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Liaoning

Coordinates:41°06′N122°18′E/ 41.1°N 122.3°E/41.1; 122.3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a province of China. For the first Chinese aircraft carrier, seeChinese aircraft carrier Liaoning.
For other uses, seeLiaoning (disambiguation).
Liaoning
Liêu ninh
Province
Province of Liaoning
Name transcription(s)
•ChineseLiêu ninh tỉnh(Liáoníng Shěng)
•AbbreviationLN /Liêu(pinyin:Liáo)
Clockwise:Mukden PalaceinShenyang,Xinghai SquareinDalian,Dalian coast,Yalu RiveratDandong
Map showing the location of Liaoning Province
Map showing the location of Liaoning Province
Coordinates:41°06′N122°18′E/ 41.1°N 122.3°E/41.1; 122.3
CountryChina
Named forLiêuLiáo— "Liao (River)"
Ninhníng— "pacification"
"Pacified of the Liao (River)"
Capital
(and largest city)		Shenyang
Divisions14prefectures,100counties,1511townships
Government
• TypeProvince
• BodyLiaoning Provincial People's Congress
•CCP SecretaryHao Peng
•CongresschairmanHao Peng
•GovernorLi Lecheng
•CPPCCchairmanZhou Bo
Area
[1]
• Total145,900 km2(56,300 sq mi)
• Rank21st
Highest elevation
(Mount Huabozi)
1,336 m (4,383 ft)
Population
(2020)[2]
• Total42,591,407
• Rank14th
• Density290/km2(760/sq mi)
• Rank15th
Demographics
• Ethnic compositionHan– 84%
Manchu– 13%
Mongol– 2%
Hui– 0.6%
Korean– 0.6%
Xibe– 0.3%
• Languages and dialectsNortheastern Mandarin,Jiaoliao Mandarin,Beijing Mandarin,Pyongan Korean,Manchu
GDP(2023)[3]
• TotalCN¥3,021 billion (16th)
US$429 billion
• Per capitaCN¥ 72,107 (19th)
US$ 10,233
ISO 3166 codeCN-GD
HDI(2022)0.794[4](10th) –high
Websiteln.gov.cn
Liaoning
"Liaoning" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified ChineseLiêu ninh
Traditional ChineseLiêu ninh
Literal meaning"Pacified of theLiao (River)"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLiáoníng
Bopomofoㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄋㄧㄥˊ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhLiauning
Wade–GilesLiao2-ning2
IPA[ljǎʊ.nǐŋ]ⓘ
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationLìuh-nìng
JyutpingLiu4-ning4
IPA[liw˩.nɪŋ˩]
Southern Min
HokkienPOJLiâu-lêng
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣᠮᠨᡳᠩ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
RomanizationLiyoo'ning golo
Fengtian / Mukden Province
Chinese name
ChinesePhụng thiên
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinFèngtiān
Bopomofoㄈㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄢ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhFenqtian
Wade–GilesFêng4-tʻien1
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᠮᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
RomanizationAbkai-imiyangga golo

Liaoning[a]is a coastalprovinceinNortheast Chinathat is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital atShenyang,it is located on the northern shore of theYellow Sea,and is the northernmost coastal province of thePeople's Republic of China.

Historically a gateway betweenChina properandManchuria,the modern Liaoning province was established in 1907 asFengtianorFengtienprovince and was renamed Liaoning in 1929. It was also known at that time asMukdenProvince for theManchuname ofShengjing,the former name of Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppetManchukuoregime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored for a brief time in 1945 and then again in 1954.

Liaoning borders theYellow Sea(Korea Bay) andBohai Seain the south,North Korea'sNorth PyonganandChagangprovinces in the southeast,Jilinto the northeast,Hebeito the southwest, andInner Mongoliato the northwest. TheYalu Rivermarks theprovince's border with North Korea,emptying into theKorea BaybetweenDandongin Liaoning andSinuijuin North Korea. Liaoning is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023, two major cities in Liaoning ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Dalian37th andShenyang124th) by scientific research output, as tracked byNature Index.[6]

Name

[edit]

Liaoning is named after theLiao Riverthat runs through the province.Ning(Ninh,"peace" ) is used frequently in Chinese place names includingNingxia,XiningandNanning.The current name was first adopted in 1929, and restored in 1954 upon the merging of theLiaoxi( "West Liao" ) andLiaodong( "East Liao" ) provinces.

History

[edit]

Prior to 3rd century BC,Donghu,GojoseonandYemaekpeoples inhabited Liaoning.[7]Thestate of Yanconquered the area around 300 BC. Two commanderies,Liaodong( "east of theLiao River") andLiaoxi( "west of the Liao River" ), were established within the Liaoning region. The Yan city ofXiangping,the center of Liaodong, was located on the site of the presentLiaoyangcity.[8]Asthe Han dynasty fell,warlordGongsun Duand his family established and maintained a semi-independent state based in Liaodong, until it was defeated byCao Weiin 238. The state, also known asYan,conducted numerous maritime diplomatic and trade expeditions, and had a lasting influence on Northeast Asian culture despite being short-lived.[9]After the end ofWestern Jindynasty, Liaoning was ruled byXianbeistates of theMurongtribe –Former Yan,Later Yan,andNorthern Yan.In 436, asNorthern Weiseized the Yan capital,Liaodong Peninsulawas taken over byGoguryeo.TheTang dynastyannexed the region during theGoguryeo–Tang War.However, when theAn Lushan Rebelliondrained Tang's resources away from its frontiers,Bohaigradually expanded into Liaodong. Eventually, Liaoning was conquered by theKhitanLiao dynasty,followed by theJurchenJin dynastyand theMongol Empire.

The Ming Liaodong Wall (in purple)
The late-Ming Liaodong (eastern Liaoning) separated by the wall from the "Kingdom of theJurchen"(Regno di Niuche). The map was created during the early Qing, and mentions that "presently" the Jurchen (Tartari delKin) have already conquered the rest of China

TheMing Empiretook control of Liaoning in 1371,[10]just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. Around 1442, a defense wall was constructed to defend the agricultural heartland of the province from a potential threat from the Jurchen-MongolOriyanghan(who were Ming's tributaries) from the northwest. Between 1467 and 1468, the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, against attacks fromJianzhou Jurchens(who were later to become known as theManchu people). Although similar in purpose to theGreat Wall of China,this "Liaodong Wall" was of a lower-cost design. While stones and tiles were used in some parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.[11]

Despite the Liaodong Wall, theJurchensconquered Liaodong, or eastern Liaoning, in the early 17th century, decades before the rest of China fell to them. The Jurchen dynasty, styled "Later Jin"before being renamed toQing,established its capital in 1616–1621 inXingjing(Hưng kinh), which was located outside of the Liaodong Wall in the eastern part of the modern Liaoning Province.[12]It was moved to Dongjing (east of today'sLiaoyang,Liaoning),[13][14]and finally in 1625 toShengjing(now,Shenyang,Liaoning). Although the main Qing capital was moved from Shengjing toBeijingafter it fell to the Qing in 1644, Shengjing retained its importance as a regional capital throughout most of the Qing era.

The Qing conquest of Liaoning resulted in a significant population loss in the area, as many local Chinese residents were either killed during fighting, or fled south of theGreat Wall,many cities being destroyed by the retreating Ming forces themselves. As late as 1661, the Civil Governor (Fuyin) of Fengtian Province,Zhang Shangxianreported that, outside of Fengtian City (Shenyang),Liaoyang,andHaicheng,all other cities east of theLiao Riverwere either abandoned, or hardly had a few hundred residents left. In the Governor's words, "TielingandFushunonly have a few vagrants ". West of the Liao, onlyNingyuan,Jinzhou,andGuangninghad any significant populations remaining.[15]

The full picture of Shengjing area 1734
Liaodong (Leao-Tong) in the early Qing, surrounded by the Willow Palisade. This map, published in 1734, was based on data collected byJesuitsin the early 18th century. The capital is in Shenyang (Chinyang); most other cities mentioned in Governor Zhang's report are shown as well

In the latter half of the seventeenth century (starting with laws issued in 1651 and 1653), the imperial Qing government recruited migrants from south of the Great Wall (notably, fromShandong) to settle the relatively sparsely populated area of Fengtian Province (roughly corresponding to today's Liaoning).[16]Many of the current residents of Liaoning trace their ancestry to these seventeenth century settlers. The rest of China's Northeast, however, remained officially off-limits toHan Chinesefor most of the Manchu era. To prevent the migration of Chinese to those regions (today'sJilinandHeilongjiang,as well as the adjacent parts ofInner Mongolia), the so-calledWillow Palisadewas constructed (c. 1638– c. 1672). The Palisade encircled the agricultural heartlands of Fengtian, running in most areas either somewhat outside the old Ming Liaodong Wall, or reusing it, and separating it from the Manchu forests to the northeast and the Mongol grazing lands to the northwest.[17]

Later on, the Qing government tried to stop the migrants flow to Fengtian or even to make some settlers return to their original places of residence – or, failing that, to legalize them. For example, an edict issued in 1704 commented on the recent Han Chinese settlers in Fengtian having failed to comply with earlier orders requiring them to leave, and asked them either to properly register and join a local defense group (Bảo;bao), or to leave the province for their original places within the next ten years. Ten years later, naturally, another edict appeared, reminding of the necessity to do something with illegal migrants...[18]In any event, the restrictive policy was not as effective as desired by the officials in Beijing, and Fengtian's population doubled between 1683 and 1734.[18]

During the Qing Dynasty, Manchuria was ruled by three generals, one of whom, the General ofShengjing(Mukden i Jiyanggiyūn) ruled much of modern Liaoning. In 1860, the Manchu government began to reopen the region to migration, which quickly resulted inHan Chinesebecoming the dominant ethnic group in the region.

In the 20th century, the province of Fengtian was set up in what is Liaoning today. WhenJapanandRussiafought theRusso-Japanese Warin 1904–1905, many key battles took place in Liaoning, including theBattle of Port Arthurand theBattle of Mukden,which was, to that point, the largest land battle ever fought. During theWarlord Erain the early twentieth century, Liaoning was under theFengtian clique,includingZhang Zuolinand his sonZhang Xueliang.The province first received its present name on January 29, 1929; theZhongdong Railway Incidenttook place later that year. In 1931, Japan invaded and the area came under the rule of theJapanese-controlledpuppet stateofManchukuo.TheChinese Civil Warthat took place following Japanese defeat in 1945 had its first major battles (theLiaoshen Campaign) in and around Liaoning.

At the founding of thePeople's Republic of Chinain 1949, Liaoning did not exist; instead there were two provinces,LiaodongandLiaoxi,as well as fivemunicipalities,Shenyang, Lüda (present-dayDalian),Anshan,Fushun,andBenxi.These were all merged into "Liaoning" in 1954, and parts of formerReheprovince were merged into Liaoning in 1955. During theCultural RevolutionLiaoning also took in a part ofInner Mongolia,though this was reversed later.

Liaoning was one of the first provinces in China to industrialize, first under Japanese occupation, and then even more in the 1950s and 1960s. The city of Anshan, for example, is home to one of the largest iron and steel complexes in China. In recent years, this early focus onheavy industryhas become a liability, as many of the large state-run enterprises have experienced economic difficulties. Recognizing the special difficulties faced by Liaoning and other provinces in Northeast China because of their heritage of heavy industry, the Chinese central government recently launched a "Revitalize the Northeast"Campaign.

Geography

[edit]
Landsat 7image of western Liaoning

It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical regions: the highlands in the west,plainsin the middle, and hills in the east.

The highlands in the west are dominated by theNulu'erhu Mountains,which roughly follow the border between Liaoning andInner Mongolia.The entire region is dominated by low hills. A narrow strip of coastal plains, known as theLiaoxi Corridor,connects the Liao River Basin to theNorth China Plain,ending at theShanhai Passof theGreat Wall.

The central part of Liaoning consists of a basin drained by rivers such as theLiao,Daliao,and their tributaries. This region is mostly flat and low-lying.

The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the Changbai Mountains and Qianshan Mountains which extend into the sea to form theLiaodong Peninsula.The highest point in Liaoning,Mount Huabozi(1336 m), is found in this region.

Liaoning has acontinentalmonsoonclimate, andrainfallaverages to about 440 to 1130 mm annually. Summer is rainy while the other seasons are dry.

Further information:Anping Creek

Major cities:

Paleontology

[edit]
Main article:Jehol Biota

Liaoning contains some of the foremost paleontological sites in the world. Known collectively as theJehol Group,they include theYixian Formation,Jiufotang FormationandTiaojishan Formation.The nameJeholderives from a now defunct provincial division of that name, which covered an area that is now Western Liaoning, Eastern Hebei, and a small part of Inner Mongolia. Fossils were first found there during the 1920s. During the Japanese occupation of the area through the 1930s and early 1940s, more fossils were found, but records of them were lost after World War II ended. The area remained relatively unexplored until the 1990s. It was in 1996 that Liaoning made the headlines with the announcement of the discovery ofSinosauropteryx prima,the first example of a filamented "feathered"dinosaur.Sinosauropteryx primawas a small feathered meat-eating dinosaur, from theLower CretaceousYixian Formation.[19]This discovery pushed the evolution of feathers back in time and showed that dinosaurs, not only birds, had feathers. It also showed a direct evolutionary link between theropod dinosaurs and modern birds.

Since then, dozens of ground-breaking finds have been discovered throughout the Jehol group. These including the earliest flower, earliesteutherianmammal,known asEomaia,[20]the earliest knownmetatherian,an intactembryoof apterosaur,[21]Repenomamus robustus—a 15 kg heavy mammal that ate dinosaurs,Sinornithosaurus millenii,as well as many birds andfeathered dinosaurs.[22]Discoveries such asDilong paradoxus,another feathered theropod, date to the early Cretaceous Period. This is some 60 million years beforeTyrannosaurus,and thus these discoveries push the evolution of feathers earlier than previously thought.[21]

The Liaoning fossils are noted for their high degree of preservation—often including soft body tissues, which is rare.[23]Aside from the famous birds and feathered dinosaurs, the Liaoning fossils include insects, fish, aquatic arthropods, and plants.[24]The Liaoning deposit is widely considered to be one of the world's premier fossil sites.[23]The high level of preservation is believed to be due to how the animals died. The area was volcanically active, and large plumes of volcanic dust repeatedly covered the area, instantly killing and burying any living thing in the area. The extremely fine grain of the sediment and the chemical composition of the ash prevented the usual bacterial decay.[24]In some specimens, extremely fine details can be seen such as the proboscis of the beeFlorinemestruisused to drink nectar from the earliest flowers.[21]In other specimens, colours are still visible, including stripes on fish and spots on turtles.[24]

Politics

[edit]
Main articles:Politics of LiaoningandList of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The politics of Liaoning is structured in asingle party-government systemlike all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Liaoning (Liêu ninh tỉnh tỉnh trường) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Liaoning. However, in the province's single party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than theChinese Communist PartyLiaoning Provincial Committee Secretary (Liêu ninh tỉnh ủy thư kýfor short), colloquially termed the "Liaoning Party Chief".

Prior to 1949 and theChinese Communist Revolution,Liaoning was governed by theFengtian cliqueof warlords and interchangeably officials of theChiang Kai-shekbureaucracy. During theQing DynastyLiaoning was known as the province ofFengtian(Phụng thiên), and was governed by a zǒngdū or Viceroy (The Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces,Đông tam tỉnh tổng đốc), along with the provinces ofJilinandHeilongjiang.The province itself also had a governor (Tuần phủ;xúnfǔ).

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Main articles:List of administrative divisions of LiaoningandList of township-level divisions of Liaoning

Liaoning is divided into fourteenprefecture-level divisions,allprefecture-level cities(including twosub-provincial cities):

Administrative divisions of Liaoning
Division code[25] Division Area in km2[26] Population 2010[27] Seat Divisions[28]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
210000 Liaoning Province 145,900.00 43,746,323 Shenyangcity 59 17 8 16
210100 Shenyangcity 12,860.00 8,106,171 Hunnan District 10 2 1
210200 Daliancity 12,573.85 6,690,432 Xigang District 7 1 2
210300 Anshancity 9,252.00 3,645,884 Tiedong District 4 1 1 1
210400 Fushuncity 11,272.00 2,138,090 Shuncheng District 4 1 2
210500 Benxicity 8,420.00 1,709,538 Pingshan District 4 2
210600 Dandongcity 15,289.61 2,444,697 Zhenxing District 3 1 2
210700 Jinzhoucity 9,890.62 3,126,463 Taihe District 3 2 2
210800 Yingkoucity 5,365.46 2,428,534 Zhanqian District 4 2
210900 Fuxincity 10,354.99 1,819,339 Xihe District 5 1 1
211000 Liaoyangcity 4,743.24 1,858,768 Baita District 5 1 1
211100 Panjincity 4,071.10 1,392,493 Xinglongtai District 3 1
211200 Tielingcity 12,979.69 2,717,732 Yinzhou District 2 3 2
211300 Chaoyangcity 19,698.00 3,044,641 Shuangta District 2 2 1 2
211400 Huludaocity 10,414.94 2,623,541 Longgang District 3 2 1
Sub-provincial cities

These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100county-level divisions(56districts,17county-level cities,19counties,and 8autonomous counties), which are then further subdivided into 1511township-level divisions(613towns,301townships,77ethnic townships,and 520subdistricts). At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 43.69 million.[1]

Urban areas

[edit]
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[29] 2010 Urban area[30] 2020 City proper
1 Shenyang 7,229,320 5,718,232[b] 9,070,093
2 Dalian 5,286,743 3,902,467[c] 7,450,785
3 Anshan 1,480,332 1,504,996 3,325,372
4 Fushun 1,228,890 1,318,808 1,861,372
5 Yingkou 1,027,117 880,412 2,328,582
6 Jinzhou 1,021,478 946,098 2,703,853
7 Panjin 980,422 663,445[d] 1,389,691
8 Benxi 808,221 1,000,128 1,326,018
9 Liaoyang 764,504 735,047 1,604,580
10 Huludao 764,241 646,482 2,434,194
11 Dandong 748,983 775,787 2,188,436
12 Fuxin 742,318 750,283 1,647,280
13 Haicheng 680,033 687,223 see Anshan
14 Chaoyang 580,995 477,610 2,872,857
15 Wafangdian 454,388 413,921 see Dalian
16 Tieling 424,200 396,505 2,388,294
17 Donggang 357,229 290,957 see Dandong
18 Zhuanghe 348,028 304,233 see Dalian
19 Dashiqiao 309,066 330,328 see Yingkou
20 Kaiyuan 257,822 242,412 see Tieling
21 Fengcheng 252,921 247,219 see Dandong
22 Lingyuan 247,488 200,354 see Chaoyang
23 Gaizhou 228,059 218,478 see Yingkou
24 Xingcheng 219,545 178,291 see Huludao
25 Xinmin 218,041 484,287 see Shenyang
26 Beipiao 190,315 168,620 see Chaoyang
27 Dengta 185,623 163,064 see Liaoyang
28 Diaobingshan 179,480 195,673 see Tieling
29 Linghai 167,909 134,716 see Jinzhou
30 Beizhen 152,033 127,101 see Jinzhou
— Pulandian see Dalian 319,942 see Dalian
  1. ^/ljaʊˈnɪŋ/;[5]Chinese:Liêu ninhⓘ
  2. ^New district established after 2010 census:Liaozhong (Liaozhong County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^New district established after 2010 census:Pulandian (Pulandian CLC).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^New district established after 2010 census:Dawa (Dawa County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
Most populous cities in Liaoning
Source:China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[31]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
Shenyang
Shenyang
Dalian
Dalian 		1 Shenyang 5,651,200 11 Huludao 728,700 Anshan
Anshan
Fushun
Fushun
2 Dalian 3,808,300 12 Dandong 668,100
3 Anshan 1,420,800 13 Chaoyang 590,500
4 Fushun 1,223,500 14 Tieling 435,200
5 Jinzhou 969,000 15 Zhuanghe 348,000
6 Yingkou 892,800 16 Wafangdian 329,500
7 Benxi 861,000 17 Dashiqiao 261,600
8 Panjin 847,100 18 Haicheng 244,800
9 Liaoyang 763,600 19 Gaizhou 231,100
10 Fuxin 759,400 20 Lingyuan 224,000

Economy

[edit]
Shenyang,the capital of Liaoning Province
Dalian,second largest city in Liaoning Province

Liaoning has the largest and wealthiest provincial economy of Northeast China. Itsnominal GDPfor 2017 was 2.39 trillion yuan (ca. US$354 billion), making it the 14th largest in China (out of 31 provinces). Its per capita GDP was 54,745 yuan (US$8,108). Among the three provinces ofNortheast China,Liaoning is the largest in terms of GDP and GDP per capita.

In 2008, Liaoning was the region with the highest GDP growth among globalG8x8,the eight provinces or states below national level with the highest GDP of the top eight GDP nations. According to preliminary statistics, Liaoning maintained its GDP growth rate of 13.1 percent in 2009 and held its position as the province with the highest economic growth. Economic growth has since slowed down, with the economy expanding 3% in 2015 and contracting 1.3% in the first quarter of 2016.[citation needed]

Leading industries include petrochemicals, metallurgy, electronics telecommunications, and machinery.[32]On a national level, Liaoning is a major producer of pig iron, steel and metal-cutting machine tools, all of whose production rank among the top three in the nation. Liaoning is one of the most important raw materials production bases in China. Industries such as mining, quarrying, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, petroleum and natural gas extraction, are all of great significance.

Meanwhile, Liaoning is an important production base of equipment and machinery manufacturing, with Shenyang and Dalian being the industrial centers. Enterprises such as Shenyang Jinbei Co. Ltd., Daxian Group Co. Ltd., and Shenyang Machine Tool Co. Ltd., are leaders in their sectors. The province's light industry mainly focuses on textiles and clothing industries which include cotton and wool spinning, chemical fiber production, knitting, silk production, and the manufacturing of both garments and textile machinery.

In 2008, its tertiary industry accounted for 34.5 percent of total GDP. In the future, Liaoning will continue its efforts to restructure large and medium-sized state enterprises. Meanwhile, the province will concentrate in developing its four pillar industries – petrochemicals, metallurgy, machinery and electronics.

Liaoning is the place of origin of theLi Keqiang index,an alternative measure of economic performance where GDP figures are unreliable.

Agriculture

[edit]

Mainagriculturalproducts of Liaoning includemaize,sorghum,andsoybeans.The region aroundDalianproduces three-quarters of China's exportedapplesandpeaches.Cottonis also produced.

Liaoning's fruits include apples from Dalian andYingkou,golden peaches from Dalian,pearsfrom Beizhen ofJinzhou,white pears fromHuludaoand Suizhong, andapricotsandplumsfrom Gushan ofDandong.

Mining

[edit]

Liaoning has the mostiron,magnesite,diamond,andborondeposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source ofpetroleumandnatural gas.Saltis produced along the coast.

Oil

[edit]

Along with Liaoning's rich mineral reserves, the province also has abundant deposits of crude oil, especially in theLiaohe Oilfield.[32]

Industry

[edit]

Liaoning is one of China's most important industrial bases, covering a wide range of industries, includingmachinery,electronics,metalrefining,petroleum,chemicalindustries,constructionmaterials andcoal.

The sea offDalianabounds with qualityseafood,such asabalone,sea cucumber,scallops,prawns,crabs,andsea urchins.The big fish ofDandong,thejellyfishofYingkou,and theclamsofPanjinare known worldwide for their taste fresh from the sea, and in products made for domestic and international export.

Trade

[edit]

The cities ofDalian,DandongandYingkouhave been developed as major ports and economic gateways to all ofnortheast China.

Economic and technological development zones

[edit]

Of the development zones formally recognized by the PRC State Council, 56 are located in Liaoning, including 14 on the national level and 42 on the provincial level. These zones are further grouped intoEconomic Development Zones,High-Tech Zones,Free Trade and Export Processing Zones,andSpecial Development Zones.[33]

  • Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone

In October 1995, the Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone was approved to be established by State Council. The Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone is the only zone established as part of the Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. It has a total area of 5 km2(1.9 sq mi). It welcomes international investment. It focuses on the development of instruments manufacturing, telecommunication, bio-pharmaceuticals, electronics, and new materials.[34]

  • Liaoning Shenyang Export Processing Zone

The Liaoning Shenyang Zhangshi Export Processing Zone was approved to be established by the state government in June 2005. It is located in the national-level Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone, with a planned area of 62 km2(24 sq mi) and current area of 14.1 km2(5.4 sq mi). It encourages and focuses on the development of auto and auto parts, electronics, precision machinery, new energy, new materials, and the fine chemical industry.[35]

  • Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone used to be called the Shenyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. Established in 1988, it is a national high-tech development zone approved by the State Council. The zone is located in western Shenyang City with an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). Its encouraged industries include electronic information, new materials, biological engineering, energy saving, and environmental protection.[36]

The Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone (now known as the "Dalian Development Area" ) was established in September 1984, as one of the first of the China National Economic and Technological Development Zones. The zone had a GDP of 70.31 billion yuan in 2007 and the total volume of its import and export trade was 14.92 billion dollars, which accounts for a quarter of such trade for all of Liaoning Province. Most of the enterprises in Dalian ETDZ are factories owned by foreign enterprises, especially from Japan, South Korea and the United States, such as Canon, Pfizer, Toshiba, and Intel.[37]

  • Dalian Export Processing Zone

The Dalian Export Processing Zone was approved to be set up by the State Council in April 2000, with a planned area of 2.95 km2(1.14 sq mi). It is divided into two parts, A Zone and B Zone. A Zone has a construction area of 1.5 km2(0.58 sq mi), and started operation in May 2001. All the basic infrastructure is available, which includes road, water, gas, and power supply, telecommunication, and so on. A Zone promotes industries such as home appliances, lighting, machinery, construction materials, and medical instruments.[38]

  • Dalian Free Trade Zone

The Dalian Free Trade Zone was approved to be set up by the government in May, 1992. Policies include duty-free trade. It has attracted some leading industries, such as electronics, machinery, and plastics.[39]

  • Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 35.6 square kilometres (13.7 sq mi). It focuses on and encourages the following industries: electronic information, bio-pharmaceuticals, and new materials.[40]

  • Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone

The Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1992. It is located in the bank of Yalu River, and oppositeSinuiju,a North Korean city. It promotes industries such as electronic information, machinery manufacturing, and bio-pharmaceuticals.[41]

  • Yingkou Economic & Technical Development Zone

Regional development strategies

[edit]

Central Liaoning City Cluster (Shenyang Metro Area)

[edit]

The Central Liaoning city cluster is amegalopoliscentered onShenyang(urban population 4 million). Within its 150 km (93 mi) radius, it includesAnshan(urban population 1.3 million),Fushun(1.3 million),Yingkou(1.1 million),Benxi(0.95 million),Liaoyang(0.7 million), andTieling(0.4 million).

In April 2010, theState Council of the People's Republic of Chinaapproved a national development strategy for the Shenyang Metro Area. The core of this strategy is innovation in industrial development, integration of the eight cities, integration of urban and rural areas as well as the promotion of more market-oriented development.[42]

Liaoning Coastal Economic Belt

[edit]

TheChinese Communist Party Committee Secretaryof Liaoning,Li Keqiang,initiated the development of a strategy entitled "5 Points and One Line", which he first proposed on a visit toYingkouin late 2005. Liaoning Province formally launched the development strategy for the entire Liaoning coastline in early 2006, so as to re-invigorate the provincial economy from its traditional status as a "rustbelt" of Chinese state-owned enterprises.

The "Five Points" indicate five key development areas in the province and cover seven zones: the Changxing Island Harbor Industrial Zone in Dalian;YingkouCoastal Industrial Base; LiaoxiJinzhouBay Coastal Economic Zone;Dandong,and the Zhuanghe Huayuankou Industrial Zone.

The five zones together cover a planned area of nearly 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi).

The "One Line" mentioned in the strategy represents a new series of motorways along the coast. The 1,433-kilometer coastline will become the connection between the five above zones, through which 6 provincial cities, 21 counties and 113 towns will be interlinked. Coastal motorways directly connect the entire string of five zones along the Bohai sea.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[43]12,133,000—
1928[44]15,233,000+25.6%
1936–37[45]15,254,000+0.1%
1947[46]10,007,000−34.4%
1954[47]18,545,147+85.3%
1964[48]26,946,200+45.3%
1982[49]35,721,693+32.6%
1990[50]39,459,697+10.5%
2000[51]41,824,412+6.0%
2010[52]43,746,323+4.6%
202042,591,407−2.6%
Liaoning Province was known as Fengtian Province until 1929.
Shenyang: part of Liaoning Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Dalian (Lüda): part of Liaoning Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Andong Province(Liaodong Province): split from Liaoning Province in 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Liaobei Province:split from Liaoning Province in 1947; dissolved in 1949 and parts were incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Rehe Province:incorporated into a province in 1928; dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Liaoning Province.
Liaoxi Province:split from Liaoning Province in 1949; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Liaoning Province.

The population of Liaoning is mostlyHan ChinesewithminoritiesofManchus,Mongols,Hui,KoreansandXibe.Liaoning has both the highest absolute number and highest percentage of Manchus in all of China.

Ethnic groups in Liaoning, 2000 census
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 35,105,991 83.94%
Manchu 5,385,287 12.88%
Mongol 669,972 1.60%
Hui 264,407 0.632%
Koreans 241,052 0.576%
Xibe 132,615 0.317%

Excludes members of thePeople's Liberation Armyin active service.
Source:[53]

Religion

[edit]
Further information:Religion in Northeast China

Religion in Liaoning (2012)[54]

Non religious andtraditional faiths(91.3%)
Buddhism(5.5%)
Protestantism(2.2%)
Islam(0.6%)
Catholicism(0.2%)
Others (0.1%)

According to a 2012 survey,[54]only around 10% of the population of Liaoning belongs to organised religions, the largest groups beingBuddhistswith 5.5%, followed byProtestantswith 2.2%,Muslimswith 0.6% andCatholicswith 0.2%.

Jade Buddha Temple inAnshan

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; around 90% of the population may be either irreligious or involved inChinese folk religions(cults of nature deities and ancestors),Buddhism,Confucianism,Taoism,folk religious sects.

The significantManchupopulation, although strongly assimilated to theHan Chineseand practicing Chinese religions, also retains its own pureManchu shamanism.At the same time, thelocal religion of the Han people throughout Manchuriahas developed patterns of deities, ideas, and practices inherited from Manchu andTungusshamanism, making it quite different from central and southern Chinese folk religion. TheMongolethnic minority either follows theMongolian folk religionand shamanism, orTibetan Buddhism.

Tourism

[edit]
Chongzheng Hall in the Mukden Palace

TheMukden Palacewas the palace of theQing Dynastyemperors before they conquered the rest of China and moved their capital toBeijing.Though not as large nor as well known as its counterpart (theForbidden City) in Beijing, the Mukden palace is significant for its representation of palace architecture at the time, and has recently been included on theUNESCOWorld Heritage Siteas an extension of the Imperial Palace site in Beijing.

In addition, three imperial tombs dating from the Qing Dynasty are located in Liaoning. These tomb sites have been grouped with otherMingand Qing Dynasties tombs (such as theMing Dynasty Tombsin Beijing, and theMing Xiaoling MausoleuminNanjing) as a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Wunu Mountain City,aGoguryeosite found inHuanren Manchu Autonomous County,is part of a combinedUNESCOWorld Heritage Sitethat also includes sites inJi'an,Jilin.

Benxioffers a boat ride through a largestalactitefilled cave and underground river.

Anshanhosts theJade Buddha Palace,the largestBuddhastatue made ofjadein the world.

Liaoyang,one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in northeast China, has a number of historical sites, including the White Pagoda (Baita), that dates to theYuan Dynasty.

The port city ofDalian,located on the tip of theLiaodong Peninsula,is a tourist destination in its own right, with beaches, resorts, zoos, seafood, shopping, Russian- and Japanese-era heritage architecture, andstreetcars,a rare sight in China.

Dandong,on the border withNorth Korea,is a medium-sized city that offers a cross-river view of the North Korean city ofSinŭiju.

Bijia Mountainis an island which joins to the mainland at low tide by a land bridge.

Education and research

[edit]

Liaoning is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023, two major cities in Liaoning ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Dalian 37th and Shenyang 124th) by scientific research output, as tracked byNature Index.[6]

Colleges and universities

[edit]
See also:List of universities and colleges in Liaoning

Under the national Ministry of Education:

Under various other national agencies:

Under the provincial government:

Sports

[edit]
Dalian Sports Center Stadium.

Professional sports teams based in Liaoning include:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
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[edit]
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