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Lee Teng-hui

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For the former president of Fudan University with the same name, seeLi Denghui (educator).
In this article, thesurnameisLee ( lý ).

Lee Teng-hui
Lý đăng huy
Official portrait, 2016
4thPresident of the Republic of China
(President of Taiwan)[a]
In office
13 January 1988 – 20 May 2000
Premier
List
Vice PresidentLee Yuan-tsu
Lien Chan
Preceded byChiang Ching-kuo
Succeeded byChen Shui-bian
5thVice President of the Republic of China[a]
In office
20 May 1984 – 13 January 1988
PresidentChiang Ching-kuo
Preceded byHsieh Tung-min
Succeeded byLee Yuan-tsu
2ndChairman of the Kuomintang
In office
27 July 1988 – 24 March 2000
Acting: 13 January 1988 – 27 July 1988
Preceded byChiang Ching-kuo
Succeeded byLien Chan
11th Chairman ofTaiwan Provincial Government
In office
5 December 1981 – 20 May 1984
PresidentChiang Ching-kuo
Preceded byLin Yang-kang
Succeeded by
4thMayor of Taipei
In office
9 June 1978 – 5 December 1981
Preceded byLin Yang-kang
Succeeded byShao En-hsin (Thiệu ân tân)
Minister without Portfolio
In office
1 June 1972 – 1 June 1978
PremierChiang Ching-kuo
Personal details
Born(1923-01-15)15 January 1923
Sanzhi,Taihoku Prefecture,Japanese Taiwan
Died30 July 2020(2020-07-30)(aged 97)
Beitou,Taipei,Taiwan
Resting placeWuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery
CitizenshipJapan→Taiwan
NationalityTaiwanese
Political party
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
​
(m.1949)​
Children3
Alma mater
OccupationEconomist, statesman
Military service
AllegianceEmpire of Japan
Branch/serviceImperial Japanese Army
Years of service1944–1945
RankSecond lieutenant
Battles/wars
Scientific career
FieldsAgricultural economics
ThesisIntersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1895–1960(1968)
Doctoral advisorJohn Williams Mellor
Chinese name
Traditional ChineseLý đăng huy
Simplified ChineseLý đăng huy
Japanese name
KanjiNham lí chính nam
Kanaいわさと まさお

Lee Teng-hui(Chinese:Lý đăng huy;15 January 1923 – 30 July 2020) was aTaiwanesestatesman and agriculturist who served as the 4thpresidentof theRepublic of China(Taiwan) underthe 1947 Constitutionand chairman of theKuomintang(KMT) from 1988 to 2000. He was the first president to be born in Taiwan, the last to beindirectly electedand the first to bedirectly elected.During his presidency, Lee oversaw the end ofmartial lawand the fulldemocratization of the ROC,advocated theTaiwanese localization movement,and led an ambitious foreign policy agenda to gain allies around the world. Nicknamed "Mr. Democracy",Lee was credited as the president who completed Taiwan's democratic transition.

After leaving office, he remained active inTaiwanese politics.Lee was considered the "spiritual leader" of the pro-independenceTaiwan Solidarity Union(TSU),[1]and recruited for the party in the past.[2]After Lee campaigned for TSU candidates in the2001 Taiwanese legislative election,he was expelled by the KMT.[3]Other activities that Lee engaged in included maintaining relations with former Taiwanese PresidentChen Shui-bianand Japan.

Early life and education[edit]

Lee Teng-hui, junior high school student days wearingkendoarmor[4]
Lee Teng-hui (right) and his elder brother, Lee Teng-chin (left)

Lee was born in the rural farming community ofSanshi Village,Taihoku Prefecture,Japanese Taiwan.[5]He was of Yongding,TingzhouHakkadescent.[6][7][8]As a child, he often dreamed of traveling abroad, and became an avid stamp collector. Growing up under Japanese colonial rule, he developed a strong interest in Japan. He was given his Japanese name,Iwasato Masao( nham lí chính nam ) by his father. Lee's father was a middle-level Japanese police aide,[5]and his elder brother, Lee Teng-chin ( lý đăng khâm ), who was also known asIwasato Takenori(Nham lí võ tắc)in Japanese, joined the colony'spolice academyand soonvolunteeredfor theImperial Japanese Navyand died inManila.[9]Lee—one of only four Taiwanese students in his class atTaihoku Higher School[zh],the onlyhigher school(preparatory schools for theImperial Universities) in Japanese Taiwan—graduated with honors and was given a scholarship to Japan'sKyoto Imperial University.[10]

During his school days, he learnedkendoandbushido.[4]A lifelong collector of books, Lee was heavily influenced by Japanese thinkers likeNitobe InazōandKitaro Nishidain Kyoto.[11]In 1944, he too volunteered for service in theImperial Japanese Armyand became asecond lieutenant,[12]in command of an anti-aircraft gun in Taiwan. He was ordered back to Japan in 1945 and participated in the clean-up after theGreat Tokyo Air Raidof March 1945.[13]Lee stayed in Japan after thesurrenderand graduated from Kyoto Imperial University in 1946.[5]

AfterWorld War IIended, and theRepublic of Chinatook overTaiwan,Lee enrolled in theNational Taiwan University,where in 1948 he earned abachelor's degreeinagricultural science.Lee joined theChinese Communist Party(CCP) for two stints, in September 1946 and October or November 1947, both times briefly.[14]Lee began theNew Democracy Association[zh]with four others.[15]This group was absorbed by the CCP,[16][17]and Lee officially left the party in September 1948.[18]In a 2002 interview, Lee admitted that he had been a Communist; Lee remains the only Taiwanese president known to have once been a member of the Chinese Communist Party.[19]In that same interview, Lee said that he had strongly opposed Communism for a long time because he understood the theory well and knew that it was doomed to fail. Lee stated that he joined the Communists out of hatred for theKMT.[19]

In 1953, Lee received a master's degree inagricultural economicsfrom theIowa State University(ISU) in theUnited States.[20]Lee returned to Taiwan in 1957 as an economist with theJoint Commission on Rural Reconstruction(JCRR), an organization sponsored by the U.S. which aimed at modernizing Taiwan's agricultural system and at land reform.[20]During this period, he also worked as an adjunct professor in the Department of Economics atNational Taiwan University[21]and taught at the Graduate School ofEast Asian StudiesatNational Chengchi University.[22]

In the mid-1960s, Lee returned to the United States, and earned aPhDin agricultural economics fromCornell University[5]in 1968. His advisor wasJohn Williams Mellor.His doctoral dissertation,Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1895–1960(published as a book under the same name) was honored as the year's best doctoral thesis by the American Association of Agricultural Economics and remains an influential work on Taiwan's economy during the Japanese and early KMT periods.[23]

Lee encounteredChristianityas a young man and in 1961 was baptised.[24]For most of the rest of his political career, despite holding high office, Lee made a habit of giving sermons at churches around Taiwan, mostly on apolitical themes of service and humility.[25]He was a member of thePresbyterian Church in Taiwan.[26]

Lee's native language wasTaiwanese Hokkien.He was proficient in bothMandarinandJapaneseand was able to speak English well.[27][28]It has been claimed that he was more proficient in Japanese than Mandarin.[29]

Rise to power[edit]

Shortly after returning to Taiwan, Lee joined the KMT in 1971[30]and was made acabinetminister without portfolioresponsible for agriculture.[31][32]

In 1978, Lee was appointed mayor ofTaipei,[33]where he solved water shortages and improved the city's irrigation problems. In 1981, he became governor ofTaiwan Province[33]and made further irrigation improvements.

As a skilledtechnocrat,Lee soon caught the eye of PresidentChiang Ching-kuoas a strong candidate to serve as vice president. Chiang sought to move more authority to thebensheng ren(residents of Taiwan before 1949 and their descendants) instead of continuing to promotewaisheng ren(Chinese immigrants who arrived in Taiwan after 1949 and their descendants) as his father had.[33]President Chiang nominated Lee to become hisVice President.[33]Lee was formally elected by theNational Assemblyin 1984.[33]

Presidency[edit]

See also:February 1990 power struggle

Chiang Ching-kuodied in January 1988 and Lee succeeded him as president.[34]The "Palace Faction"of the KMT, a group of conservative Chinese headed by GeneralHau Pei-tsun,PremierYu Kuo-hwa,and Education MinisterLee Huan,as well asChiang Kai-shek's widow,Soong Mei-ling,[34]were deeply distrustful of Lee and sought to block his accession to the KMT chairmanship and sideline him as a figurehead. With the help ofJames Soong—himself a member of the Palace Faction—who quieted the hardliners with the famous plea "Each day of delay is a day of disrespect to Ching-kuo," Lee was allowed to ascend to the chairmanship unobstructed.[35]At the13th National Congress of Kuomintangin July 1988, Lee named 31 members of the Central Committee, 16 of whom werebensheng ren:for the first time,bensheng renheld a majority in what was then a powerful policy-making body.[36]On 20 March, he ordered to release thepolitical prisoner,Gen.Sun Li-jenfrom 33 years ofhouse arrest.[37][38]In August, he listened to theaboriginallegislatorTsai Chung-han's advocacy in the General Assembly ofLegislative Yuanand the journalism reportage ofIndependence Evening Poston thehuman rights' concern to release the remaining survivors of thecivilian Tanker Tuapsefree after 34 years incaptivity.[39][40]

As he consolidated power during the early years of his presidency, Lee allowed his rivals within the KMT to occupy positions of influence:[41]when Yu Guo-hwa retired as premier in 1989, he was replaced by Lee Huan,[42]who was succeeded by Hau Pei-tsun in 1990.[43]At the same time, Lee made a major reshuffle of theExecutive Yuan,as he had done with the KMT Central Committee, replacing several elderlywaishengrenwith youngerbenshengren,mostly of technical backgrounds.[42]Fourteen of these new appointees, like Lee, had been educated in the United States. Prominent among the appointments wereLien Chanasforeign ministerandShirley Kuoasfinance minister.[42]

1990 saw the arrival of theWild Lily student movementon behalf of full democracy for Taiwan.[44]Thousands of Taiwanese students demonstrated for democratic reforms.[44]The demonstrations culminated in a sit-in demonstration by over 300,000 students atMemorial Squarein Taipei.[44]Students called for direct elections of the national president and vice president and for a new election for all legislative seats. On 21 March, Lee welcomed some of the students to thePresidential Building.[44]He expressed his support of their goals and pledged his commitment to full democracy in Taiwan.[45][46]

In May 1991, Lee spearheaded a drive to eliminate theTemporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion,laws put in place following the KMT arrival in 1949 that suspended the democratic functions of the government.[47]In December 1991, the original members of theLegislative Yuan,elected to represent Chinese constituencies in 1948, were forced to resign and new elections were held to apportion more seats to thebensheng ren.[48]The elections forcedHau Pei-tsunfrom thepremiership,[43]a position he was given in exchange for his tacit support of Lee. He was replaced by Lien Chan, then an ally of Lee.[43]

The prospect of the first island-widedemocratic electionthe next year, together with Lee's June 1995 visit toCornell University,sparked theThird Taiwan Strait Crisis.[41]The United States had not prepared the PRC for Lee receiving a United States visa.[49]The PRC conducted a series of missile tests in the waters surrounding Taiwan and other military maneuvers off the coast ofFujianin response to what Communist Party leaders described as moves by Lee to "split the motherland".[50]The PRC government launched another set of tests just days before theelection,sending missiles over the island to express its dissatisfaction should the Taiwanese people vote for Lee.[50]In 1996, the United States sent two aircraft carrier groups to Taiwan's vicinity and the PRC then de-escalated.[49]The military actions disrupted trade and shipping lines and caused a temporary dip in the Asian stock market.

Lee's overall stance on Taiwanese independence during the election cycle was characterized as "deliberately vague".[51]

The previous eight presidents and vice presidents of the ROC had been elected by the members of theNational Assembly.For the first time, the President of the ROC would be elected by majority vote of Taiwan's population. On 23 March 1996, Lee became the first popularly elected ROC president with 54% of the vote.[52]Many people who worked or resided in other countries made special trips back to the island to vote. In addition to the president, the governor ofTaiwan Provinceand the mayors ofTaipeiandKaohsiung(as leaders of provincial level divisions they were formerly appointed by the president) became popularly elected.[52]

1996 Taiwanese presidential electionResult
President Candidate Vice President Candidate Party Votes %
Lee Teng-hui Lien Chan Kuomintang 5,813,699 54.0
Peng Ming-min Frank Hsieh Democratic Progressive Party 2,274,586 21.1
Lin Yang-kang Hau Pei-tsun ‹See Tfd›Independent 1,603,790 14.9
Chen Li-an Wang Ching-feng ‹See Tfd›Independent 1,074,044 9.9
Invalid/blank votes 117,160
Total 10,883,279 100

Lee, in an interview that same year, expressed his view that aspecial state-to-state relationshipexisted between Taiwan and thePeople's Republic of China(PRC) that all negotiations between the two sides of the Strait needed to observe.[53]As president, he attempted to further reform the government. Controversially, he attempted to remove the provincial level of government and proposed that lower level government officials be appointed, not elected.[54]

Lee, observing constitutional term limits he had helped enact, stepped down from the presidency at the end of his term in 2000. That year,Democratic Progressive PartycandidateChen Shui-bianwon thenational electionwith 39% of the vote in a three-way race.[55]Chen's victory marked an end to KMT rule and the firstpeaceful transfer of powerin Taiwan's new democratic system.[56]

Supporters of rival candidates Lien Chan andJames Soongaccused Lee of setting up the split in the KMT that had enabled Chen to win.[57]Lee had promoted the uncharismatic Lien over the popular Soong as the KMT candidate. Soong had subsequently run as an independent and was expelled from the KMT. The number of votes garnered by both Soong and Lien would have accounted for approximately 60% of the vote while individually the candidates placed behind Chen.[58]Protests were staged in front of the KMT party headquarters in Taipei.[58]Fuelling this anger were the persistent suspicions following Lee throughout his presidency that he secretly supported Taiwan independence and that he was intentionally sabotaging the Kuomintang from above.[59]Lee resigned his chairmanship on 24 March.[58]

During his presidency, Lee supported theTaiwanese localization movement.[60]The Taiwanization movement has its roots in Japanese rule founded during the Japanese era and sought to put emphasis on vernacular Taiwanese culture in Taiwan as the center of people's lives as opposed to Nationalist China.[61]During the Chiang era, China was promoted as the center of an ideology that would build a Chinese national outlook in a people who had once considered themselves Japanese subjects.[62]Taiwan was often relegated to a backwater province of China in the KMT-supported history books.[63]People were discouraged from studying local Taiwanese customs, which were to be replaced by mainstream Chinese customs. Lee sought to turn Taiwan into a center rather than an appendage.[64]In 1997, he presided over the adoption of the Taiwan-centric history textbookKnowing Taiwan.

South China Sea dispute[edit]

Under Lee, it was stated that "legally, historically, geographically, or in reality", all of the South China Sea and Spratly islands were the territory of the Republic of China and under ROC sovereignty, and denounced actions undertaken there by Malaysia and the Philippines, in a statement on 13 July 1999 released by the foreign ministry of Taiwan.[65]The claims made by both the PRC and the Republic of China "mirror" each other.[66]During international talks involving the Spratly islands, the PRC and ROC have sometimes made efforts to coordinate their positions with each other since both have the same claims.[66][67]

Post-presidency[edit]

Since resigning the chairmanship of the KMT, Lee stated a number of political positions and ideas which he did not mention while he was president, but which he appeared to have privately maintained. After Lee endorsed the candidates of the newly formedPan-GreenTaiwan Solidarity Union,a party established by a number of his KMT allies, Lee was expelled from the KMT on 21 September 2001.[68]

Lee publicly supported the Name Rectification Campaigns in Taiwan and proposed changing the name of the country from the Republic of China to theRepublic of Taiwan.[69]He generally opposed unlimited economic ties with the PRC, placing restrictions on Taiwanese wishing to invest in China.[70]

Lee visiting an orphanage inDayuan District,Taoyuan Cityin 2013

After Chen Shui-bian succeeded Lee in the2000 election,the two enjoyed a close relationship despite being from different political parties. Chen regularly asked Lee for advice during his first term in office. In Chen's 2001 book, he called Lee the "Father of Taiwanese Democracy" and also named himself the "Son of Taiwan" with respect to Lee. However, the two's relationship began to worsen when Lee questioned Chen's reform of the fisheries branch of theCouncil of Agriculture.Though Lee was present in the228 Hand-in-Hand rallyorchestrated by the Pan-Green Coalition before the2004 election,the two's relationship broke apart after Chen asked James Soong to be thePresident of the Executive Yuanin 2005, which Lee disagreed with. Lee also publicly criticized Chen in 2006 by calling him incapable and corrupt.[71][72]

In February 2007, Lee shocked the media when he revealed that he did not supportTaiwanese independence,when he was widely seen as the spiritual leader of the pro-independence movement.[73]Lee also said that he supported opening up trade and tourism with China, a position he had opposed before. Lee later explained that Taiwan already enjoysde factoindependence and that political maneuvering over details of expressing it is counterproductive. He maintains that "Taiwan should seek 'normalization' by changing its name and amending its constitution."[74]

Relations with Japan[edit]

Lee enjoyed a warm relationship with thepeopleandculture of Japan.During the latter period ofJapanese rule of Taiwanfrom 1895 to 1945, Lee attended a Japanese school where he was one of only four Taiwanese in a class of 23 pupils. At the time, due to theKominkamovement, Taiwanese Han culture and language was greatly discouraged. Lee's father was a middle-level Japanese police aide; his elder brother died serving in theImperial Japanese NavyinWorld War IIand is listed in theYasukuni Shrinein Tokyo. During his youth, Lee had a Japanese name,Iwasato Masao(Nham lí chính nam).[75]This name was suggested by Lee Teng-chin, combiningLongyan(Long nham), where their family originated, and their surname Lee (Lý), which shares the same pronunciation with the character "Lí"in both Japaneseon'yomiand Chinese.[76]Lee spoke fondly of his upbringing and his teachers and was welcomed in visits to Japan since leaving office. Leeadmired and enjoyed all things Japanesesuch as traditional Japanese values.[77][78]This was the target of criticism from thePan-Blue Coalition[78]in Taiwan, as well as from China,[79]due to theanti-Japanese sentimentformed during and after World War II. However, this animosity fell in later years, especially in Taiwan.[80][81]

In 1989, he received the highest distinction of theScout Association of Japan,theGolden Pheasant Award.[82]

In August 2001, Lee said of Japanese Prime MinisterJunichiro Koizumi's controversial visit toYasukuni Shrine,"It is natural for a premier of a country to commemorate the souls of people who lost their lives for their country."[83]In a May 2007 trip to Japan, Lee visited the shrine himself to pay tribute to his elder brother. Controversy rose because the shrine also enshrines World War II Class A criminals among the other soldiers.[84]

During the2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations,on 13 September 2012, Lee remarked, "TheSenkaku Islands,no matter whether in the past, for now or in the future, certainly belong to Japan. "[85][86]Ten years previously, he had stated, "The Senkaku Islands are the territory of Japan."[87]In September 2014, Lee expressed support for a Japanese equivalent to the United States'Taiwan Relations Act,[88]which was discussed in theJapanese Dietin February,[89][90]though the idea was first proposed byChen Shui-bianin 2006.[91]

In 2014, Lee said in the Japanese magazineSAPIOpublished byShogakukan,"China spreads lies such asNanjing Massacreto the world... Korea and China use invented history as their activity of propaganda for their country.Comfort womenis the most remarkable example. "[92]In 2015, Lee said "The issue of Taiwanese comfort women is already solved" in the Japanese magazineVoice(published by PHP Institute), and was strongly criticized by Chen I-hsin, spokesman of thePresidential Officeas "not ignorant but cold-blooded". Chen added, "If Lee Teng-hui really thinks the issue of comfort women is solved, go to a theater and seeSong of the Reed."[93]

Lee meeting Taiwanese PresidentTsai Ing-wenin 2016

In July 2015, Lee visited Japan, and again stated that Japan has full sovereignty over theSenkaku Islands.[94][95]This was the first time Lee made remarks of this nature while in Japan. Members of the pan-BlueNew Partyand Kuomintang accused him of treason. New Party leaderYok Mu-mingfiled charges of treason against Lee,[96]while the KMT'sLai Shyh-baocalled a caucus meeting to seek revisions to the Act Governing Preferential Treatment for Retired presidents and Vice presidents, aimed at denying Lee privileges as a former president.[97]

Lee also stated, in 2015, that Taiwanese people were "subjects of Japan" and that Taiwan and Japan were "one country", sparking much criticism from both China and the Pan-Blue Coalition.[98]In response to media requests for comment, then presidential candidate Tsai Ing-wen said that “each generation andethnic group in Taiwanhas lived a different history,” and that people should approach these differing experiences and interpretations with an attitude of understanding that will allow for learning from history, rather than allowing it to be used a tool for manipulating divisions.[99]

Lee published a book,Remaining Life: My Life Journey and the Road of Taiwan's Democracy,in February 2016.[100][101]In it, he reasserted support for Japanese sovereignty claims over the Senkaku Islands, drawing complaints from the ROC Presidential Office,[102][103]President-electTsai Ing-wen,[104]andYilan Countyfishermen.[105]

On 22 June 2018, he visited Japan for the final time in his life.[106]

Controversies and indictment[edit]

On 30 June 2011, Lee, along with former KMT financier Liu Tai-ying were indicted on graft and money-laundering charges and accused of embezzling US$7.79 million in public funds.[107][108]He was acquitted by the Taipei District Court on 15 November 2013.[109]Prosecutors appealed the ruling,[110]but on 20 August 2014, Lee was cleared of the charges again.[111][112]

Personal life[edit]

Newlyweds Lee Teng-hui and Tseng Wen-hui in front of aNational Taiwan Universitydormitory

Lee and his wife werePresbyterianChristians.[26][113]

Family[edit]

Lee marriedTseng Wen-huion 9 February 1949,[25][114]with whom he had three children.[115]Their firstborn son Lee Hsien-wen (c. 1950 – 21 March 1982)[116][117]died of sinus cancer.[118]Daughters Anna and Annie, were born c. 1952 and c. 1954, respectively.[116]

Health[edit]

Shortly after stepping down from the presidency in 2000, Lee hadcoronary artery bypass surgery.[119]In late 2011, he underwent surgery to remove stage II colon adenocarcinoma, the most common form of colon cancer.[120]Two years later, he had a stent implanted in his vertebral artery following an occlusion.[121]Lee was sent toTaipei Veterans General Hospitalin November 2015 after experiencing numbness in his right hand, and later diagnosed with a minor stroke.[122]On 29 November 2018, he was rushed toTaipei Veterans General Hospitalafter falling and hitting his head.[123]He was discharged from hospital on 31 January 2019, and PresidentTsai Ing-wenlater visited him at his home.[124]On 8 February 2020, Lee was hospitalised atTaipei Veterans General Hospitalafter choking while drinking milk and retained in the hospital under observation due to lung infection concerns.[125]Later, he was diagnosed withaspiration pneumoniacaused bypulmonary infiltration,and was subsequently intubated.[126][127]

Death[edit]

Main article:Death and funeral of Lee Teng-hui
Epitaphof Lee Teng-hui at theWuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery

Lee died of multiple organ failure and septic shock at Taipei Veterans General Hospital on 7:24 pm, 30 July 2020, at the age of 97.[128][129]He had suffered from infections and cardiac problems since he was admitted to hospital in February.[130]

A state funeral was announced, while a memorial venue at theTaipei Guest Housewhere people paid respects to Lee was opened to the public from 1 to 16 August 2020, after which Lee's body wascrematedand his remains interred atWuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery.All national flags at government institutions were placed athalf-mastfor three days.[131]

Legacy[edit]

Lee had the nickname "Mr. Democracy" and Taiwan's "Father of Democracy" for his actions to democratize Taiwanese government and his opposition to ruling Communists in China.[64][132]

Kuomintangmembers still blame Lee for losing the political party's long-term rule of the country and believe that Lee's moves led to the fragmentation of the KMT.[133]On the other hand, theDemocratic Progressive Party(DPP) views Lee positively as a beacon of hope. The DPP had grown in strength under Lee's rule and he set a precedent by presiding over the first everpeaceful transition of powerto an opposition party in 2000.[133]

A November 2020 phone survey of 1,076 Taiwan citizens aged 18 and above which asked the question: "Which president, after Taiwan's democratisation, do you think has the best leadership? Lee Teng-hui, Chen Shui-bian, Ma Ying-jeou, or Tsai Ing-wen?" revealed Lee topped the survey with 43 percent, with incumbent president Tsai on 32 percent, Ma on 18 percent and 6.6 percent for Chen.[133]

Honours[edit]

Publications[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Lee, Teng-hui (1971).Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1895–1960.Cornell University Press.ISBN978-0-8014-0650-8.OCLC1086842416.

Articles[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

[a]

  1. ^abcRepublic of Chinais commonly known asTaiwan

References[edit]

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  2. ^Lin, Mei-chun (28 December 2001)."Lee Teng-hui seeks KMT legislators".Taipei Times.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2014.Retrieved30 September2014.
  3. ^"KMT breaks it off with Lee Teng-hui - Taipei Times".www.taipeitimes.com.22 September 2001.Retrieved28 September2023.
  4. ^abTái phát "Tham bái tĩnh quốc thần xã" luận lý đăng huy mị nhật tình kết đại khởi để 3 November 2010.People's Daily.Lưỡng ngạn võng. 3 November 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 2 January 2013.Retrieved1 October2012.
  5. ^abcdJennings, Ralph (30 July 2020)."Lee Teng-hui, former president of Taiwan, dies at 97".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on 30 July 2020.Retrieved30 July2020.
  6. ^"【 lý đăng huy thệ thế 】2 thứ lạc bảng chung khảo thượng cao trung thái bình dương chiến tranh khước trung đoạn lý đăng huy đích cầu học lộ".Mirror Media.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2021.Retrieved24 August2020.
  7. ^Ang Ui-jin(March 1988). "Mạt đại khách gia nhân – tam chi khách gia phương ngôn phế đảo tầm bảo".Khách gia phong vân(5).
  8. ^"《 thời báo chu khan 》 thấu thị lý đăng huy quyền mưu thuật dụng tẫn hách tống tái đâu khí tựu tượng giáp tử thương dăng".11 September 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2021.Retrieved17 August2020.
  9. ^Tái phát "Tham bái tĩnh quốc thần xã" luận lý đăng huy mị nhật tình kết đại khởi để 3 November 2010.People's Daily.3 November 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 2 January 2013.Retrieved1 October2012– via lưỡng ngạn võng.
  10. ^Ellis, Samson (30 July 2020)."Taiwan President Who Forged Island's Path to Democracy Dies".Bloomberg.Archivedfrom the original on 30 July 2020.Retrieved30 July2020.
  11. ^Kagan, Richard (2014).Taiwan's Statesman: Lee Teng-hui and Democracy in Asia.Naval Institute Press. pp. 37–38.ISBN978-1-61251-755-1.Archivedfrom the original on 12 April 2023.Retrieved15 December2015.
  12. ^Jacobs, J. Bruce;Liu, I-hao Ben (June 2007). "Lee Teng-Hui and the Idea of" Taiwan "".The China Quarterly.190(190): 375–393.doi:10.1017/S0305741007001245.JSTOR20192775.S2CID154384016.
  13. ^Tsai, S. (2005).Lee Teng-hui and Taiwan's Quest for Identity.Springer. pp. 49–50.ISBN978-1-4039-7717-5.
  14. ^Hickey, Dennis V. (2006).Foreign Policy Making in Taiwan.Routledge. p. 88.ISBN9781134003051.Archivedfrom the original on 12 April 2023.Retrieved18 April2016.
  15. ^Wang, Chris (20 June 2013)."Lee Teng-hui says he never applied for membership in CCP".Taipei Times.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2014.Retrieved26 October2014.
  16. ^Kuo, Adam Tyrsett (30 July 2014)."Ex-president denies ever being member of communist party".China Post.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2014.Retrieved26 October2014.
  17. ^"Lee Teng-hui responds to Communist Party rumors".Want Want China Times.21 June 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 26 October 2014.Retrieved26 October2014.
  18. ^Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2005).Lee Teng-Hui and Taiwan's Quest for Identity.Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60.ISBN9781403977175.Archivedfrom the original on 12 April 2023.Retrieved18 April2016.
  19. ^abLin, Mei-Chun (8 November 2002)."Lee admits to fling with Communism".Taipei Times.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2014.Retrieved26 October2014.
  20. ^abHaberman, Clyde (15 January 1988)."MAN IN THE NEWS: Lee Teng-hui; Taiwan's Leader and Son of the Soil".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2018.Retrieved18 November2018.
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Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toLee Teng-hui.
Wikiquote has quotations related toLee Teng-hui.
Political offices
Preceded by Mayor of Taipei
9 June 1978–5 December 1981 		Succeeded by
Governor of Taiwan Province
5 December 1981–20 May 1984 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice President of the Republic of China
20 May 1984–13 January 1988 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Republic of China
13 January 1988–20 May 2000 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the Kuomintang
1988–2000 		Succeeded by
New title Kuomintangnominee forPresident of the Republic of China
1996
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