Li Shanlan identity

Inmathematics,incombinatorics,theLi Shanlan identity(also calledLi Shanlan's summation formula) is a certaincombinatorialidentityattributed to the nineteenth centuryChinese mathematicianLi Shanlan.Since Li Shanlan is also known as Li Renshu (hiscourtesy name), this identity is also referred to as theLi Renshu identity.This identity appears in the third chapter ofDuoji bilei( đóa tích bỉ loại / đóa tích bỉ loại, meaningsumming finite series), a mathematical text authored by Li Shanlan and published in 1867 as part of his collected works. ACzechmathematician Josef Kaucky published an elementary proof of the identity along with a history of the identity in 1964.Kaucky attributed the identity to a certain Li Jen-Shu. From the account of the history of the identity, it has been ascertained that Li Jen-Shu is in fact Li Shanlan.Western scholars had been studying Chinese mathematics for its historical value; but the attribution of this identity to a nineteenth century Chinese mathematician sparked a rethink on the mathematical value of the writings of Chinese mathematicians.

"In the West Li is best remembered for a combinatoric formula, known as the 'Li Renshu identity', that he derived using only traditional Chinese mathematical methods."

The identity

The Li Shanlan identity states that

$\sum _{k=0}^{p}{p \choose k}^{2}{{n+2p-k} \choose {2p}}={{n+p} \choose p}^{2}$.

Li Shanlan did not present the identity in this way. He presented it in the traditional Chinese algorithmic and rhetorical way.

Proofs of the identity

Li Shanlan had not given a proof of the identity inDuoji bilei.The first proof using differential equations and Legendre polynomials, concepts foreign to Li, was published byPál Turánin 1936, and the proof appeared in Chinese inYung Chang's paper published in 1939.Since then at least fifteen different proofs have been found.The following is one of the simplest proofs.

The proof begins by expressing$n \choose q$asVandermonde's convolution:

${n \choose q}=\sum _{k=0}^{q}{{n-p} \choose k}{p \choose {q-k}}$

Pre-multiplying both sides by$n \choose p$,

${n \choose p}{n \choose q}=\sum _{k=0}^{q}{n \choose p}{{n-p} \choose k}{p \choose {q-k}}$.

Using the following relation

${n \choose p}{{n-p} \choose k}={{p+k} \choose k}{n \choose {p+k}}$

the above relation can be transformed to

${n \choose p}{n \choose q}=\sum _{k=0}^{q}{p \choose {q-k}}{{p+k} \choose k}{n \choose {p+k}}$.

Next the relation

${p \choose {q-k}}{{p+k} \choose {k}}={q \choose k}{{p+k} \choose {q}}$

is used to get

${n \choose p}{n \choose q}=\sum _{k=0}^{q}{q \choose k}{n \choose {p+k}}{{p+k} \choose q}$.

Another application of Vandermonde's convolution yields

${{p+k} \choose q}=\sum _{j=0}^{q}{p \choose j}{k \choose {q-j}}$

and hence

${n \choose p}{n \choose q}=\sum _{k=0}^{q}{q \choose k}{n \choose {p+k}}\sum _{j=0}^{q}{p \choose j}{k \choose {q-j}}$

Since$p \choose j$is independent ofk,this can be put in the form

${n \choose p}{n \choose q}=\sum _{j=0}^{q}{p \choose j}\sum _{k=0}^{q}{q \choose k}{n \choose {p+k}}{k \choose {q-j}}$

Next, the result

${q \choose k}{k \choose {q-j}}={q \choose j}{j \choose {q-k}}$

gives

${n \choose p}{n \choose q}=\sum _{j=0}^{q}{p \choose j}\sum _{k=0}^{q}{q \choose j}{j \choose {q-k}}{n \choose {p+k}}$

$=\sum _{j=0}^{q}{p \choose j}{q \choose j}\sum _{k=0}^{q}{j \choose {q-k}}{n \choose {p+k}}$

$=\sum _{j=0}^{q}{p \choose j}{q \choose j}{{n+j} \choose {p+q}}$

Settingp=qand replacingjbyk,

${n \choose p}^{2}=\sum _{k=0}^{p}{p \choose k}^{2}{{n+k} \choose {2p}}$

Li's identity follows from this by replacingnbyn+pand doing some rearrangement of terms in the resulting expression:

${{n+p} \choose p}^{2}=\sum _{k=0}^{p}{p \choose k}^{2}{{n+2p-k} \choose {2p}}$

OnDuoji bilei

The termduojidenotes a certain traditional Chinese method of computing sums of piles. Most of the mathematics that was developed in China since the sixteenth century is related to theduojimethod. Li Shanlan was one of the greatest exponents of this method andDuoji bileiis an exposition of his work related to this method.Duoji bileiconsists of four chapters: Chapter 1 deals with triangular piles, Chapter 2 with finite power series, Chapter 3 with triangular self-multiplying piles and Chapter 4 with modified triangular piles.