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Latin American art

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Presencia de América Latina(1964-65),muralbyJorge González Camarena.

Latin American artis the combined artistic expression of South America, Central America, the Caribbean, andMexico,as well as Latin Americans living in other regions.

The art has roots in the many differentindigenous culturesthat inhabited the Americas before European colonization in the 16th century. The indigenous cultures each developed sophisticated artistic disciplines, which were highly influenced by religious and spiritual concerns. Their work is collectively known and referred to asPre-Columbian art.The blending of Amerindian, European and African cultures has resulted in a unique Mestizo tradition.

Colonial period[edit]

Archangel Uranus,anonymous,Cuzco School18th century
Single canvas depiction of thecastasystem of racial hierarchy in eighteenth-century Mexico, by Ignacio María Barreda. Most sets of casta paintings were individual canvases showing only one family.

During the colonial period, a mixture ofindigenoustraditions and European influences (mainly due to the Christian teachings ofFranciscan,AugustinianandDominicanfriars) produced a very particular Christian art known asIndochristian art.In addition toindigenous art,the development of Latin American visual art was significantly influenced by Spanish,Portuguese,and French and DutchBaroque painting.In turn Baroque painting was often influenced by theItalian masters.

TheCuzco Schoolis viewed as the first center of European-style painting in the Americas. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Spanish art instructors taughtQuechuaartists to paint religious imagery based on classical andRenaissancestyles.[1]

In eighteenth-centuryNew Spain,Mexican artists along with a few Spanish artists produced paintings of a system of racial hierarchy, known ascastapaintings. It was almost exclusively a Mexican form however, one set was produced in Peru. In a break from religious paintings of the preceding centuries, casta paintings were a secular art form. Only one known casta painting by a relatively unknown painter,Luis de Mena,combines castas with Mexico'sVirgin of Guadalupe;this being an exception. Some of Mexico's most distinguished artists painted casta works, includingMiguel Cabrera.Most casta paintings were on multiple canvases, with one family grouping on each. There were a handful of single canvas paintings, showing the entire racial hierarchy. The paintings show idealized family groupings, with the father being of one racial, the mother of another racial category, and their offspring being a third racial category. This genre of painting flourished for about a century, coming to an end with Mexican independence in 1821, and the abolition of legal racial categories.[2]

In the seventeenth century, The Netherlands had captured the rich sugar-producing area of the Portuguese colony of Brazil (1630–1654). During that period, Dutch artistAlbert Eckhoutpainted a number of important depictions of social types in Brazil. These depictions included images of indigenous men and women, as well as still lifes.[3]

Scientific expeditions approved by the Spanish crown began exploring Spanish America where its flora and fauna were recorded. SpaniardJosé Celestino Mutis,a medical doctor and horticulturalist and follower of Swedish scientistCarl Linnaeus,led an expedition starting in 1784 to northern South America, the expedition is known as theExpedición Botánica de Nueva Granada.Local artists were Ecuadorean Indians, who produced five thousand color drawings of nature, all being published. The crown chartered expedition whose purpose was scientific recording of the natural beauty and wealth of Nature, was a departure from the long traditional religious art.[4]

The most important scientific expedition was that ofAlexander von Humboldtand French botanistAimé Bonpland.They traveled for five years throughout Spanish America (1799-1804), exploring and recording scientific information as well as the attire and lifestyles local populations.[5]Humboldt's work became an inspiration and template for continuing scientific work in the nineteenth century, as well as traveller reporters who recorded the scenes of everyday life.

In 1818, theAcademy of San AlejandroinHavana,Cuba,was founded by Alejandro Ramírez, and the French painterJean Baptiste Vermay,served as the founding director.[6][7]It is the oldest academy of art in Latin America.[8]

Historiography of colonial art and architecture[edit]

The history of Latin American art has generally been written by those with training in art history departments. However, the concept of "visual culture" has now brought scholars trained in other disciplines to write the histories of art. As with the history of indigenous peoples, for many years there was a focus on either the pre-Columbian period (Olmec,Maya,Aztec,Inca) art production, then a leap to the twentieth century. More recently, the colonial era and the nineteenth century have developed as fields of focus. Visual culture as a field increasingly crosses disciplinary boundaries. Colonial architecture has been the subject of a number of important studies.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

Colonial art has a long tradition, especially in Mexico, with there being publications of Manuel Toussaint.[15]In recent years, there has been a boom in publications on colonial art, with some useful overviews being published in recent years.[16][17][18][19][20][21]Many works deal exclusively with Spanish America.

Major exhibitions on colonial art have resulted in fine catalogs as a permanent record.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

Gallery[edit]

Nineteenth-century[edit]

Gallery – Foreign artists in Latin America[edit]

Gallery – Latin American artists[edit]

Modernism[edit]

La Muerte de Girardot en Bárbula,by Venezuelan painterCristóbal Rojas,oil, 1883

Modernism,a Western art movement typified by the rejection of traditional classical styles. This movement holds an ambivalent position in Latin American art. Not all countries developed modernized urban centers at the same time, so Modernism's appearance in Latin America is difficult to date. While Modernism was welcomed by some, others rejected it. Generally speaking, the countries of theSouthern Conewere more open to foreign influence, while countries with a stronger indigenous presence such as Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, andBoliviawere resistant to European culture.[29]

A landmark event for Modernism in the region was, theSemana de Arte ModernaorModern Art Week,a festival that took place inSão Paulo,Brazil, in 1922, marking the beginning of Brazil's Modernismo movement. "[T]hough a number of individual Brazilian artists were doing modernist work before the Week, it coalesced and defined the movement and introduced it to Brazilian society at large."[citation needed]

Constructivist movement[edit]

Brazilian artistCandido Portinari,Study forDiscovery of the Landmural at theLibrary of Congress,Washington, D.C.

In general, the artisticEurocentrismassociated with the colonial period began to fade in the early twentieth century, as Latin Americans began to acknowledge their unique identity and started to follow their own path.

From the early twentieth century onward, the art of Latin America was greatly inspired byConstructivism.[citation needed]It quickly spread from Russia to Europe, and then into Latin America.Joaquín Torres GarcíaandManuel Rendónhave been credited with bringing the constructivism to Latin America.[citation needed]

After a long and successful career in Europe and the United States, Torres García returned to his native Uruguay in 1934, where he both promoted Constructivism and augmented it into a uniquely Uruguayan movement:Universal Constructivism.Attracting a circle of experienced peers and young artists as followers in Montevideo, in 1935 he founded the Asociación de Arte Constructivo as an art center and exhibition space for his circle. The venue was closed in 1940 due to a lack of funding. In 1943, he opened the Taller Torres-García, a workshop and training center that operated until 1962.[30]

Muralism[edit]

See also:Mexican muralism
José Clemente Orozco,MuralOmniciencia,1925

Muralism or Muralismo is an important artistic movement generated in Latin America. It is popularly represented by theMexican muralismmovement ofDiego Rivera,David Alfaro Siqueiros,José Clemente Orozco,andRufino Tamayo.InChile,José VenturelliandPedro Nel Gómezwere influential muralists.Santiago Martinez Delgadochampioned muralism inColombia,as did Gabriel Bracho in Venezuela. In the Dominican Republic, Spanish exileJosé Vela Zanettiwas a prolific muralist, painting over 100 murals in the country. The Ecuadorian artistOswaldo Guayasamín(a student of Orozco), the BrazilianCandido Portinari,and BolivianMiguel Alandia Pantojaare also noteworthy. Some of the most impressiveMuralistaworks can be found in Mexico, Colombia, New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia. Mexican Muralism "enjoyed a type of prestige and influence in other countries that no other American art movement had ever experienced."[31]Through Muralism, artists in Latin America found a distinctive art form that provided for political and cultural expression, often focusing on issues of social justice related to their indigenous roots.[29]

Generación de la Ruptura[edit]

Generación de la Ruptura,or "Rupture Generation," (sometimes simply known as "Ruptura" ) is the name given to an art movement in Mexico in the 1960s in which younger artists broke away from the established national style of Muralismo. Born out of the desire of younger artists for greater freedom of style in art, this movement is marked by expressionistic and figurative styles. Mexican artist José Luis Cuevas is credited with initiating theRuptura.In 1958, Cuevas published a paper calledLa Cortina del Nopal( "The Cactus Curtain" ), which condemned Mexican muralism as overly political, calling it "cheap journalism and harangue" rather than art.[29]Representative artists includeJosé Luis Cuevas,Alberto Gironella, and Rafael Coronel.

Armando Reverónis one of the most important painters of the century in Latin America

Nueva Presencia[edit]

Nueva Presencia( "new presence" ) was an artist group founded by artistsArnold BelkinandFrancisco Icazain the early 1960s. In response to WWII atrocities such as theHolocaustand the atomic bomb, the artists of Nueva Presencia shared an anti-aesthetic rejection of contemporary trends in art and believed that the artist had a social responsibility. Their beliefs were outlined in the Nueva Presencia manifesto, which was published in the first issue of the poster review of the same name. "No one, especially the artist, has the right to be indifferent to the social order."[30]Members of the group includedFrancisco Corzas(b. 1936), Emilio Ortiz (b. 1936), Leonel Góngora (b.1933), Artemio Sepúlveda (b. 1936), and José Muñoz, and photographer Ignacio "Nacho" López.

Surrealism[edit]

The French poet and founder of Surrealism,André Breton,after visiting Mexico in 1938, proclaimed it to be "the surrealist country par excellence."[30]Surrealism,an artistic movement originating in post-World War I Europe, strongly impacted the art of Latin America. This is where the Mestizo culture, the legacy of European conquer over indigenous peoples, embodies contradiction, a central value of Surrealism.[32]

The widely known Mexican painterFrida Kahlopainted self-portraits and depictions of traditional Mexican culture in a style that combinesRealism,SymbolismandSurrealism.Although, Kahlo did not commend this label, once saying, "They thought I was a Surrealist, but I wasn't. I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality."[33]Kahlo's work commands the highest selling price of all Latin American paintings, and the second-highest for any female artist.[34]Other female Mexican Surrealists includeLeonora Carrington(a British woman who relocated to Mexico) andRemedios Varo(a Spanish exile). Mexican artistAlberto Gironella,Chilean artistsRoberto Matta,Mario Carreño Morales,andNemesio Antúnez,Cuban artistWifredo Lam,and Argentine artistRoberto Aizenberghave also been classified as Surrealists.

Contemporary Art[edit]

Since roughly the 1970s, artists from all parts of Latin America have made important contributions to international contemporary art, from conceptual sculptors likeDoris Salcedo(from Colombia) andDaniel Lind-Ramos(from Puerto Rico), to painters likeMyrna Báez(from Puerto Rico), to artists working in media like photography, such asVik Muniz(from Brazil).

Styles and trends[edit]

Figuration[edit]

European classical art styles have made a long-lasting impression on the art of Latin America. Into the twentieth century, many Latin American artists continued to be schooled in the traditional 19th-century style, resulting in a continued emphasis on figurative work. Due to the far reach of figuration, the work often spans upon a number of different styles such asRealism,Pop art,Expressionism,andSurrealism,only naming a few. While these artists confront issues that range from the personal to the political, many have a shared interest in indigenous issues and the heritage of Europeancultural imperialism.

One movement devoted to figuration wasOtra Figuración(Other Figuration), an Argentine artist group and commune formed in 1961 and disbanded in 1966. MembersRómulo Macció,Ernesto Deira,Jorge de la Vega,andLuis Felipe Noélived together and shared a studio in Buenos Aires. Artists of Otra Figuración worked in an expressionistic abstract figurative style featuring vivid colors and collage. Although Otra Figuración were contemporaries of Nueva Presencia, there was no direct contact between the two groups.[30]People who are sometimes associated with the group areRaquel Forner,Antonio Berni,Alberto Heredia,andAntonio Seguí.

Parody and sociopolitical critique[edit]

José Guadalupe Posada(Mexico)La Calavera Catrina

Art in Latin America has often been used as a means of social and political critique. Mexican graphic artistJosé Guadalupe Posadadrew harsh images of Mexican elites as skeletons,calaveras.This was done prior to theMexican Revolution,strongly influencing later artists, such asDiego Rivera. A common practice among Latin American figurative artists is to parody Old Master paintings, especially those of the Spanish court produced byDiego Velázquezin the 17th century. These parodies serve a dual purpose, referring to the artistic and cultural history of Latin America, and critiquing the legacy of European cultural imperialism in Latin American nations. ArtistsFernando Botero,Herman Braun-VegaandAlberto Gironellafrequently employed this technique.

Colombian figurative artistFernando Botero,whose work features unique "puffy" figures in various situations addressing themes of power, war, and social issues, has used this technique to draw parallels between current governing bodies and the Spanish monarchy. His 1967 paintingThe Presidential Family,is an early example. The painting, echoingDiego Velázquez's 1656 Spanish court paintingLas Meninas(The Maids of Honor), contains a self-portrait of Botero standing behind a large canvas. The thick, "puffy" presidential family, decked out in fashionable finery and staring blandly out of the canvas, appear socially superior, drawing attention to social inequality.[32]According to Botero, his "puffy" figures are not meant to be satirical. He painted a powerful series of canvases, which are based on photos of torture by the U.S. military of Iraqi prisoners atAbu Ghraibprison. .

The deformation you see is the result of my involvement with painting. The monumental and, in my eyes, sensually provocative volumes stem from this. Whether they appear fat or not does not interest me. It has hardly any meaning for my painting. My concern is with formal fullness, abundance. And that is something entirely different.[29]

Among Peruvian painterHerman Braun-Vega,theappropriationof works of the old masters is almost systematic from the 1970s.[35]The characters he borrows from the iconography of European painting are often confronted with the social and political situation of Latin America.[36]In his paintingLa leçon... à la campagne (Rembrandt)in 1984, he takes the scene fromRembrandt’s paintingThe Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp,transporting it outside to the countryside and substituting for certain characters from the original painting, contemporary Latin American characters who refer to the social and political situation of South America as confirmed by the texts of the press clippings transfers of the newspaperLe Mondewhich structures the feet of the corpse in the cubist way.[37]In 1987, in his paintingDouble focus over the West (Velazquez and Picasso),he turnedVelazquez's paintingLas Meninasinto a critic of the power of the Church by replacing the royal couple in the mirror of the back of the room byPope John Paul IIreceivingKurt Waldheimin the Vatican.[38]Among many other examples, we can still cite the paintingLos caprichos del F.M.I. (Goya)of 2003 whereEl Tiempo y las viejasand some engravings fromLos caprichosdeGoyaare featured to criticize the sermonizers of theInternational Monetary Fund.[39]

Mexican painter and collagistAlberto Gironella,whose style mixes elements ofSurrealismandPop art,also produced parodies of official Spanish court paintings. He completed dozens of versions of Velásquez'sQueen Marianafrom 1652. Gironella's parodies critique the Spanish rule of Mexico by incorporating subversive imagery. ‘’La Reina de los Yugos’’ or "The Queen of Yokes" (1975–81) depicts Mariana with a skirt made of upside-down ox yokes, signifying both Spanish dominance over Mexico's indigenous peoples, and those people's subversion of Spanish rule. The yokes are rendered useless by being upturned. "[Gironella's] hallmark was the use of particular Spanish Grocery cans (sardines, mussels, etc.) in his works, and soda bottle caps nailed or glued around the rim of his paintings."

Cuban artistSandra Ramos' paintings, etchings, installations, collages, and digital animation often tackle taboo subjects in contemporary Cuban society such as racism, mass migration,communismand social injustices in contemporary Cuban society.[40][41]

Photography[edit]

Guerrillero Heroico
Picture taken ofChe GuevarabyAlberto Kordaon March 5, 1960, at theLa Coubrememorial service.

Photographers captured on film, indigenous peoples as well as distinct social types, such as thegauchosof Argentina. A number of Latin Americans have made significant contributions to modern photography.Guy VelosoandJosé Bassitphotograph the Brazilian religiosity.Guillermo Kahlophotographed Mexican colonial buildings and infrastructure, such as the railway bridge at Metlac.Agustín Casasolahimself took many images of theMexican Revolution,and compiled an extensive archive of Mexican photos. Other photographers include indigenous PeruvianMartín Chambi,MexicanGraciela Iturbide,and CubanAlberto Korda,famous for his iconic image ofChe Guevara.Mario Testinois a noted Peruvian fashion photographer. In addition, a number of non-Latin American photographers have focused on the area, includingTina ModottiandEdward Westonin Mexico. Guatemalan nationalMaría Cristina Orivehas worked in Argentina withSara Facio.EcuadoranHugo Cifuenteshas garnered attention.

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^The "Cusquenha" Art.Archived2016-05-05 at theWayback MachineMuseu Histórico Nacional. (retrieved 30 April 2009)
  2. ^Ilona Katzew,Casta Painting,New Haven: Yale University Press 2005.
  3. ^Dawn Ades, "Nature, Science, and the Picturesque" inArt in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820–1980,London: South Bank Center 1989, 64–65.
  4. ^Stanton L. Catlin, "Traveller-Reporter Artists and the Empirical tradition in Post Independence Latin American Art" inArt in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980,London: South Bank Center 1989, pp. 43-45, color plate 3.2 p. 44.
  5. ^Alexander von Humboldt,Voyage de Humboldt et de Bonpland, Première Partie; Relation Historique: Atlas Pittoresque: 'Vues de Cordillères et monuments de peuples indigènes de l'Amérique', Paris 1810.
  6. ^"Fundada la Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes San Alejandro".La Jiribilla(in European Spanish). September 7, 2018.Retrieved2022-09-20.
  7. ^WPnew (2018-11-27)."Art Schools: San Alejandro Academy".InterfineArt.Retrieved2020-03-25.
  8. ^"Cuban Art: History & Artists".Study.com.Retrieved2020-03-25.
  9. ^George Kubler,Mexican Architecture of the Sixteenth Century.2 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press 1948.
  10. ^John McAndrew,The Open-Air Churches of Sixteenth-Century Mexico: Atrios, Posas, Open Chapels, and Other Studies.Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1965.
  11. ^James Early,The Colonial Architecture of Mexico.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1994.
  12. ^James Early,Presidio, Mission, and Pueblo: Spanish Architecture and Urbanism in the United States.Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press 2004.
  13. ^Valerie Fraser.The Architecture of Conquest: Building in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1535–1635.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1989.
  14. ^Harold Wethey,Colonial Architecture and Sculpture in Peru.Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1949.
  15. ^Manuel Toussaint,Arte colonial en México.Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 1948. 5th edition 1990.
  16. ^Damian Bayon and Murrillo Marx,History of South American Colonial Art and Architecture.New York: Rizzoli 1989.
  17. ^Marcus Burke,Treasures of Mexican Colonial Painting.Davenport IA: The Davenport Museum of Art 1998.
  18. ^Richard Kagan,Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493–1793.New Haven: Yale University Press 2000.
  19. ^Gauvin Alexander Bailey,Art of Colonial Latin America.London: Phaidon 2005
  20. ^Kelly Donahue-Wallace,Art and Architecture of Viceregal Latin America, 1521–1821.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2008.
  21. ^Emily Umbeger and Tom Cummins, eds.Native Artists and Patrons in Colonial Spanish America.Phoebus: A Journal of Art History.Phoenix: Arizona State University 1995.
  22. ^Linda Bantel and Marcus Burke,Spain and New Spain: Mexican Colonial Arts in their European Context.Exhibition catalog. Corpus Christi TX: Art Museum of South Texas 1979.
  23. ^María Concepción García Sáiz,Las castas mexicanas: Un género pictórico americano.Milan: Olivetti 1989.
  24. ^New World Orders: Casta Painting and Colonial Latin America.Exhibition catalog. New York: Americas Society Art Gallery 1996.
  25. ^Diana Fane, ed.Converging Cultures: Art and Identity in Spanish America.Exhibition catalog. New York: The Brooklyn Museum in association with Harry N. Abrams. 1996.
  26. ^Los Siglos de oro en los Virreinatos de América 1550–1700.Exhibition catalog. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Conmemoración de los Centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V, 1999.
  27. ^Donna Pierce et al.,Painting a New World: Mexican Art and Life 1521–1821.Exhibition catalog. Denver: Denver Art Museum 2004.
  28. ^The Arts in Latin America: 1492–1820.Exhibition catalog. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art 2006.
  29. ^abcdLucie-Smith, Edward. Latin American Art of the 20th Century. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1993.
  30. ^abcdBarnitz, Jacqueline.Twentieth Century Art of Latin America.Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2001.
  31. ^Sullivan, Edward.Latin American Art.London: Phaidon Press, 2000.ISBN978-0-7148-3980-6
  32. ^abBaddeley, Oriana & Fraser, Valerie. Drawing the Line: Art and Cultural Identity in Contemporary Latin America. London: Verso, 1989.
  33. ^"Frida Kahlo - Surrealist Conflict | PDF | Surrealism | Paintings".
  34. ^Moses, Tai.Saint Frida.MetroActive: Books.9 Nov 2005 (retrieved 18 April 2009)
  35. ^Ramón Ribeyro, Julio (1981-05-17)."Herman Braun".Marka(in Spanish). Peru: Caballo Rojo: 14.The fact that a painter uses the works of other painters as subjects for his paintings is not new. What is new is to deepen this procedure and make it, forcing a little the term, a system.
  36. ^"Herman Braun: trato de ofrecer un testimonio de la situación social".El Comercio(in Spanish). Lima. 1984-11-30.During those fifteen years, I worked with western iconography, trying to offer a testimony, a critique, of the social situation.
  37. ^Valette-Fondo, Madeleine."L'interpicturalité dans quelques tableaux de Braun-Vega"[Interpicturality in some Braun-Vega paintings] (in French). sens public.Inspiré du collage cubiste, le fragment du journal Le Monde oriente la lecture d'une situation historiquement datée (les années soixante), mais toujours actuelle, le combat des mouvements de libération populaire contre l'arbitraire d'un régime d'occupation-répression.
  38. ^Cárdenas Moreno, Mónica (2016)."La culture populaire péruvienne à l'intérieur de la tradition artistique européenne. Passage et métissage dans la peinture d'Herman Braun-Vega"(in French). Amerika – via OpenEdition Journals.Le pouvoir est critiqué de plusieurs façons: grâce au déplacement des personnages comme nous avons pu le constater dans le cas de l'infante Marguerite; et aussi par le remplacement des personnages le plus puissants de la scène: le couple royal reflété dans le miroir. Braun-Vega rend contemporain le pouvoir représenté dans le miroir à travers deux personnages: le pape Jean Paul II accompagné par son invité au Vatican Kurt Waldheim (visite qui avait fait scandale en 1987), l'ancien secrétaire général de l'ONU de 1972 à 1981 dont le passé nazi ne fut pas un obstacle pour devenir président de l'Autriche en 1986.
  39. ^Bessière, Bernard; Megevand, Sylvie; Bessière, Christiane (2008). "Los Caprichos del FMI (Goya, Picasso)".La peinture hispano-américaine(in French) (Éditions du temps ed.). Nantes: éditions du temps. pp. 270–274.ISBN978-2-84274-427-4.Mais que peuvent bien tramer ces deux femmes et tous les personnages du fond? Manifestement liés au Fonds Monétaire International, institution chargée depuis 1944 de réguler le système monétaire de la planète, sans doute délibèrent-ils doctement sur son devenir, en particulier celui des régions pudiquement nommées «en développement».
  40. ^"Bridging Past, Present, and Future: A Conversation with Cuban Artist Sandra Ramos | Kellogg Institute For International Studies".Kellog Institute at The University of Notre Dame.2017-11-06.Retrieved2020-03-25.
  41. ^Staff, AiA (2010-10-07)."US Welcomes Cuban Artists".ARTnews.com.Retrieved2020-03-25.

Further reading[edit]

  • Ades, Dawn.Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980.New Haven: Yale University Press 1989.
  • Alcalá, Luisa Elena and Jonathan Brown.Painting in Latin America: 1550-1820.New Haven: Yale University Press 2014.
  • Angulo-Iñiguez, Diego, et al.Historia del Arte Hispano-Americano.3 vols. (Barcelona 1945-56).
  • Anreus, Alejandro, Diana L. Linden, and Jonathan Weinberg, eds.The Social and the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere.University Park: Penn State University Press 2006.
  • Baddeley, Oriana;Fraser, Valerie (1989).Drawing the Line: Art and Cultural Identity in Contemporary Latin America.London: Verso.ISBN0-86091-239-6.
  • Bailey, Gauvin Alexander.Art of Colonial Latin America.New York: Phaidon Press 2005.[1]
  • Barnitz, Jacqueline.Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America.Austin: University of Texas Press 2001.
  • Bayón, D. and M. Marx.History of South American Colonial Art and Architecture.New York 1992.
  • Bottineau, Yves.Iberian-American Baroque.New York 1970.
  • Cali, François.The Spanish Arts of Latin America.New York 1961.
  • Castedo, Leopoldo.A History of Latin American Art and Architecture.New York and Washington, D.C. 1969.
  • Craven, David.Art and Revolution in Latin America, 1910-1990.New Haven: Yale University Press 2002.
  • Dean, Carolyn and Dana Leibsohn, "Hybridity and Its Discontents: Considering Visual Culture in Colonial Spanish America,"Colonial Latin American Review,vol. 12, No. 1, 2003.
  • del Conde, Teresa (1996).Latin American Art in the Twentieth Century.London: Phaidon Press Limited.ISBN0-7148-3980-9.
  • Donahue-Wallace, Kelly.Art and Architecture of Viceregal Latin America, 1521-1821.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2008.
  • Fane, Diana, ed.Converging Cultures: Art and Identity in Spanish America.(exhibition catalogue Brooklyn Museum of Art 1996.
  • Fernández, Justino (1965).Mexican Art.Mexico D.F.: Spring Books.
  • Frank, Patrick, ed.Readings in Latin American Modern Art.New Haven: Yale University Press 2004.
  • Goldman, Shifra M.Dimensions of the Americas: Art and Social Change in Latin America and the United States.Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1994.
  • Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.The Word Made Image: Religion, Art, and Architecture in Spain and Spanish America, 1500-1600.Boston 1998.
  • Kagan, Richard.Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493-1793.New Haven: Yale University Press 2000.
  • Keleman, Pal.Baroque and Rococo in Latin America.New York 1951.
  • Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century.New York: MoMA 1992.
  • Latin American Spirit: Art and Artists in the United States.New York: Bronx Museum 1989.
  • Padilla, Carmela, ed.Conexiones/Connections in Spanish Colonial Art.Santa Fe 2002.
  • Palmer, Gabrielle and Donna Pierce.Cambios: The Spirit of Transformation in Spanish Colonial Art.Exhibition Catalog, Santa Barbara Museum of Art 1992.
  • Ramírez, Mari Carmen and Héctor Olea, eds.Inverted Utopias: Avant Garde Art in Latin America.New Haven: Yale University Press 2004.
  • Reyes-Valerio, Constantino (2000).Arte Indocristiano, Escultura y pintura del siglo XVI en México(in Spanish). Mexico D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.ISBN970-18-2499-7.
  • Reyes-Valerio, Constantino (1993).De Bonampak al Templo Mayor: El azul maya en Mesoamérica(in Spanish). Mexico D.F.: Siglo XXI editores.ISBN968-23-1893-9.Retrieved2007-03-16.
  • Scott, John F.Latin American Art: Ancient to Modern.Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1999.
  • Los Siglos de Oro en los Virreinatos de América, 1550-1700.Exh. cat. Madrid: Museo de América, 1999.
  • Sullivan, Edward.Latin American Art.London: Phaidon Press, 2000.
  • Stofflet, Mary (1991).Latin American Drawings Today.San Diego Museum of Art.ISBN0-295-97107-X.
  • Turner, Jane, ed.Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Art.New York: Grove's Dictionaries 2000.
  • Webster, Susan Verdi.Lettered Artists and the Languages of Empire: Painters and the Profession in Early Colonial Quito.Austin: University of Texas Press 2017.ISBN978-1-4773-1328-2

External links[edit]

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