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Latin Americans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For thepan-ethnicdemographic group in theUnited States,seeHispanic and Latino Americans.
Latin Americans
Total population
680,000,000
or more (in 2021)[1][2][3]
Regions with significant populations
Latin America
628,000,000[1][2]
Brazil214,326,223
Mexico126,705,138
Colombia51,516,562
Argentina45,276,780
Peru33,715,471
Venezuela28,199,867
Chile19,493,184
Guatemala17,608,483
Ecuador17,797,737
Bolivia12,079,472
Haiti11,447,569
Cuba11,256,372
Dominican Republic11,117,873
Honduras10,278,345
Nicaragua6,850,540
Paraguay6,703,799
El Salvador6,314,167
Costa Rica5,153,957
Panama4,351,267
Uruguay3,426,260
Puerto Rico3,256,028
Guadeloupe396,051
Martinique368,796
French Guiana297,449
United States+62,000,000[4][5]
Spain+1,700,000[6]
France1,333,000[7][8]
Canada+1,000,000[9]
Italy354,180[10]
Japan+345,000[11]
Germany206,094[12]
United Kingdom186,500[13]
Saint Lucia179,651
Portugal~100,000[14]
Australia93,795[15]
Sweden88,175[16]
Dominica72,412
Languages
PrimarilySpanishandPortuguese
RegionallyHaitian Creole,Antillean Creole French,Quechua,Mayan languages,Guaraní,French,Aymara,Nahuatlandothers
Religion
[17]

Latin Americans(Spanish:Latinoamericanos;Portuguese:Latino-americanos;French:Latino-américains) are thecitizensofLatin Americancountries (or people with cultural, ancestral ornational originsin Latin America).

Latin American countries and their diasporas aremulti-ethnicandmulti-racial.Latin Americans are apan-ethnicityconsisting of people of different ethnic and national backgrounds. As a result, some Latin Americans do not take their nationality as anethnicity,but identify themselves with a combination of theirnationality,ethnicity and their ancestral origins.[18]In addition to theindigenouspopulation, Latin Americans include people withOld Worldancestors who arrived since 1492. Latin America has the largest diasporas ofSpaniards,Portuguese,Africans,Italians,LebaneseandJapanesein the world.[19][20][21]The region also has largeGerman(second largest after the United States),[22]French,Palestinian(largest outside the Arab states),[23]ChineseandJewish diasporas.

The specificethnicand/orracialcomposition varies from country to country and diaspora community to diaspora community: many have a predominance of mixed indigenous and European descent ormestizo,population; in others,native Americansare a majority; some are mostly inhabited by people ofEuropeanancestry; others are primarilymulatto.[18][24]The largest single group arewhite Latin Americans.[18]Together with the people of part European ancestry, they combine for almost the totality of the population.[18]

Latin Americans and their descendants can be found almost everywhere in the world, particularly in densely populated urban areas. The most important migratory destinations for Latin Americans are found in theUnited States,Spain,France,Canada,ItalyandJapan.

Definition[edit]

Main article:Latin America
Latin Americancountries (green) in theAmericas

Latin America (Spanish:América LatinaorLatinoamérica;Portuguese:América Latina;French:Amérique latine) is theregionof theAmericaswhereRomance languages(i.e., those derived fromLatin)—particularlySpanishandPortuguese,as well asFrench—are primarily spoken.[25][26]

It includes 21 countries or territories:MexicoinNorth America;Guatemala,Honduras,El Salvador,Nicaragua,Costa RicaandPanamainCentral America;Colombia,Venezuela,Ecuador,Peru,Bolivia,Brazil,Paraguay,Chile,ArgentinaandUruguayinSouth America;andCuba,Haiti,theDominican RepublicandPuerto Ricoin theCaribbean—in summary,Hispanic America,plusBrazilandHaiti.Canadaand theUnited States,despite having sizeable Romance-speaking communities, are almost never included in the definition, primarily for being predominantly English-speakingAnglospherecountries.

Latin America, therefore, can be defined as all those parts of theAmericasthat were once part of theSpanish,PortugueseorFrenchcolonial empires,[27]namelySpanish America,Colonial BrazilandNew France.

Demographics[edit]

Ethnic and Racial groups[edit]

Main article:Race and ethnicity in Latin America
Wititi dancers fromColca Canyon,Peru.Indigenous peoplemake up most of the population inBoliviaandGuatemala,and a quarter inPeru

.

Mexican musicians from theJalisco Philharmonic Orchestra.Mestizoscomprise the majority of Mexicans
Italian Argentineyouths in Oberá. Over 60% of Argentina's population has some degree of Italian ancestry.[28][29]
Afro-Colombianfruit sellers inCartagena.
Woman fromCuritiba,one of over a millionJapanese Brazilians.
Rapa Nuidancers fromEaster Island,Chile. The Rapa Nui are aPolynesian people.

The population of Latin America comprises a variety of ancestries, ethnic groups and races, making the region one of the most diverse in the world. The specific composition varies from country to country: many have a predominance of mixed European and native American, ormestizo,population; in others,native Americansare a majority; some are dominated by inhabitants ofEuropeanancestry; and some countries' populations are primarilymulatto.Black,Asian,andzambo(mixed black and native American) minorities are also identified regularly.White Latin Americansare the largest single group, accounting for more than one-third of the population.[18][30]

  • Asians.People of Asian descent number several million in Latin America. The majority of Asian descendants in the country are either of West Asian (such as Lebanese or Syrian) or East Asian (like Chinese or Japanese) descent.[31]The first Asians to settle in the region wereFilipino,as a result of Spain's trade involving Asia and the Americas. TheBrazilian Institute of Geography and Statisticsstates that the country's largest Asian communities are from West Asia and East Asia.[32]It is estimated that 7 to 10 million Brazilians are of Lebanese descent.[33][34]Around 2 million Brazilians self-identify as being "Yellow" (amarela or of East Asian descent) according to the 2010 census.[35]The country is home to the largest ethnicJapanese communityoutsideJapanitself, estimated as high as 1.5 million, and circa 200,000 ethnic Chinese and 100,000 ethnicKoreans.[36][37]Ethnic Koreans also number tens of thousands of individuals in Argentina and Mexico.[38]The 2017 census stated that under 40,000 Peruvians self-identified as having Chinese or Japanese ancestry.[39]Though other estimates claim as much as 1.47 million people of East Asian descent reside in the country.[40][41]Lebanese and Syrian descendants have also formed notable communities in countries like Mexico and Argentina.[42]TheMartiniquaispopulation includes a mixed African, European and native American descent, and an East Indian (Asian Indian) population is also present inMartinique.[43]InGuadeloupe,an estimated 14% of the population is of East Asian descent.
  • Blacks.Millions of African slaves were brought to Latin America from the 16th century onward, most of whom were sent to theCaribbeanregion andBrazil.Today, people identified as "black" are most numerous in Brazil (more than 10 million) and inHaiti(more than 7 million).[44]Significant populations are also found inCuba,Dominican Republic,Puerto Rico,PanamaandColombia.Latin Americans of mixed black and white ancestry, called mulattoes, are far more numerous than blacks.
  • Native Americans.The indigenous population of Latin America arrived during theLithic stage.In post-Columbian times, they experienced tremendous population decline, particularly in the early decades ofcolonization.They have since recovered in numbers, surpassing sixty million (by some estimates[30]), though, with the growth of the other groups, they now comprise a majority only inBolivia.InGuatemala,native Americans are a large minority that comprises 41% of the population.[45]Mexico's 21% (9.8% in the official 2005 census) is the next largest ratio, and one of the largest indigenous population in the Americas in absolute numbers. Most of the remaining countries have native American minorities, in every case making up less than one-tenth of the respective country's population. In many countries, people of mixed indigenous and European ancestry, known asmestizos,make up the majority of the population.
  • Mestizos.Intermixing between Europeans and native Americans began early in the colonial period and was extensive. The resulting people, known as mestizos, make up the majority of the population in half of the countries of Latin America. Additionally, mestizos comprise large minorities in nearly all the other mainland countries.
  • Mulattoes.Mulattoes are people of mixed European and African ancestry, mostly descended from Spanish, French, or Portuguese settlers on one side and African slaves on the other, during the colonial period. Brazil is home to Latin America's largest mulatto population. Mulattoes form a majority in the Dominican Republic and are also numerous in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. Smaller populations of mulattoes are found in other Latin American countries.[30]
  • Whites.Beginning in the late15th century,large numbers[18]ofIberiancolonists settled in what becameLatin America(Portuguese inBraziland Spaniards elsewhere in the region), and at present mostwhite Latin Americansare ofSpanish,PortugueseorItalianancestry. Iberians brought the Spanish and Portuguese languages, theCatholicfaith, and many Iberian traditions.Brazil,Argentina,MexicoandVenezuelacontain the largest numbers of Europeans in Latin America in pure numbers.[18]They make up the majority of the population ofArgentina,Costa Rica,CubaandUruguayand roughly half ofBrazil's andVenezuela's population.[18][46]Of the millions of immigrants since most of Latin America gained independence in the 1810s–1820s,Italiansformed the largest group, and next wereSpaniardsandPortuguese.[47]Many others arrived, such asFrench,Germans,Greeks,Poles,Ukrainians,Russians,Croats,Serbs,Latvians,Lithuanians,English,Jews,IrishandWelsh.Most Latin Americans have some degree of European ancestry, when talking into account those of either mixed or full European descent.[48]
  • Zambos:Intermixing between blacks and native Americans was especially prevalent inColombiaandBrazil,often due to slaves running away (becomingcimarrones:maroons) and being taken in by indigenous villagers. In Spanish-speaking nations, people of this mixed ancestry are known as zambos,[49]and they are also known ascafuzosin Brazil.
  • Multi-ethnic/Multi-racials:In addition to the foregoing groups, Latin America also has millions of peoples who belong to multiracial backgrounds.[citation needed]
Racial distribution, in 2005[18]-Population estimates, as of 2021[1][2]
Country Population[1][2] Native Americans Whites Mestizos Mulattoes Blacks Zambos Asians
Argentina 45,276,780 1.0% 85.0% 11.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9%
Bolivia 12,079,472 55.0% 15.0% 28.0% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Brazil 214,326,223 0.4% 47.7% 19.4% 19.1% 6.2% 0.0% 1.1%[50]
Chile 19,493,184 3.0% 53.0% 44.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Colombia 51,516,562 1.8% 20.0% 53.2% 21% 3.9% 0.1% 0.0%
Costa Rica 5,153,957 0.8% 82.0% 15.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.0% 0.2%
Cuba 11,256,372 0.0% 62.0% 0.0% 27.6% 11.0% 0.0% 1.0%
Dominican Republic 11,117,873 0.0% 14.6% 0.0% 75.0% 7.7% 2.3% 0.4%
Ecuador 17,797,737 39.0% 9.9% 41.0% 5.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.1%
El Salvador 6,314,167 1.0% 12.0% 86.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Guatemala 17,608,483 50.9% 6.9% 41.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8%
Honduras 10,278,345 7.7% 1.9% 85.1% 1.6% 0.0% 3.9% 0.7%
Mexico 126,705,138 14% 15% 70% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5%
Nicaragua 6,850,540 5% 17% 69% 6% 3% 0.6% 0.2%
Panama 4,351,267 8.0% 10.0% 32.0% 27.0% 5.0% 14.0% 4.0%
Paraguay 6,703,799 1.5% 3.5% 90.5% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5%
Peru 33,715,471 45.5% 12.0% 32.0% 9.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8%
Puerto Rico[sn 1] 3,285,874[51] 0.5% 17.1% 2.3% 10.5% 7.0% 0.0% 0.1%
Haiti 11,447,569 0.0% 9.0% 0.0% 5.0% 86.0% 0.0% 1.0%[52]
Uruguay 3,426,260 0.0% 88.0% 4.0% 8.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Venezuela 28,199,867 2.7% 42.2% 42.9% 0.7% 2.8% 0.0% 2.2%
Total 618,000,000 9.2% 36.1% 30.3% 20.3% 3.2% 0.2% 0.7%
  1. ^Note: Puerto Rico isa territoryof theUnited States.

Racial groups according to self-identification[edit]

TheLatinobarómetrosurveys have asked respondents in 18 Latin American countries what race they considered themselves to belong to. The figures shown below are averages for 2007 through 2011.[53]

Country Mestizo White Mulatto Black Native American Asian Other DK/NR1
Argentina 15% 73% 1% 1% 1% 0% 3% 7%
Bolivia 40% 6% 1% 0% 47% 0% 1% 4%
Brazil 18% 45% 15% 15% 2% 2% 0% 2%
Chile 26% 60% 0% 0% 7% 1% 1% 5%
Colombia 43% 29% 5% 7% 5% 0% 1% 9%
Costa Rica 16% 66% 9% 2% 3% 1% 1% 5%
Dominican Republic 28% 16% 23% 25% 5% 2% 0% 2%
Ecuador 78% 5% 3% 3% 7% 1% 0% 3%
El Salvador 62% 14% 3% 2% 5% 1% 2% 11%
Guatemala 29% 17% 2% 1% 44% 1% 2% 6%
Honduras 61% 9% 3% 3% 12% 2% 1% 10%
Mexico 60% 15% 2% 0% 15% 1% 3% 4%
Nicaragua 54% 19% 3% 4% 7% 1% 1% 11%
Panama 55% 15% 5% 11% 5% 4% 1% 4%
Paraguay 36% 35% 1% 1% 2% 0% 4% 20%
Peru 72% 12% 2% 1% 7% 0% 1% 5%
Uruguay 6% 80% 3% 2% 1% 0% 2% 6%
Venezuela 45% 40% 3% 2% 4% 1% 0% 5%
Weighted average2 34% 33% 8% 6% 11% 0% 2% 7%

1Don't know/No response.
2Weighted using 2011 population.

Language[edit]

Linguistic map of Latin America. Spanish in green, Portuguese in orange, and French in blue.

SpanishandPortugueseare the predominant languages of Latin America.Spanishis the official language of most of the countries on the Latin American mainland, as well as inPuerto Rico(where it is co-official with English),Cubaand theDominican Republic.Portugueseis spoken only inBrazil,the biggest and most populous country in the region.Frenchis spoken inHaiti,as well as in theFrench overseas departmentsofFrench Guianain South America andGuadeloupeandMartiniquein the Caribbean.Dutchis the official language of some Caribbean islands and inSurinameon the continent; however, as Dutch is aGermanic language,these territories are not considered part of Latin America.

Indigenous languagesare widely spoken inPeru,Guatemala,BoliviaandParaguay,and, to a lesser degree, inMexico,ChileandEcuador.In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages is small or non-existent.

InPeru,Quechuais an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. InEcuador,while holding no official status, the closely relatedQuichuais a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country's constitution; however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country's highlands. InBolivia,Aymara,Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish.Guaraniis, along with Spanish, an official language ofParaguay,and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the most part, bilingual), and it is co-official with Spanish in theArgentineprovince ofCorrientes.InNicaragua,Spanish is the official language, but, on the country's Caribbean coastEnglishand indigenous languages such asMiskito,Sumo,andRamaalso hold official status.Colombiarecognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official, though fewer than 1% of its population are native speakers of these.Nahuatlis one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people inMexicothat are officially recognized by the government as "national languages" along with Spanish.

Other European languages spoken in Latin America include:English,by some groups inArgentina,Chile,Costa Rica,Nicaragua,PanamaandPuerto Rico,as well as in nearby countries that may or may not be considered Latin American, such asBelizeandGuyana;English is also used as a major foreign language in Latin American commerce and education. Other languages spoken in parts of Latin America includeGermanin southernBrazil,southernChile,Argentina, portions of northernVenezuelaand Paraguay;Italian in Brazil,Argentina,Uruguayand Venezuela;Polish,UkrainianandRussianin southern Brazil; andWelsh[54][55][56][57][58][59]in southern Argentina. Hebrew and Yiddish are used by Jewish diasporas in Argentina and Brazil.

In several nations, especially in theCaribbeanregion,creole languagesare spoken. The most widely spoken creole language in the Caribbean and Latin America in general isHaitian Creole,the predominant language ofHaiti;it is derived primarily from French and certainWest Africantongues with indigenous, English, Portuguese and Spanish influences as well. The other most spoken Creole isAntillean Creole Frenchthat is primarily spoken in the Lesser Antilles. It is a French-based creole, that is the local language spoken among the natives of the Caribbean islands ofSaint LuciaandDominicaand also inMartiniqueandGuadeloupe.Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various African tongues.

Religion[edit]

Main article:Religion in Latin America
Procession of Our Lord and the Virgin of the Miracle inSalta city.

The vast majority of Latin Americans areChristians(90%),[60]mostlyRoman Catholics.[61]About 71% of the Latin American population consider themselves Catholic.[62]Membership inProtestantdenominations is increasing, particularly inBrazil,GuatemalaandPuerto Rico.Argentinahosts the largest communities of bothJews[63][64][65]andMuslims[66][67][68]in Latin America.Indigenous religions and ritualsare practiced in countries with large indigenous populations, especially Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, and Afro-Latin American religions such asSantería,Candomblé,Umbanda,MacumbaandVodouare practiced in countries with large Afro-Latin American populations, especially Cuba, Brazil, Dominican Republic and Haiti. Latin America constitutes, in absolute terms, theworld's second largest Christian population,afterEurope.[69]

Migration[edit]

See also:Latino Americans,Latin American Canadians,Latin Americans in the United Kingdom,Latin American Australians,andLatin American Asian

According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombians currently live abroad.[70]The number of Brazilians living overseas is estimated at 2 million people.[71]An estimated 1.5 to two million Salvadorians reside in the United States.[72]At least 1.5 million Ecuadorians have gone abroad, mainly to the United States and Spain.[73]Approximately 1.5 million Dominicans live abroad, mostly in the United States.[74]More than 1.3 million Cubans live abroad, most of them in the United States.[75]It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad, mainly in Argentina, Canada, United States and Spain. Other Chilean nationals may be located in countries like Costa Rica, Mexico and Sweden.[76]An estimated 700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United States.[77]Central Americans living abroad in 2005 were 3,314,300,[78]of which 1,128,701 wereSalvadorans,[79]685,713 wereGuatemalans,[80]683,520 wereNicaraguans,[81]414,955 wereHondurans,[82]215,240 werePanamanians[83]and 127,061 wereCosta Rica.[84]

As of 2006,Costa RicaandChilewere the only two countries with global positive migration rates.[85]

Notable Latin Americans[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, seeList of Latin Americans.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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