral performance[edit]

For the electoral performance of Lakas–CMD prior to 2010, seeLakas–CMD (1991) § Electoral performance.

Presidential elections[edit]

Year Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
2010 Gilbert Teodoro 4,095,839 11.33 Lost Benigno Aquino III(Liberal) won
2016 None — Rodrigo Duterte(PDP–Laban) won
2022 None; Duterte's running mate wasBongbong Marcos(PFP) 31,629,783 58.77 Won Bongbong Marcos(PFP) won

Vice presidential elections[edit]

Year Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
2010 Edu Manzano 807,728 2.30 Lost Jejomar Binay(PDP–Laban) won
2016 None; endorsedBongbong Marcos(Independent) — Leni Robredo(Liberal) won
2022 Sara Duterte 32,208,417 61.53 Won Sara Dutertewon

Legislative elections[edit]

Current members, 18th Congress[edit]

House of Representatives[edit]

Main article:18th Congress of the Philippines

District Representatives[edit]

Allied Partylist Representatives[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Romualdez reaffirms support for Duterte's federalism agenda".Philippine Daily Inquirer.June 5, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 16,2020.
  2. ^Manalastas, Jester P. (June 5, 2019)."Federalism push renewed".Archived fromthe originalon August 3, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 16,2020.
  3. ^Dayley, Robert (2016).Southeast Asia In The New International Era.ISBN9780813350110.RetrievedApril 19,2017.
  4. ^Cruz, Maricel (July 20, 2022)."Lakas-CMD now biggest party in House, ranks swell to 64".Manila Standard.Archived fromthe originalon July 28, 2022.RetrievedAugust 21,2022.
  5. ^ab"Lakas drops GMA's Kampi from coalition".The Manila Times.Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2012.RetrievedMay 14,2012.
  6. ^Clapano, Jose Rodel."Lakas-CMD supports UNA Senate bets".Philstar.com.RetrievedJune 2,2022.
  7. ^Boncocan, Karen (February 5, 2013)."Lakas-CMD to carry 10 bets from LP, UNA".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJune 2,2022.
  8. ^abPorcalla, Delon."Lakas-CMD eyes replacing PDP-Laban in Congress".Philstar.com.RetrievedJuly 28,2022.
  9. ^Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2022).Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia.Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-1-000-57286-5.OCLC1318991816.
  10. ^Inquirer.net, Lakas lists down 30 senatorial bets for 2010—spokesmanArchivedSeptember 10, 2012, at theWayback Machine
  11. ^"Manila Standard Today – Latest News in the Philippines".RetrievedApril 19,2015.
  12. ^"Lakas-CMD, Kampi merge".GMA News Online.RetrievedApril 19,2015.
  13. ^"Ramos: De Venecia to remain president in Lakas-Kampi merger".Philippine Daily Inquirer.Archived fromthe originalon December 23, 2014.RetrievedApril 19,2015.
  14. ^"Lakas-Kampi-CMD merger in peril".Philippine Daily Inquirer.Archived fromthe originalon April 27, 2015.RetrievedApril 19,2015.
  15. ^Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2022).Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia.Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-1-000-57286-5.OCLC1318991816.Meanwhile, de Venecia filed a resolution at the Commission on Elections for the Lakas-KAMPI merger to be nullified. The Supreme Court denied the appeal and upheld the legality of the resolution.
  16. ^Punay, Edu (January 1, 2010)."Supreme Court OKs merger of Lakas, Kampi".Philippine Star.Archived fromthe originalon September 12, 2012.
  17. ^Rosario, Ben (November 10, 2011)."National Unity Party accredited".Manila Bulletin.Archived fromthe originalon April 6, 2012.RetrievedJune 2,2022.
  18. ^Cabacungan, Gil C. (January 9, 2012)."Lakas-Kampi is no more—Lagman".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJune 3,2022.
  19. ^"SC upholds Arroyo's plunder acquittal with finality".ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs.April 18, 2017.RetrievedApril 18,2017.
  20. ^Salaverria, Leila B. (February 5, 2013)."Revilla not in a hurry for 2016 polls, says he's focused on May elections".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJune 2,2022.
  21. ^"Lakas eyes Bong Revilla for 2016".RAPPLER.January 30, 2013.RetrievedJune 2,2022.
  22. ^Boncocan, Karen (January 31, 2013)."Bong Revilla a strong contender in 2016 – Lakas-CMD".Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  23. ^"Bong Revilla off to surrender to anti-graft court".Rappler.RetrievedNovember 11,2015.
  24. ^Nicolas, Fiona (August 5, 2015)."Lakas-CMD might root for Binay".CNN Philippines.Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2022.RetrievedJune 3,2022.
  25. ^"Arroyo's Lakas split on who to support in 2016 polls - POLITIKO".February 3, 2016.RetrievedJune 3,2022.
  26. ^"Gloria boys suportado si Bongbong Marcos".DZIQ Radyo Inquirer 990AM.February 18, 2016.RetrievedJune 3,2022.
  27. ^"LAKAS-CMD THROWS SUPPORT BEHIND BONGBONG MARCOS".Senate of The Philippines.April 14, 2016.RetrievedJune 3,2022.
  28. ^Abadicio, Camille (May 18, 2016)."PDP-Laban, Lakas-CMD sign 'coalition for change'".CNN Philippines.Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2022.RetrievedJune 3,2022.
  29. ^Yap, DJ (October 11, 2017)."Arroyo, 2 of her former Cabinet members join PDP-Laban".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJune 4,2022.
  30. ^"Lakas-CMD party rebuilding; GMA return being anticipated".Manila Bulletin.September 26, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 29,2018.
  31. ^"Lakas-CMD eyes coalition with Hugpong ng Pagbabago".CNN Philippines.August 20, 2018. Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2022.RetrievedJune 5,2022.
  32. ^Reyes, Ronald (November 6, 2018)."Hugpong ng Pagbabago unites with partylist, Lakas-CMD".Philippine News Agency.RetrievedJune 5,2022.
  33. ^Roxas, Pathricia Ann V. (September 3, 2019)."Lakas-CMD 'strengthens political influence,' welcomes new members".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJune 4,2022.
  34. ^Galvez, Daphne (October 18, 2020)."6 more House members join Lakas-CMD party".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJune 4,2022.
  35. ^"Arroyo, De Venecia reunite as Lakas-CMD vow to 'win' members back".RAPPLER.March 9, 2020.RetrievedJune 16,2022.
  36. ^Bordey, Hana."Sara Duterte accepts Lakas-CMD chairmanship".GMA News Online.RetrievedNovember 17,2021.
  37. ^"Sara Duterte scraps reelection bid for vice-presidential run".Philstar.com.Archivedfrom the original on November 13, 2021.RetrievedJune 5,2022.
  38. ^"Four political parties forge UniTeam alliance pact for Bongbong-Sara tandem".Manila Bulletin.November 25, 2021.RetrievedJune 5,2022.
  39. ^Andrade, Jeannette I.; Aurelio, Julie M. (May 26, 2022)."Congress proclaims Marcos, Duterte".Philippine Daily Inquirer.RetrievedJune 5,2022.
  40. ^Mercado, Neil Arwin (June 9, 2022)."Lakas-CMD gains more members in House".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJuly 28,2022.
  41. ^"Lakas-CMD now biggest party in House, ranks swell to 64".Manila Standard.July 20, 2022.RetrievedJuly 28,2022.
  42. ^Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (July 25, 2022)."Arroyo is House new senior deputy speaker, Dalipe Majority Floor Leader".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedJuly 28,2022.
  43. ^"Romualdez, Arroyo together in another House event; 19 more join Lakas-CMD".Manila Bulletin.RetrievedMay 24,2023.
  44. ^"Gloria Arroyo demoted, loses 'senior' title in House deputy speakership".RAPPLER.May 17, 2023.RetrievedMay 24,2023.
  45. ^Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 18, 2023)."Arroyo breaks silence: My actions were misconstrued, I was accused of staging House coup".INQUIRER.net.RetrievedMay 24,2023.
  46. ^"Gloria Arroyo denies ouster plot vs Speaker Romualdez".RAPPLER.May 18, 2023.RetrievedMay 24,2023.
  47. ^News, GMA Integrated (May 22, 2023)."Lakas-CMD, PDP-Laban sign partnership agreement".GMA News Online.RetrievedMay 24,2023.{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help)
  48. ^"From GMA to Sara Duterte: The ties that bind".RAPPLER.May 20, 2023.RetrievedMay 24,2023.
  49. ^Mateo, Janvic."Sara mum on House squabble, GMA meet".Philstar.com.RetrievedMay 24,2023.
  50. ^"Con-com official welcomes Lakas-CMD support for Charter change".Philstar.com.January 7, 2006.RetrievedJune 4,2022.
  51. ^Dayley, Robert (2016).Southeast Asia In The New International Era.ISBN9780813350110.RetrievedApril 19,2017.

External links[edit]

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