Jump to content

Lev Parnas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lev Parnas
Born(1972-02-06)February 6, 1972(age 52)
Odesa,Ukrainian SSR,Soviet Union(nowUkraine)
NationalityAmerican
EducationBrooklyn College
Baruch College
Children6, includingAaron Parnas

Lev Parnas[a](born February 6, 1972)[1]is a Soviet-born American businessman and former associate ofRudy Giuliani.Parnas, Giuliani,Igor Fruman,John Solomon,Yuriy Lutsenko,Dmytro Firtashand his allies,Victoria ToensingandJoe diGenova,were involved in creating the falseBiden–Ukraine conspiracy theory,which is part of theTrump–Ukraine scandal's efforts to damageJoe Biden.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]As president,Donald Trumpsaid he did not know Parnas or what he was involved in; Parnas insisted Trump "knew exactly what was going on".[10]

In October 2021, Parnas was found guilty in U.S. Federal Court on six counts related to illegal donations to the2020 campaign of Donald Trump.[11]He was sentenced to 20 months in prison, three years of supervised release and $2,322,500 in restitution on June 29, 2022.[12]

Early life and education

[edit]

Parnas was born inOdesa,theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,in 1972 to aJewishfamily.[13][14]His family brought him at the age of three to the U.S. via the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program, first toDetroit,and later toBrooklyn.He was a student atBrooklyn CollegeandBaruch College.He also worked at Kings Highway Realty, where he soldTrump Organizationco-ops.[15]

Career

[edit]

Parnas moved to Florida in 1995 and became a broker, working for firms including Euro-Atlantic Securities, Mammoth Bullion and Monolith Bullion. He later founded Parnas Holdings. After a failed film project, he partnered withIgor Frumanin an energy related venture.[1][16]TheMiami Heraldmaintains he "left a long trail of debts in Florida and beyond."[17]

In 2013, Parnas founded a firm he named Fraud Guarantee. Parnas had chosen the name after he personally experienced cleaning up his Google search results after accusations of fraud in previous ventures. Florida authorities apparently[vague]dissolved Fraud Guarantee in September 2014 for failing to file an annual report, which would have limited the company to activities related to closing itself down.

In 2019, Parnas served as a translator for a legal case involvingDmytro Firtash,one of Ukraine's wealthiest oligarchs with self-admittedRussian mobconnections,[18]who is fighting extradition to the U.S. to face bribery charges. Firtash has lived on bail in Vienna since 2014.[19]According to prosecutors, Parnas was paid byDiGenova&Toensing,LLP as an interpreter to communicate with their client, Firtash.[20]A Swiss lawyer for Firtash loaned $1 million to Parnas's wife in September 2019, according to Federal prosecutors.[21]

Parnas has also been involved in Jewish charities and causes in the US, Ukraine and Israel.[22]Parnas is on the board of the Ukrainian-Jewish charity Friends ofAnatevka,founded by Ukrainian rabbiMoshe Reuven Azman,to provide a refuge forJewsaffected by theRussian military intervention in Ukraine.[23]Parnas and Fruman visited Israel in the summer of 2018 as a part of a delegation, led by former Arkansas GovernorMike Huckabeeand joined byAnthony Scaramucci,of "right-wing Jewish and evangelical supporters of Trump." The group met with U.S. Ambassador to Israel,David M. Friedman,Benjamin Netanyahu's sonYair Netanyahu,as well as billionaireSimon Falicof Florida (Duty Free Americas), one of Netanyahu's most generous donors.[24]Huckabee joined the two again in March 2019 when they were awarded the Chovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) awards at a gala for theNational Council of Young Israel,an event focused on supporting President Trump andIsraeli West Bank settlements.Rudy Giuliani and House Minority LeaderKevin McCarthywere also in attendance. While in Israel Parnas and Fruman also met with oligarchIhor Kolomoyskyi,a wealthy Ukrainian under investigation by the Department of Justice for money laundering.[22]

Trump–Ukraine scandal
A request by U.S. PresidentDonald Trump(right) to Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy(left) to investigateJoe Bidenandhis sonsparked the scandal.
Events
List
People
White House
Justice Department
State Department
Defense Department
National Security Council
Intelligence
Congress
Ukrainians
Surrogates
Scholars
Related
Companies
List
Conspiracy theories
List

Trump–Ukraine scandal

[edit]
Main article:Trump–Ukraine scandal

As early as April 2018, Giuliani, Parnas, and Fruman began assisting Trump's re-election efforts and they identified AmbassadorMarie Yovanovitchas being an obstacle.[25]On January 24, 2020, during theTrump impeachment trial,ABC News published a recording that Parnas's attorney claimed was made by Fruman and shared with Parnas.[26]The recording appears to be from a small gathering with Trump, apparently during a dinner held April 30, 2018 at Trump Hotel Washington.[25]A voice identified as Parnas's is heard to say to Trump: "The biggest problem there, I think where we need to start is we gotta get rid of the Ambassador."

Late in 2018, Giuliani dispatched the two to Ukraine to search for damaging information on Trump's U.S. political rivals. According toThe New York Times,"Their mission was to find people and information that could be used to undermine theSpecial Counsel's investigation,and also to damage former Vice President Joseph R. Biden. "[27]Both were at the center of the pro-Trump forces' push to remove Ambassador Yovanovitch, because her loyalty to Trump was deemed insufficient.[27]It was reported the two also pressed for support for allegations that former Ukrainian officials schemed to manipulate the 2016 election to supportHillary Clinton,by revealing adverse information aboutPaul Manafort,chairman of Trump's campaign, which became a central element in Mueller's special counsel investigation.[28]

Over the course of a year beginning in 2018, Parnas and Fruman assisted Giuliani and his associates to contact Ukrainians who were working on finding alleged corruption surrounding Hunter Biden and Burisma.[27]These includedYuriy Lutsenko,then theProsecutor General of Ukraine,who was crucial to Giuliani's efforts to produce damaging information.Viktor Shokin,a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, was part of this group.

In late September 2019 thewhistleblowerreport was released, which characterized Parnas and Fruman as "two associates of Mr. Giuliani."[29][30]

On September 30, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee requested documents from Parnas.[31]They were initially represented byJohn M. Dowd,who was Trump's personal attorney during part of the Mueller investigation in 2017–18.[32][33]Trump consented to this representation, as evidenced in an email from White House CounselJay Sekulowto the president.[34]Parnas later disclosed that they met with Dowd in Dowd's home and conducted a conference call with Sekulow and Giuliani. They concluded they would claim immunity and not cooperate on the basis Giuliani was the President's attorney, protected byattorney-client privilege,and they were working under the direction of Giuliani.[35]On October 7, 2019, Dowd informed theMiami Heraldnewspaper there would be no cooperation, Mike Pompeo made a similar announcement, and State Department employee Charles Kent failed to appear before the House Intelligence Committee.[36]On October 8, 2019, White House counselPat Cipolloneissued a document that confirmed that Trump and his administration would not cooperate with the impeachment inquiry in any manner.[37]

Arrest and prosecution

[edit]
External videos
video iconPress conference with U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Geoffrey Berman and Assistant Director in Charge of the FBI's New York office William Sweeney on the arrest of Parnas and Fruman, October 10, 2019,C-SPAN

Parnas and Fruman were arrested on the evening of October 9, 2019, atDulles International Airport,and charged with planning to direct funds from a foreign government "to U.S. politicians while trying to influence U.S.-Ukraine relations".[38]They had one-way tickets to Frankfurt, Germany, and were reported to be going to Vienna, Austria.[39][40][41]The head of the New York FBI office described the investigation as "about corrupt behavior, deliberate lawbreaking".[3][2][41]

The charges alleged Parnas and Fruman were involved in the campaign to oust Ambassador Yovanovitch from her post and have her recalled.[42][43]In 2018, the operation included Parnas and Fruman donating funds and pledging further additional moneys to an unnamed Congressman, who was allegedly recruited for the campaign to oust her.[43]The funds were allegedly funneled through a shell company, Global Energy Producers, and some violated campaign limits.[44]Parnas and Fruman were also charged with unlawful campaign contributions. Based on campaign finance filings, former congressmanPete Sessions(R-Texas) was identified as the unnamed recipient. In 2018, as the Chairman of theHouse Rules Committee,Sessions wrote a letter to Secretary of StateMike Pompeosaying that Ambassador Yovanovitch should be fired for privately expressing "disdain" for the Trump administration.[43]

The House Intelligence Committee converted their request for documents from Parnas and Fruman into subpoenas on October 10, 2019.[45]The New York field office of theFederal Bureau of Investigation(FBI), along withSDNYprosecutors, were conducting a criminal investigation of Giuliani's relationship with Parnas and Fruman.[46]Giuliani was at the time under investigation for potentially violating lobbying laws, but that investigation ended without charges.[47][48]

Parnas dismissed Dowd and retained Joseph Bondy, who announced on November 5, 2019, that Parnas "is now prepared to comply with requests for records and testimony from congressional impeachment investigators".[49]

On November 22, 2019, Parnas stated to CNN that he would be willing to testify to Congress regarding his, Republican congressmanDevin Nunes,Giuliani's and Trump's role in the Ukraine affairs.[50]Documents released to a watchdog group showed communication took place between Giuliani and Pompeo shortly before Ambassador Yovanovitch was removed from her post. Memos from Giuliani to Pompeo regarding a January 23, 2019, meeting with Ukraine's former prosecutor general Victor Shokin were included. Giuliani noted that Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas were present at the meeting. Shokin was ousted from his job in 2016 because of his lack of attention to corruption cases.[51]

On January 20, 2020, Bondy filed a motion seeking the appointment of aspecial prosecutoroutside the Justice Department and for U.S. Attorney GeneralWilliam Barrtorecusehimself.[52]The U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New YorkGeoffrey Bermanrecused himself in theMichael Cohencase owing to his political support of Trump.[53]Trump reportedly asked then acting U.S. Attorney GeneralMatthew Whitakerto override Berman's recusal and to prosecute Cohen.[54]To date, Berman has not recused himself in the Parnas case despite similar potential conflicts of interest as in the Cohen case. Additionally, Berman worked atthe same law firmas Giuliani.[55]

In a May 2021 letter to federal judgeJ. Paul Oetken,Bondy wrote he had seen a government chart detailing the extent to whichSDNYinvestigators had acquired communications of parties related to the Parnas case, and asserted:

The evidence seized likely includes e-mail, text, and encrypted communications that are eithernon-privilegedor subject to an exception to any potentially applicable privilege, between,inter alia,Rudolph Giuliani,Victoria Toensing,the former President, former Attorney GeneralWilliam P. Barr,high-level members of the Justice Department, Presidential impeachment attorneysJay Sekulow,Jane Raskinand others, SenatorLindsey Graham,CongressmanDevin Nunesand others, relating to the timing of the arrest and indictment of the defendants as to prevent potential disclosures to Congress in the first impeachment inquiry of then-President Donald. J. Trump.[56][57]

Parnas asked for the charges to be dismissed, claiming that the Trump administration had prosecuted him to protect Trump against Congressional investigations, but a federal judge rejected this claim as a "conspiracy theory."[58]Parnas was subsequently convicted in March 2022 and sentenced to 20 months in prison[59]

MSNBC interview

[edit]

In early January 2020, an attorney for Parnas turned over photos, text messages and thousands of pages of documents to the House Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.[60]On January 15 and 16, 2020MSNBCaired segments of an interview of Parnas conducted byRachel Maddow.[61][35]This was Parnas's first television interview regarding his involvement in theTrump-Ukraine scandal.[62]Some of Parnas's claims were supported by documentary evidence released by the House that same week.[63][64][65][66]Elements of the interview including time lines that were cross-checked by some news organizations against event records such as the date Pence announced he would not be going to Ukraine.[67][68]White House press secretary Stephanie Grisham, Pence spokesman Marc Short, and a Justice Department spokesman stressed the fact that Parnas was under indictment and therefore should not be believed.[69]Trump repeated the claims he did not know Parnas, and denied he was aware of a key letter by Giuliani to the Ukrainian President wherein Giuliani claimed that he was acting on the behalf of Trump.[70][71]

Parnas made many claims in the interview:

  • "Trump knew exactly what was going on" and Parnas's efforts were coordinated with Trump's attorney, Rudy Giuliani.[61]He also said that "Attorney General Barr was basically on the team" and conferred with Giuliani frequently.[72]
  • Trump's counsel Jay Sekulow was also aware, however he "wanted to stay away from all this stuff involving Ukraine".[35]
  • Parnas met in Ukraine with a top Ukrainian official and informed him he was speaking on Trump's behalf; Parnas warned that all aid to Ukraine, as well as Pence's attendance at the inauguration of the new Ukrainian President, were contingent upon an announcement that Biden was being investigated.[61]
  • Pence was "in the loop" and knew the reason his trip to Ukraine was cancelled after the Ukrainian government failed to comply with Trump's demand as communicated by Parnas.[61]
  • The motivation to get rid of Ambassador Yovanovitch was to obtain dirt on Joe Biden. Specifically, formerProsecutor General of UkraineYuriy Lutsenkoclaimed he would deliver dirt on "B" after a decision was made about "Madam".[35]This particular claim was backed by a March 22, 2019, text from Lutsenko that was released by the House and discussed in the interview. Trump removed Yovanovitch from her post in May 2019.[73][74][75]
  • Parnas described a dinner with President Trump where the Ambassador was discussed and Trump said to fire her.[61]This claim was substantiated further by an audio recording of this meeting released on January 24, 2020.[76]
  • Ukrainian businessmanFirtashclaimed he could help discredit theMueller investigationif charges against him were dropped.[61]
  • Parnas claimed he met CongressmanDevin Nunes"several times at the Trump Hotel", but that most of his interactions were with Nunes's aideDerek Harvey.Parnas's claim that "they were involved in getting all this stuff on Biden" was substantiated by records released by the House after the interview.[61][50][77]
  • Former Energy SecretaryRick Perry,who did attend the Ukrainian President's inauguration, informed the Ukrainians that there would be no aid unless an announcement was made to investigate Biden.[35]
  • Parnas was initially pleased to have Trump's former adviser Dowd represent him and believed that it demonstrated he had the President's support. However, it became clear Parnas's interests were not in mind when Dowd visited Parnas in prison. Parnas claimed Dowd "basically start talking to me like a drill sergeant and telling me, giving me orders, like, you know, be a good boy, like, you know."[35]

One of the significant documents discussed during the interview was Giuliani's letter to President-elect Zelenskyy that was released by the House Intelligence Committee.[78]The letter was seen as evidence that President Trump knew of his attorney's activities on his behalf.[79]Giuliani wrote that he represented the private interests of President Trump with his "knowledge and consent".[80][81]The letter was presented to the U.S. Senate during the impeachment trial of President Trump.[82]

When asked by Rachel Maddow, Parnas claimed that his decision to speak out was made to protect this country from President Trump and his allies, stating that they are all part of one large "cult."[83]

Text messages with Robert Hyde

[edit]

Included within the documents released by the House in January 2020 were text messages between Parnas andRobert F. Hyde,a Republican candidate for Congress in Connecticut. The messages indicated that Ambassador Yovanovitch was under surveillance and implied she was in possible danger. During the interview with Maddow, Parnas largely discounted this possibility and said Hyde drank a lot.[61]However, during her testimony, the Ambassador stated that she was advised to leave Ukraine on "the next plane" in April 2019 because her security was at risk.[84]Maddow played clips of this testimony during the airing of the interview. The FBI finally visited Hyde to make inquiries on January 16, 2020—the day after the first segment of the interview aired—even though they reportedly had the messages in hand since Parnas's arrest in October 2019.[85]Ukrainian authorities announced they were conducting an investigation that same day.[86]Hyde claimed he was getting the information he was giving to Parnas from a Belgium citizen named Anthony de Caluwe he had met at GOP functions.[75]Initially, de Caluwe denied any involvement and then later claimed it was all a "joke" after evidence was released by the House that supported Hyde's assertions.[75]

An official from the Department of Justice attributed the delay between when they received the messages and finally acted to Parnas and claimed they were unable to read the messages contained within Parnas'siPhoneuntil recently.[87]Parnas's attorney in turn wrote that the Department of Justice sat on documents since December 3, 2019 when the messages from the iPhone were first extracted.[87]Secretary of State Mike Pompeo issued a statement a full two days after the texts were revealed and stated "to the best of (his) recollection" never heard all of this.[88]He announced he would look into it but also stated he didn't think anything would come of the investigation.[89]

January 16, 2020 CNN interview

[edit]

Parnas was also interviewed byAnderson Cooperof CNN on January 16, 2020.[90][91]The primary different claims made by Parnas during this interview were as follows:

  • The first effort to effect aquid pro quowas with formerUkrainian PresidentPetro Poroshenko.Poroshenko was asked to support Trump's efforts in exchange for a meeting with the U.S. president in the White House, and other official support of Ukraine.[90]
  • In his interview with Maddow, Parnas already said Ukraine would face losing support and that Vice President Pence would not attend the inauguration of thenewly electedUkrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyyunless he announced an investigation into the Biden. In the CNN interview, Parnas added that the announcement needed to be made within 24 hours or that there would be no chance of any White House visits while Trump was in office.[90]
  • Cooper stated Zelenskyy was also being asked "to get rid of some folks" that were around Zelenskyy that were not fond of Trump. Parnas did not make that statement, however, Parnas replied "Correct."[90]
  • Parnas said there was no other reason than winning the 2020 election and another four years.[90]
  • When Cooper asked Parnas how he knew that Pence was aware of thequid pro quo,Parnas said he and Giuliani were together essentially from morning to night and that Parnas was the first person that Giuliani saw after Giuliani met with White House officials.[91]
  • Parnas said that then National Security AdvisorJohn Boltondid not agree with what was going on.[91]
  • In a meeting with Ukrainian officials, Parnas put Giuliani on the speakerphone, and Giuliani stated that he represented the interests of the President, that Parnas worked for Giuliani and that everything Parnas says should be taken with that authority. Essentially, Parnas's voice and authority was that of POTUS.[91]
  • Parnas repeated a similar statement that he made in the Maddow interview. That it is owing to the authority with which he spoke that he "got out of there alive". Neither Maddow nor Cooper asked what Parnas meant by this. He later in the interview claimed his life was threatened, and again Cooper did not ask for details.[91]
  • Parnas said Giuliani was in constant contact with Trump, sometimes calling several times a day.[91]

Giuliani's rebuttal

[edit]

On January 20, 2020, Giuliani appeared onFox News'The Ingraham Angleand claimed he was "heartbroken" by the "stupid lies" told by Parnas the previous week. Giuliani said he was very close with Parnas, evengodfatherto his child, and very disappointed. He said Parnas was just trying to avoid jail and was telling lies like Michael Cohen. He also said he would not get into a point by point rebuttal of all the claims Parnas made, but would testify to all the facts if he was called as a witness. He welcomed an opportunity to testify where he would inform everyone about "unbelievable amount of corruption that went on between the Democratic Party and Ukraine". Giuliani stressed two areas in which hes stated that Parnas had "lied".[92][better source needed]

  • During a White House party, Trump did not "deputize" Parnas as a "representative".
  • In 2018, Devin Nunes did not travel to Vienna to meet with former Ukrainian prosecutorViktor Shokinand his passport proves that.[92][better source needed]

Giuliani stressed that owing to these two "lies", that nothing in the two Parnas interviews should be believed. Giuliani also insisted that Parnas was wrong when he implicated William Barr. He further stated he never spoke to Barr about it and that it was wrong to accuse Barr of being part of it. When asked if he directed the surveillance of the Ambassador to Ukraine, Giuliani replied, "I can definitely tell you I didn't."[93]

Campaign funding

[edit]

Some of the money to potentially fund efforts by Giuliani, Parnas, and Fruman appears to have come from a Republican donor and Trump supporter Charles Gucciardo. Gucciardo's attorney claimed his client's $500,000 was an investment made in 2018 with Parnas's firm Fraud Guarantee.[94]These funds in turn were claimed to be a retainer fee from Fraud Guarantee to Giuliani.[95][96][97]According to Giulani, he was "ramping up" the business.[citation needed]

Harry Sargeant III,a billionaire Republican donor, helped bankroll the travels of Parnas and Fruman, thereby supporting their overall efforts to pressure Ukraine to help with Trump's re-election effort.[98]An attorney representing Sargeant said the funds were loans.Dmytro Firtash's Swiss attorney also described a $1 million payment made to Parnas's wife as being a "loan".[21]

Reporters in aBloomberg Newsarticle wrote that it was unlikely President Trump paid for Giuliani's Parnas's and Fruman's expensive travels and stays at expensive hotels. Therefore, monies and loans to fund their work in Ukraine on his behalf to win a Federal election appear to be reportable campaign contributions. Further any foreign contributions would have been illegal.[99][citation needed]Bloomberg News is named for, and partly owned by,Michael Bloombergwho was seeking the Democratic nomination to run against President Trump.[citation needed]

Possible Trump meeting

[edit]

On January 24, 2020,ABC Newsreleased an audio recording that appeared to be a conversation between Parnas and President Trump.[25][100]The recording may have been made at a dinner gathering held on April 30, 2018, at the Trump International Hotel. On the recording, President Trump can be heard ordering someone, who may have beenJohnny DeStefano,to fire AmbassadorYovanovitch.[25][100]Trump's order came after Parnas said something to the effect that it was important to get rid of her first. Parnas's attorney appeared on the Rachel Maddow show that same evening and stated the tape was made by Fruman and given to Parnas. Parnas in turn uploaded it to hisdocument cloud.Parnas's attorney stated that Parnas didn't provide the tape to ABC News.[101]Apparently, the ABC News article prompted Parnas to search his document cloud where he located the full tape that is over an hour long. Parnas's attorney stated the whole tape has been given to the House Intelligence Committee.[citation needed]

The tape was made public on 25 January. Trump is heard discussing golf withJack Nicklaus III(grandson of golferJack Nicklaus), and trade deals and steel quotas with Barry Zekelman ofZekelman Industries.[102]

Congressional testimony

[edit]
See also:Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory

At the invitation of committee Democrats, on March 20, 2024, Parnas testified before the Republican-controlledHouse Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden familythat was pursuingthe impeachment of President Joe Biden.[103][104][105]Parnas testified, in part:[106]

The American people have been lied to, by Donald Trump, Rudy Giuliani and various cohorts of individuals in government and media positions. They created falsehoods to serve their own interests knowing it would undermine the strength of our nation... CongressmanPete Sessions,then-CongressmanDevin Nunes,SenatorRon Johnsonand many others understood they were pushing a false narrative. The same goes forJohn Solomon,Sean Hannityand media personnel, particularly withFox News,who used this narrative to manipulate the public ahead of the 2020 elections. Sadly, they are still doing this today as we approach the 2024 elections... The only information ever pushed on the Bidens and Ukraine has come from one source and one source only: Russia and Russian agents.

Personal life

[edit]

Lev Parnas lives with his wife and five of his six children inBoca Raton, Florida.[107][108]he is the father of TikTokerAaron Parnas.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Parnas, Lev, andJerry Langton(2024).Shadow Diplomacy: Lev Parnas' Wild Ride from Brooklyn to Donald Trump's Inner Circle.ISBN979-8-8795-2030-9

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Ukrainian:Лев Парнас,romanized:Lev Parnas

References

[edit]
  1. ^abEntous, Adam (October 15, 2019)."How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's" One Big Family "".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedOctober 17,2019.
  2. ^abButler, Desmond; Biesekler, Michael; Lardner, Richard (October 6, 2019)."AP sources: Trump allies pressed Ukraine over gas firm".Associated Press.Archivedfrom the original on October 7, 2019.RetrievedOctober 7,2019.
  3. ^abBerman, Geoffrey S."United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin"(PDF)(Sealed indictment).United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.p. 5.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 12, 2019.RetrievedOctober 12,2019– viaThe Wall Street Journal.
  4. ^Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 10, 2019)."Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2019.RetrievedOctober 11,2019.
  5. ^Sisak, Michael R.; Balsamo, Michael; Tucker, Eric (April 28, 2021)."Feds raid Giuliani's home, office, escalating criminal probe".Associated Press.Archivedfrom the original on February 15, 2022.RetrievedMarch 4,2022.
  6. ^Kalmbacher, Colin (February 6, 2020)."Fox News Internal 'Briefing Book' Admits Rudy Giuliani Spreads 'Disinformation'".Law&Crime (lawandcrime.com).Archived fromthe originalon March 5, 2022.RetrievedMarch 4,2022.The document's existence was first made public by three-year Fox News veteran and former freelance producer Marcus DiPaola, who says he left the network under suspicious circumstances—after providing information to the Federal Bureau of Investigation—in January of last year.
  7. ^Sommer, Will; Tani, Maxwell; Kirell, Andrew (February 6, 2020)."Fox News Internal Document Bashes Pro-Trump Fox Regulars for Spreading 'Disinformation'".The Daily Beast.Archived fromthe originalon February 7, 2020.RetrievedMarch 4,2022.
  8. ^DiPaola, Marcus J. (February 8, 2020)."Here's the front page of the internal Fox News Trump-Ukraine timeline. I'll start tweeting some of the highlights shortly".Twitter.Archived fromthe originalon February 8, 2020.RetrievedMarch 4,2022.Based on a 9 December 2019 update of the document.
  9. ^Keys, Matthew (February 6, 2020)."Here's the full Fox News" Brain Room "book on Trump-connected" disinformation campaign "".The Desk.Archived fromthe originalon March 5, 2022.RetrievedMarch 4,2022.Based on a 9 December 2019 update of the document.
  10. ^Herman, Steve; Bredemeier, Ken (January 16, 2020)."Trump Terms Parnas Claims 'The Current Hoax'".Voice of America.Archivedfrom the original on January 17, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  11. ^Moynihan, Colin (October 22, 2021)."Lev Parnas, Ex-Giuliani Ally, Is Convicted of Campaign Finance Charges".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2021.RetrievedOctober 22,2021.
  12. ^Morales, Mark (June 29, 2022)."Former Giuliani associate Lev Parnas sentenced to 30 months in prison".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on July 4, 2022.RetrievedJune 29,2022.
  13. ^Rothfeld, Michael; Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William; Vogel, Kenneth; Kramer, Andrew (December 19, 2019)."How 2 Soviet Émigrés Fueled the Trump Impeachment Flames".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  14. ^Shimron, Yonat (November 13, 2019)."Why are so many players in the impeachment trial Jewish?".Religion News Service.Archivedfrom the original on November 15, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 22,2020.In fact, Vindman, Parnas and Fruman were able to immigrate to the U.S. precisely because they are Jewish.
  15. ^Entous, Adam (October 15, 2019)."How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's" One Big Family "".The New Yorker.ISSN0028-792X.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 18,2020.
  16. ^"Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past".Financial Times.October 11, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on December 8, 2019.RetrievedOctober 17,2019.
  17. ^Daugherty, Alex; Smiley, David; Nehamas, Nicholas; Hall, Kevin G. (October 10, 2019)."Florida businessmen with Giuliani, Ukraine ties arrested on campaign finance charges".Miami Herald.Archivedfrom the original on October 17, 2019.RetrievedOctober 17,2019.
  18. ^Weiss, Michael (March 19, 2014)."Married to the Ukrainian Mob".Foreign Policy.Archivedfrom the original on July 11, 2020.RetrievedNovember 12,2019.
  19. ^Chuck Goudie; Barb Markoff; Christine Tressel; Tom Jones (March 12, 2024)."'Enough is enough' says Ukrainian oligarch, charged 10 years ago in mysterious Chicago bribe case ".WLS-TV.
  20. ^Tom Winter; Ken Dilanian; Dan De Luce (January 25, 2020)."Who is Dmytro Firtash? The man linked to $1 million loan to Giuliani ally has a shadowy past".NBC News.
  21. ^abMcCoy, Kevin (December 18, 2019)."Rudy Giuliani associate Lev Parnas received $1 million from lawyer of indicted Ukrainian oligarch".USA Today.RetrievedDecember 21,2019.
  22. ^abSallah, Michael; Kozyreva, Tanya; Belford, Aubrey (October 1, 2019)."Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction".BuzzFeed News.Archivedfrom the original on December 28, 2019.RetrievedOctober 26,2019.
  23. ^Sales, Ben (October 11, 2019)."Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests".The Times of Israel.Archivedfrom the original on December 7, 2019.RetrievedOctober 18,2019.
  24. ^Tibon, Amir (October 10, 2019)."These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2020.RetrievedNovember 24,2019.
  25. ^abcdCathey, Libby (January 24, 2020)."Lawmakers react to apparent recording of Trump saying Yovanovitch should be fired".ABC News.Archivedfrom the original on January 24, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 24,2020.
  26. ^Orden, Erica; Scannell, Kara; Ward, Vicky (January 25, 2020)."Trump captured on tape demanding firing of ambassador to Ukraine, attorney says".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 24, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 24,2020.
  27. ^abcVogel, Kenneth P. (October 10, 2019)."Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2019.
  28. ^Ballhaus, Rebecca; Cullison, Alan; Forrest, Brett (November 8, 2019)."Giuliani Associates Urged Ukraine's Prior President to Open Biden, Election Probes".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on December 30, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 18,2020.
  29. ^Carter, Brandon (September 26, 2019)."READ: House Intel Committee Releases Whistleblower Complaint On Trump-Ukraine Call".NPR.org.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  30. ^Brady, Jeff (September 27, 2019)."Meet The Businessman Helping Giuliani Try To Find Dirt On Democrats In Ukraine".NPR.org.Archivedfrom the original on September 28, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  31. ^Shiff, Adam (September 30, 2019)."Letter to Lev Parnas requesting document production"(PDF).House Oversight.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 28, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  32. ^Derysh, Igor (November 22, 2019)."Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators" hard evidence "of Trump administration wrongdoing".Salon.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedNovember 24,2019.
  33. ^Bump, Philip (October 21, 2019)."It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2020.RetrievedOctober 25,2019.
  34. ^Bertrand, Natasha; Samuelsohn, Darren (January 16, 2020)."Here's what the Parnas revelations mean for Trump".Politico.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  35. ^abcdef"Part two of the Lev Parnas interview. TRANSCRIPT: 1/16/20, The Rachel Maddow Show".MSNBC.com.January 16, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  36. ^Daugherty, Alex; Hall, Kevin G. (October 7, 2019)."Florida businessmen with Giuliani, Ukraine ties won't comply with impeachment inquiry".Miami Herald.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 22,2020.
  37. ^Breuninger, Kevin (October 8, 2019)."'Full halt': White House says it will not cooperate with Trump impeachment inquiry ".CNBC.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 5, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  38. ^Barrett, Devlin; Wagner, John; Helderman, Rosalind (October 10, 2019)."Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on October 10, 2019.RetrievedOctober 12,2019.
  39. ^Mazzetti, Mark; Sullivan, Eileen; Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (October 10, 2019)."2 Giuliani Associates Arrested With One-Way Tickets at U.S. Airport".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 18,2020.
  40. ^Viswanatha, Aruna; Ballhaus, Rebecca; Gurman, Sadie; Tau, Byron (October 10, 2019)."Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on October 13, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 18,2020.
  41. ^abBarrett, Devlin; Wagner, John; Helderman, Rosalind S. (October 10, 2018)."Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on October 12, 2019.RetrievedOctober 10,2018.
  42. ^"Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged with Campaign-Finance Violations".Wall Street Journal.October 11, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on October 13, 2019.RetrievedOctober 11,2019.
  43. ^abcMazzetti, Mark; Sullivan, Eileen; Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (October 10, 2019)."2 Giuliani Associates Tied to Ukraine Scandal Arrested on Campaign Finance Charges".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2019.
  44. ^Shapiro, Ari(October 23, 2019)."How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry".NPR.org.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2020.RetrievedOctober 23,2019.
  45. ^Breuninger, Kevin (October 10, 2019)."Giuliani associates tied to Ukraine efforts are subpoenaed in House impeachment inquiry".CNBC.com.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  46. ^Katersky, Aaron; Margolin, Josh (October 11, 2019)."Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources".ABC News.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2019.RetrievedOctober 11,2019.
  47. ^Schmidt, Michael S.;Protess, Ben;Vogel, Kenneth P.;Rashbaum, William K. (October 11, 2019)."Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on October 13, 2019.RetrievedOctober 12,2019.
  48. ^Kara, Scannell (November 14, 2022)."Feds end Ukraine-related foreign lobbying investigation into Rudy Giuliani without filing charges".CNN.RetrievedMarch 20,2024.
  49. ^Roston, Aram (November 5, 2019)."Exclusive: Giuliani associate Parnas will comply with Trump impeachment inquiry - lawyer".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on February 9, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  50. ^abWard, Vicky (November 23, 2019)."Exclusive: Giuliani associate willing to tell Congress Nunes met with ex-Ukrainian official to get dirt on Biden".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on November 23, 2019.RetrievedNovember 23,2019.
  51. ^Parton, Jon (November 22, 2019)."New Records Show Contact Between Pompeo and Giuliani".Courthouse News.Archivedfrom the original on November 24, 2019.RetrievedNovember 24,2019.
  52. ^Winter, Tom; Shapiro, Rich (January 20, 2020)."Giuliani associate Lev Parnas asks AG Barr to recuse himself from case".MSN.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 21, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  53. ^Johnson, Kevin (April 10, 2018)."Top N.Y. prosecutor Geoffrey Berman, a Trump appointee, recused from Michael Cohen inquiry".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on February 14, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  54. ^"Trump Asked Whitaker if He Could Put Ally Prosecutor Geoffrey Berman in Charge of Cohen Investigation: Report".The Daily Beast.February 19, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 21,2020.
  55. ^Choi, David (January 3, 2018)."Trump selects Giuliani's law partner for top prosecutor job in New York replacing Preet Bharara".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on July 7, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 21,2020.
  56. ^Erica Orden and Kara Scannell (May 25, 2021)."Faulty redactions in court document show federal investigators seized more info in case against Rudy Giuliani than previously disclosed".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on June 10, 2021.RetrievedMay 25,2021.
  57. ^https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/20788385/210525-parnas-discovery-hearing.pdfArchivedMay 25, 2021, at theWayback Machine[bare URL PDF]
  58. ^Scannell, Kara (July 14, 2021)."Judge rejects Lev Parnas's argument that he was prosecuted to be stopped from turning on Trump".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on July 15, 2021.RetrievedJuly 15,2021.
  59. ^Iwamura, Yuki (June 29, 2022)."Giuliani associate Lev Parnas is sentenced to 20 months in prison".NPR.RetrievedApril 17,2023.
  60. ^Scannell, Kara (January 13, 2020)."Giuliani associate Lev Parnas turns over thousands of pages of documents to impeachment investigators".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 16,2020.
  61. ^abcdefghParnas, Lev (January 15, 2020)."Rachel Maddow Interviews Lev Parnas".The Rachel Maddow Show(Interview). Interviewed byRachel Maddow.MSNBC.Archivedfrom the original on December 1, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  62. ^Aurthur, Kate (January 16, 2020)."Rachel Maddow Scores Record-Breaking Ratings With Lev Parnas Interview".Variety.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  63. ^Graham, David A. (January 16, 2020)."We Can't Afford to Ignore Lev Parnas's Explosive Claims".The Atlantic.Archivedfrom the original on January 17, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  64. ^Cassidy, John (January 16, 2020)."Rudy Giuliani's Bagman Lev Parnas Blows Up Trump's Ukraine Defense".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  65. ^"READ: House Democrats release additional materials from Giuliani associate Lev Parnas".CNN.com.January 18, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  66. ^Grisales, Claudia (January 17, 2020)."House Intelligence Committee Releases New Lev Parnas Documents".NPR.org.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  67. ^Parker, Helderman, Sonne (January 17, 2020)."Giuliani associate points to Pence snub as Ukraine pressure point".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ^Freiman, Jordan (January 16, 2020)."Lev Parnas: 'President Trump knew exactly what was going on'".CBS News.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  69. ^Smith, Allan (January 16, 2020)."Key things we learned from Lev Parnas' revealing MSNBC interview".NBC News.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  70. ^Perano, Ursula (January 16, 2020)."Trump claims he didn't know about Giuliani letter to Ukraine's Zelensky".Axios.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  71. ^Liptak, Kevin; Orden, Erica (January 16, 2020)."Trump continues to insist he doesn't know Giuliani associate Parnas".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on February 9, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  72. ^Helsel, Phil (January 16, 2020)."Giuliani associate Parnas says Trump 'knew exactly what was going on'".NBC News.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 16,2020.
  73. ^Frias, Lauren (January 15, 2020)."Text messages show a Giuliani associate discussing how to stalk 'that b---h' Marie Yovanovitch in Ukraine in a bid to get her fired".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 16,2020.
  74. ^Stracqualursi, Veronica; LeBlanc, Paul; Kelly, Caroline (January 16, 2020)."Who is Robert Hyde, the latest figure to emerge in Ukraine scandal?".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 16,2020.
  75. ^abcLederman, Josh; Schechter, Anna (January 18, 2020)."Trump backer from Europe says supposed Yovanovitch surveillance was a joke".NBC News.Archivedfrom the original on January 26, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  76. ^Cassidy, John (January 24, 2020)."'Take Her Out': Donald Trump's Role in Ukraine Scheme Is Reportedly Caught on Tape ".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 25,2020.
  77. ^Phillips, Amber (January 18, 2020)."Analysis | The Devin Nunes-Ukraine allegations, explained".Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on December 5, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 19,2020.
  78. ^"PDF document from the House Intelligence Committee to the House Judiciary Committee containing the letter from Giuliani to President-Elect Zelensky"(PDF).US House Intelligence Committee. January 14, 2020.Archived(PDF)from the original on January 18, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  79. ^Sheth, Sonam (January 15, 2020)."A newly revealed letter from Rudy Giuliani — Trump's own lawyer — destroys the president's last defense in Ukraine scandal".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  80. ^Winter, Tom; Gregorian, Dareh; Lederman, Josh (January 15, 2020)."Giuliani sought private meeting with Ukrainian president, documents show".NBC News.Archivedfrom the original on January 22, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  81. ^Sommerfeldt, Chris (January 14, 2020)."Giuliani admits to Daily News he told Ukrainian president he was acting with Trump's 'consent' while pushing for Biden investigation".nydailynews.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 15, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  82. ^Sheth, Sonam (January 22, 2020)."House prosecutors wrap day 1 of opening arguments in Trump's impeachment trial by imploring the Senate to choose country over party".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on January 22, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  83. ^Johnson, Marty (January 16, 2020)."Parnas: Environment around Trump 'like a cult'".TheHill.Archivedfrom the original on March 1, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 11,2020.
  84. ^Kroll, Ryan; Bort, Andy; Kroll, Andy (November 4, 2019)."Ex-U.S. Ambassador Was Warned to Leave Ukraine on 'Next Flight' Over Threats to Her Security".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  85. ^Stern, David (January 16, 2020)."Ukraine to probe possible surveillance of U.S. envoy as FBI approaches man who claimed to have tracked her".Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 21,2020.
  86. ^Stern, David L.; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (January 16, 2020)."Ukraine opens probe into possible surveillance of U.S. Ambassador Yovanovitch".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on March 30, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020– via StamfordAdvocate.
  87. ^abKovensky, Josh (January 22, 2020)."Feds And Parnas Feud Over Why It Was So Hard To Unlock His iPhone".TalkingPointsMemo.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 23, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  88. ^Hansler, Jennifer (January 16, 2020)."Pompeo stonewalls as evidence emerges of possible surveillance of ex-Ukraine ambassador".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 22, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  89. ^Hansler, Jennifer (January 17, 2020)."After more than 48 hours of silence, Pompeo says State will investigate possible surveillance of ex-US ambassador".CNN.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 22, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  90. ^abcdeLev Parnas' entire interview with Anderson Cooper (part 1),archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2020,retrievedJanuary 20,2020
  91. ^abcdefLev Parnas' entire interview with Anderson Cooper (part 2),archivedfrom the original on January 21, 2020,retrievedJanuary 20,2020
  92. ^abCreitz, Charles (January 20, 2020)."Giuliani 'heartbroken' by Lev Parnas' 'stupid lies,' says he's trying to avoid jail".Fox News.Archivedfrom the original on January 21, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  93. ^Feldman, Josh (January 21, 2020)."Rudy Giuliani: Lev Parnas Is Telling Lies".Mediaite.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 21, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 21,2020.
  94. ^Arciga, Julia (November 7, 2019)."Pro-Trump Lawyer Made $500K Payment to Giuliani on Lev Parnas' Behalf: NYT".The Daily Beast.Archivedfrom the original on October 27, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 24,2020.
  95. ^Freifeld, Karen; Roston, Aram (October 16, 2019)."Exclusive: Trump lawyer Giuliani was paid $500,000 to consult on indicted associate's firm".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on January 31, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 25,2020.
  96. ^Vogel, Kenneth P.; Protess, Ben; Nir, Sarah Maslin (November 6, 2019)."Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on November 9, 2019.RetrievedNovember 23,2019.
  97. ^Freifeld, Karen (November 8, 2019)."New York lawyer is source of $500,000 paid to Trump attorney Giuliani".Reuters.com.Archivedfrom the original on November 10, 2019.RetrievedNovember 23,2019.
  98. ^Friedman, Dan (January 16, 2020)."Billionaire oil magnate funded travel by Lev Parnas".Mother Jones.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 20,2020.
  99. ^Farrell, Greg (January 23, 2020)."Rudy Giuliani Sidekick Lev Parnas Traces Part of Money Trail to Ukraine".Bloomberg News.Archivedfrom the original on January 28, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020.
  100. ^abFaulders, Katherine; Santucci, John; Percorin, Allison; Rubin, Olivia (January 24, 2020)."'Take her out': Recording appears to capture Trump at private dinner saying he wants Ukraine ambassador fired ".ABC News.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 24,2020.
  101. ^"Listen to recording that appears to show Pres. Trump ordering removal of Ukraine ambassador".The Rachel Maddow Show.MSNBC.Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 25,2020.
  102. ^Vogel, Kenneth P.; Protess, Ben (January 25, 2020)."Tape Made Public of Trump Discussing Ukraine With Donors".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 26, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 25,2020.At the beginning of the video, the person holding the phone walks around the private suite filming chatter among the guests, who included Donald Trump Jr., Jack Nicklaus III, the grandson and namesake of the legendary golfer, and Barry Zekelman, a Canadian billionaire whose steel business is mostly in the United States.
  103. ^Fitzpatrick, Sarah; Concepcion, Summer (March 20, 2024)."Lev Parnas, ex-Giuliani associate, testified allegations against Bidens are false and 'spread by the Kremlin'".NBC News.RetrievedMarch 21,2024.
  104. ^Rohrlich, Justin (March 20, 2024)."Comer Keeps Stepping In It as Impeachment Witness Dishes Dirt on Giuliani".The Daily Beast.RetrievedMarch 21,2024.
  105. ^Parnas, Lev(March 19, 2024)."Written Statement of Lev Parnas, March 19, 2024"(PDF).House Oversight Committee.RetrievedMarch 21,2024.
  106. ^Walsh, Sheri (March 20, 2024)."At House impeachment inquiry hearing, key witness Lev Parnas blasts Republicans for pushing 'falsehoods'".UPI.RetrievedMarch 22,2024.
  107. ^Mangan, Dan (December 17, 2019)."Judge allows Giuliani associate Lev Parnas to remain free on bail, prosecutors reveal $1 million payment from lawyer for indicted Ukraine oligarch".CNBC.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 11,2020.'He has five children who are still in the home and one who is in a law firm,' Bondy said. 'Not once has he ever tried to flee.'
  108. ^ Musgrave, Jane (January 24, 2020)."Lev Parnas' life in Boca Raton: Suburban dad got his start in penny stocks on 'Maggot Mile'".The Palm Beach Post.Archived fromthe originalon November 27, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 11,2020.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toLev Parnas.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lev_Parnas&oldid=1242631568"