Leagues of China
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(December 2009) |
| League ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭorMinh ayimaγorméng | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Category | Second leveladministrative divisionof aunitary state |
| Location | China |
| Number | 3 Leagues |
| Administrative divisions of China |
|---|
|
History:before 1912,1912–49,1949–present Administrative division codes |
Aleague(Mongolian:
ayimaγ[æːmɑ̆ɡ̊]Aimag;historically,
čiγulγan[t͡ʃʰʊːlɡ̊ɑ̆n]Qûûlgan;Chinese:Minh;pinyin:méng) is an administrative unit of the autonomous region ofInner Mongoliain thePeople's Republic of China.
Leagues are the prefectures of Inner Mongolia. The name comes from a Mongolian administrative unit used during theQing dynastyinMongolia.MongolianBanners (county level regions)were organized into conventional assemblies at the league level. During theROCera, the leagues had a status equivalent to provinces. Leagues containbanners,equivalent to counties.
After the establishment of the provincial levelInner Mongolia Autonomous Regionin 1947, leagues of Inner Mongolia became equal to prefectures in other provinces and autonomous regions. Theadministrative commission(Chinese:Hành chính công thự;pinyin:xíngzhènggōngshǔ) of the league is the administrative branch office dispatched by thePeople's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.The leader of the league's government, titled asleague leader(simplified Chinese:Minh trường;traditional Chinese:Minh trường;pinyin:méngzhǎng), is appointed by People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. So are deputy leaders of leagues. Instead of local level of People's Congress, league's working commissions of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are detached and supervise the league's governments, but can not elect or dismiss league's government officials.[1]In such a way, theleague's working committee of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region's committee of theChinese People's Political Consultative Conferenceis instead of league's committee of CPPCC.
Leagues have existed since theQing dynastyas a level of government. The head of a league was chosen fromjasaghor sula of thebannersbelonging to it. The original six leagues wereJirem,Ju Ud,Jost,Xilingol,Ulanqab,andIh Ju.More were added in the subsequent centuries.
Today, leagues belong to theprefecture levelof the Chinese administrative hierarchy. Of the 9 leagues that existed in the late 1970s, 6 have now been reorganized intoprefecture-level cities.There are only 3 leagues remaining inInner Mongolia:Xilingol, Alxa, and Hinggan.
Leagues (1949–present)
[edit]Current
[edit]| Name | Mongolian | Transcription and IPA (Chakhar Mongolian) |
Simplified Chinese |
Pinyin | Capital | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hinggan | ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ | Hinggan[xɪŋɡ̊ɑ̆n] | Hưng an | Xīng'ān | Ulanhot | Established: 26 July 1980 |
| Xilingol | ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠤᠯ | Xiliin Gôl | Tích lâm quách lặc | Xīlínguōlè | Xilinhot | Present day:XilingolandHinggan(1954) |
| Alxa | ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠᠨ | Alxaa | A lạp thiện | Ālāshàn | Bayanhot Town,Alxa Left Banner | Until 1954 it was known as Alxa Öölüd Banners and Ejin Torghuud Banner |
Defunct
[edit]| Name | Mongolian | Transcription and IPA (Chakhar Mongolian) |
Simplified Chinese |
Pinyin | Capital | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayannur | ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ | Bayan Nûûr | Ba ngạn náo nhĩ | Bāyànnào'ěr | Linhe (Linhe District) |
Dissolution: 1 December 2003 Present day:Bayannur(prefecture-level city) |
| Jirem | ᠵᠢᠷᠢᠮ | Jirem | Triết lí mộc | Zhélǐmù | Bayisingtu (Horqin District) |
Dissolution: 13 January 1999 Present day:Tongliao(prefecture-level city) |
| Ju Ud | ᠵᠤᠤ ᠤᠳᠠ | Jûû Ûd | Chiêu ô đạt | Zhāowūdá | Ulanhad (Hongshan District) |
Dissolution: 10 October 1983 Present day:Chifeng(prefecture-level city) |
| Jost | ᠵᠣᠰᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ | Jôstiin | Trác tác đồ | Zhuósuǒtú | Chaoyang (Shuangta District) |
Dissolution: 10 October 1911 Present day:Fuxin,Chaoyang,and part ofChifeng(prefecture-level city) |
| Chahar | ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ | Qahar | Sát cáp nhĩ | Cháhā'ěr | Baochang | Dissolution: 1 October 1958 merged intoXilingolandUlanqab |
| Ulanqab | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠠᠪ | Ulaanqab | Ô lan sát bố | Wūlánchábù | Jining (Jining District) |
Dissolution: 1 December 2003 Present day:Ulanqab(prefecture-level city),Baotou(1954), & Bayannur (1954) |
| Ih Ju | ᠶᠡᠺᠡ ᠵᠣᠤ | Ih Jûû | Y khắc chiêu | Yīkèzhāo | Dongsheng (Dongsheng District) |
Dissolution: 26 February 2001 Present day:Ordos(prefecture-level city) |
| Heilongjiang (present day northern part of Inner Mongolia) | ||||||
| Hulunbuir–Nunmoron | ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠨᠤᠨ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ | Holon Bûir–Nûûn Moron | Hô luân bối nhĩ nạp văn mộ nhân / hô nạp | Hūlúnbèi'ěr–Nàwénmùrén / Hūnà |
Hailar (Hailar District) |
Dissolution: 1 April 1953 merge intoInner Mongolia Eastern Administrative Zone |
| Hulunbuir | ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ | Holon Bûir | Hô luân bối nhĩ | Hūlúnbèi'ěr | Hailar (Hailar District) |
Dissolution: 11 April 1949 Merged into Hulunbuir-Nunmoron Re-established: 21 May 1954 Dissolution: 10 October 2001 (present day greaterHulunbuir) |
| Nun Moron | ᠨᠤᠨ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ | Nûûn Moron | Nạp văn mộ nhân | Nàwénmùrén | Zhalantun | Dissolution: 11 April 1949 merge intoHulunbuir–Nunmoron |
Original leagues of the Qing
[edit]The 6 leagues under Inner Mongolia
[edit]| Name | Mongolian | Transcription and IPA (Chakhar Mongolian) |
Simplified Chinese |
Pinyin | Tribes & Banners | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jirem | ᠵᠢᠷᠢᠮ | Jirem | Triết lí mộc | Zhélǐmù | 4 tribes 10 banners |
|
| Jost | ᠵᠣᠰᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ | Jôstiin | Trác tác đồ | Zhuósuǒtú | 2 tribes 5 banners |
|
| Ju Ud Ju'ud |
ᠵᠤᠤ ᠤᠳᠠ | Jûû Ûd | Chiêu ô đạt | Zhāowūdá | 8 tribes 11 banners |
|
| Xilingol | ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠤᠯ | Xiliin Gôl | Tích lâm quách lặc | Xīlínguōlè | 5 tribes 10 banners |
|
| Ulanqab | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠠᠪ | Ulaanqab | Ô lan sát bố | Wūlánchábù | 4 tribes 6 banners |
|
| Ih Ju Ihju |
ᠶᠡᠺᠡ ᠵᠣᠤ | Ih Jûû | Y khắc chiêu | Yīkèzhāo | 1 tribe 7 banners |
Other league
[edit]| Name | Mongolian | Transcription and IPA (Chakhar Mongolian) |
Simplified Chinese |
Pinyin | Tribes & Banners | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chahar | ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ | Qahar | Sát cáp nhĩ | Cháhā'ěr | 8 banners |
Changes
[edit]| Year(s) | Leagues |
|---|---|
| 1636–1928 (Qûûlgan) | Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju |
| 1928–1938 (Qûûlgan and Province) | Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Chahar Province (Qahar), Ulanqab, and Ih Ju |
| 1938–1945 (ROC) | Jirem, Ih Ju |
| 1938–1945 (Mengjiang) | Ju Ud, Xilingol, Chahar (Qahar), Ulanqab, Bayantala (Bayantal) |
| 1945–1948 (Aimag) | Nun Moron, Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju |
| 1948–1949 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Nun Moron, Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju |
| 1949 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Nun Moron, Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju |
| 1949–1953 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir–Nun Moron, Hinggan, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar |
| 1953 (Aimag) | Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar |
| 1953–1956 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, Ih Ju |
| 1956–1958 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur |
| 1958–1969 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur |
| 1969–1979 (Inner Mongolia) | Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur |
| 1969–1979 (Heilongjiang) | Hulunbuir |
| 1969–1979 (Jilin) | Jirem |
| 1979–1980 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa |
| 1980–1983 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa |
| 1983–1999 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Jirem, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa |
| 1999–2001 (Aimag) | Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa |
| 2001–2003 (Aimag) | Hinggan, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Bayannur, Alxa |
| 2003–present (Aimag) | Hinggan, Xilingol, Alxa |
References
[edit]- ^"The standing committee of the people’s congress of a province and autonomous region may set up administrative offices in the prefectures under its jurisdiction. "from Item 2, Article 53, Organic Law of the Local People’s Congresses and Local People’s Governments of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)