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Late Period of ancient Egypt

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Late Period of ancient Egypt
c. 664 BC–c. 332 BC
Egypt in the 6th century BC.
Egypt in the 6th century BC.
CapitalSais,Mendes,Sebennytos
Common languagesAncient Egyptian
Religion
Ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Pharaoh
• c. 664–610 BC
Psamtik I(first)
• 336–332 BC
Darius III(last)
History
• Began
c. 664 BC
• Ended
c. 332 BC
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Macedonian Empire
Ptolemaic Egypt
Part ofa serieson the
History ofEgypt
Prehistoric Egypt
Predynastic Period6000–3000 BC
Ancient Egypt
Early Dynastic Period3150–2686 BC
Old Kingdom2686–2181 BC
1st Intermediate Period2181–2055 BC
Middle Kingdom2055–1650 BC
2nd Intermediate Period1650–1550 BC
New Kingdom1550–1069 BC
3rd Intermediate Period1069–664 BC
Late Period664–332 BC
Greco-Roman Egypt
Argead dynasty332–310 BC
Ptolemaic dynasties310–30 BC
Roman and Byzantine Egypt30 BC–641 AD
Sasanian Egypt619–629
Medieval Egypt
Rashidun caliphate641–661
Umayyad caliphate661–750
Abbasid dynasty750–935
Tulunid dynasty868–905
Ikhshidid dynasty935–969
Fatimid dynasty969–1171
Ayyubid dynasty1171–1250
Mamluk dynasty1250–1517
Early modernEgypt
Ottoman Egypt1517–1867
French occupation1798–1801
Muhammad Ali dynasty1805–1953
Khedivate of Egypt1867–1914
Late Modern Egypt
British occupation1882–1922
Sultanate of Egypt1914–1922
Kingdom of Egypt1922–1953
Republic1953–present
flagEgypt portal
Periodsanddynastiesofancient Egypt
All years areBC
Early
Pre-dynastic period
First DynastyIc.3150–2890
Second DynastyII2890–2686
Old Kingdom
Third DynastyIII2686–2613
Fourth DynastyIV2613–2498
Fifth DynastyV2498–2345
Sixth DynastyVI2345–2181
First Intermediate
Seventh DynastyVIIspurious
Eighth DynastyVIII2181–2160
Ninth DynastyIX2160–2130
Tenth DynastyX2130–2040
EarlyEleventh DynastyXI2134–2061
Middle Kingdom
LateEleventh DynastyXI2061–1991
Twelfth DynastyXII1991–1803
Thirteenth DynastyXIII1803–1649
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth DynastyXIV1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty(Hyksos)XV1674–1535
Sixteenth DynastyXVI1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty1650–1600
Seventeenth DynastyXVII1580–1549
New Kingdom
Eighteenth DynastyXVIII1549–1292
Nineteenth DynastyXIX1292–1189
Twentieth DynastyXX1189–1077
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first DynastyXXI1069–945
Twenty-second DynastyXXII945–720
Twenty-third DynastyXXIII837–728
Twenty-fourth DynastyXXIV732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty(Nubian)XXV732–653
Late Period
Twenty-sixth DynastyXXVI672–525
XXVII525–404
Twenty-eighth DynastyXXVIII404–398
Twenty-ninth DynastyXXIX398–380
Thirtieth DynastyXXX380–343
XXXI343–332
Hellenistic Egypt
Thirty-second DynastyXXXII332–305
Thirty-third DynastyXXXIII305–30
Roman Egypt
XXXIV30 BC – 313 AD

TheLate Periodofancient Egyptrefers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after theThird Intermediate Periodin the26th Saite Dynastyfounded byPsamtik I,but includes the time ofAchaemenid Persianrule over Egypt after the conquest byCambyses IIin 525 BC as well. The Late Period existed from 664 BC until 332 BC, following a period of foreign rule by theNubian25th Dynastyand beginning with a short period ofNeo-Assyriansuzerainty,with Psamtik I initially ruling as their vassal. The period ended withthe conquests of the Persian EmpirebyAlexander the Greatand establishment of thePtolemaic dynastyby his generalPtolemy I Soter,one of theHellenisticdiadochifromMacedoninnorthern Greece.With theMacedonianGreekconquest in the latter half of the 4th century BC, the age ofHellenistic Egyptbegan.

History[edit]

26th Dynasty[edit]

Main article:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

TheTwenty-Sixth Dynasty,also known as theSaite Dynastyafter its seat of power the city ofSais,reigned from 672 to 525 BC, and consisted of six pharaohs. It started with the unification of Egypt underPsamtik Ic. 656 BC, itself a direct consequence of theSack of Thebesby the Assyrians in 663 BC. Canal construction from theNileto theRed Seabegan.

Egypt seems to have expanded into the Near East early in this period. Theyconquered the city of Ashdodaround 655 BC, and a wide range of archaeological finds from throughout the Levant shows an Egyptian occupation and control in the late decades of the 7th century BC. These include various Egyptian objects from several sites, ostraca and documents showing a tribute/tax system, and evidence from the fortress of Mezad Hashavyahu.[1][2]Egyptian influence reached to the Euphrates area in places such asKimuhuandQuramati.Later they were pushed back by the defeat atCarcemish,although Egyptian intervention in the Near East seems to have continued after this battle.[3]

Amasis IIfollowed a new policy and directed his interests toward the Greek world. He annexedCyprusduring his reign.[4]To the south,Psamtik IIled a great military expedition that reached deep into upper Nubia and inflicted a heavy defeat on them.[5]A demotic papyrus from the reign of Ahmose II describes a small expedition into Nubia, the character of which is unclear. There is archaeological evidence of an Egyptian garrison at Dorginarti in lower Nubia during the Saite period.[6]

One major contribution from the Late Period of ancient Egypt was theBrooklyn Papyrus.This was a medical papyrus with a collection of medical and magical remedies for victims ofsnakebitesbased on snake type or symptoms.[7]

Artwork during this time was representative of animal cults and animal mummies. This image shows the god Pataikos wearing a scarab beetle on his head, supporting two human-headed birds on his shoulders, holding a snake in each hand, and standing atop crocodiles.[8]

27th Dynasty[edit]

Main article:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt

TheFirst Achaemenid Period(525–404 BC) began with theBattle of Pelusium,which saw Egypt (Old Persian:𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹Mudrāya) conquered by the expansiveAchaemenid EmpireunderCambyses,and Egypt become asatrapy.TheTwenty-seventh Dynasty of Egyptconsists of the Persian emperors - including Cambyses,Xerxes I,andDarius the Great- who ruled Egypt as Pharaohs and governed through their satraps, as well as the EgyptianPetubastis III(522–520 BC) (and possibly the disputedPsammetichus IV), who rebelled in defiance of the Persian authorities. The unsuccessful revolt ofInaros II(460–454), aided by theAtheniansas part of theWars of the Delian League,aspired to the same object. The Persian satraps wereAryandes(525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC) - whose rule was interrupted by the rebel Pharaoh Petubastis III,Pherendates(c.496–c.486 BC),Achaemenes(c.486–459 BC) - a brother of the emperor Xerxes I, andArsames(c.454–c.406 BC).

28th–30th Dynasties[edit]

Main articles:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt,Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt,andThirtieth Dynasty of Egypt

TheTwenty-Eighth Dynastyconsisted of a single king,Amyrtaeus,prince ofSais,who successfully rebelled against the Persians, inaugurating Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native sovereigns. He left no monuments with his name. This dynasty reigned for six years, from 404 BC–398 BC.

TheTwenty-Ninth Dynastyruled fromMendes,for the period from 398 to 380 BC. KingHakorof this dynasty was able to defeat a Persian invasion during his reign.

TheThirtieth Dynastytook their art style from theTwenty-Sixth Dynasty.A series of three pharaohs ruled from 380 to 343 BC. The first king of the dynasty,Nectanebo I,defeated aPersian invasionin 373 BC. His successorTeossubsequently led an expedition against the Achaemenid Empire in the Near East. The expedition was beginning to meet with some success and made its way to Phoenicia without particular problems. unfortunately for Teos, his brotherTjahapimuwas plotting against him. Tjahapimu convinced his sonNectanebo IIto rebel against Teos and to make himself pharaoh. The plan was successful and the betrayed Teos had no alternative but to flee and the expedition disintegrated. The final ruler of this dynasty, and the final native ruler of Egypt, wasNectanebo IIwho was defeated in battle leading to the re-annexation by theAchaemenid Empire.

31st Dynasty[edit]

Main article:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt

TheSecond Achaemenid Periodsaw the re-inclusion of Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire under the rule of the Thirty-First Dynasty, (343–332 BC) which consisted of three Persian emperors who ruled as Pharaoh—Artaxerxes III(343–338 BC),Artaxerxes IV(338–336 BC), andDarius III(336–332 BC)—interrupted by the revolt of the non-AchaemenidKhababash(338–335 BC). Persian rule in Egypt ended with the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire byAlexander the Great,who accepted the surrender of the Persian satrap of EgyptMazacesin 332 BC, marking the beginning of Hellenistic rule in Egypt which stabilized after Alexander's death into thePtolemaic Kingdom.

References[edit]

  1. ^Bar, S.; Kahn, D.; Shirley, J.J. (2011).Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East).BRILL. pp. 268–285.
  2. ^Federico, Zains. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Neo-Assyrian City Wall in the Outer Town at Karkemish": 901–902.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  3. ^Shaw, Ian (2004).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.Oxford University Press. pp. 372–373.
  4. ^Hill, George (2010).A History of Cyprus, Vol. 1.Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
  5. ^Psamtik II
  6. ^Shaw, Ian (2004).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.Oxford University Press. pp. 373–374.
  7. ^Bleiberg, Barbash & Bruno 2013,p. 55.
  8. ^Bleiberg, Barbash & Bruno 2013,p. 16.

Bibliography[edit]

Primary sources
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