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Liberalism in Russia

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This article is about Russian political parties with liberal ideologies. For the Russian nationalist party, seeLiberal Democratic Party of Russia.
Main articles:Russian political partiesandRussian politics
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WithinRussian political parties,liberal parties advocate the expansion of political and civil freedoms and mostly opposeVladimir Putin.In Russia, the term "liberal"can refer to wide range of politicians—simultaneously toThatcherism/Reaganomics-related pro-capitalism conservative politicians (they are related to 1990sshock therapy"liberal" reforms), to centre-right liberal politicians (as in European political spectrum) and to left-liberal politicians (as in the US political spectrum). The term "liberal democrats" is often used for members of the far-right nationalistLiberal Democratic Party of Russia.There areRussian oppositionand pro-government liberal political parties in Russia. Pro-government liberal politicians support Putin's policy in economics.

There are no liberal factions in Russian parliament at the moment.Centre-leftliberalism was represented in theState DumaofRussian parliamentby theRussian United Democratic Party "Yabloko"(7.86% in1993 election,6.89% in 1995, 5.93% in 1999). Pro-government liberalism was represented by theOur Home – Russia(10.13% in1995 election), the liberal political party founded by Prime MinisterViktor Chernomyrdin.Centre-rightliberalism was represented by the pro-capitalist partyDemocratic Choice of Russia(15.51% in 1993) and its successor, theUnion of Right Forces(8.52% in1999 election). Yabloko and theRepublican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Partyare members ofAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.[1]Yabloko is also a member ofLiberal International.

Liberalism in the Russian Federation

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History

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Liberalism emerged in Russia before the Russian Revolution and continued to develop among Constitutional Democrats such asPavel Milyukovliving in exile after 1917.[2]After the fall of communism, several new liberal parties were formed, but only one of themYabloko(Yabloko – Rosiyskaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya,a member ofLiberal International) succeeded in becoming a relevant force. This is aleft-of-centerliberal party. TheUnion of Right Forces(Soyuz Pravykh Sil,a member ofInternational Democrat Union) is aright-of-centerliberal party. It can also be seen as a democratic conservative market party. In this scheme, the party is not included as liberal, being considered a democratic conservative party, but it can also be called liberal because of its pro-free-marketandanti-authoritarianismstances. The so-calledLiberal Democratic Party of Russiais not at all "liberal" – it is anationalist,right-wing,populistparty.

Yabloko (1993–)

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Main article:Yabloko
See also:Grigory Yavlinsky

The Yabloko is a member of theAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe PartyandLiberal International.

Pro-Chernomyrdinand regional party (1995–2000)

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Main article:Our Home – Russia
See also:Viktor Chernomyrdin

Democratic Russia

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Main articles:Democratic Russia,Democratic Choice of Russia,andUnion of Right Forces
See also:Putin regime,Power vertical,andMedia freedom in Russia
See also:Yegor Gaidar,Irina Khakamada,Boris Nemtsov,Anatoly Chubais,Nikita Belykh,andMikhail Prokhorov
Party family tree

The Democratic Choice of Russia was a centre-right liberal pro-capitalist political party.

The Union of Right Forces was a Russian centre-right liberal opposition political party.

Solidarnost wide movement (2008–)

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Main article:Solidarnost

Solidarnost is a liberal democratic political movement founded in 2008 by a number of well-known members of the liberal democratic opposition, includingGarry Kasparov,Boris Nemtsovand others from the Yabloko and former Union of Right Forces (which had just merged with two pro-Kremlin parties).

Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party (de facto 2010–)

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Main articles:Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party,People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption",andRussian People's Democratic Union
2017 Russian protests,organized by Russia's liberal opposition

People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption"is a liberal democratic coalition founded in 2010 by opposition politiciansVladimir Ryzhkov,Boris Nemtsov,Mikhail KasyanovandVladimir Milovand their organisationsRepublican Party of Russia,Solidarnost,Russian People's Democratic UnionandDemocratic Choice.The RPR-PARNAS is a member ofAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.[1]

In 2012, the coalition merged into the officially registeredRussian political partyRPR-PARNAS (Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party).

The RPR-PARNAS is a centre-right liberal opposition political party and it represented inregional parliamentinYaroslavl Oblast.

Russian Empire

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Background

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Mikhail Speranskyis sometimes called the father of Russian liberalism.[citation needed]His ideas were discussed and elaborated by such 19th-century liberal republican radicals asAlexander Herzen,Boris Chicherin,andKonstantin Kavelin.Based on their ideals, various early 20th-century liberal parties evolved, the most important of them being the Constitutional-Democratic Party, headed byPavel Milyukov.

From Liberation Union to Constitutional Democratic Party

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  • 1905:The Liberation Union(Soyuz Osvobozhdeniya) merged with theUnion of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists(Soyuz Zemstev-Konstitutsionistov) to form the liberalConstitutional Democratic Party(Konstitutsiono-Demokraticheskaya Partya), formally known as theParty of Popular Freedom(Partiya Narodnoy Svobody), led byPavel Milyukov.
  • 1906: A faction forms the ⇒Party of Democratic Reform
  • October 26O.S.,1917: The party's newspapers were shut down by the new Soviet regime
  • November 28O.S.,1917: Banned by the Soviet regime, the party went underground
  • 1918-1920: Many party leaders were active in theWhite movement
  • 1921-early 1930s: The party continued to function in exile, but slowly disintegrated

Union of October 17

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  • 1905: Conservative liberals formed theUnion of October 17(Soyuz Semnadtsatovo Oktyabrya) and became known asOctobrists.
  • 1906: A left wing faction formed the ⇒ Party for Peaceful Renewal, the party develops to be the party of the landlords.
  • March 1917: Dissolved after theFebruary Revolution.

Moderate Progressive Party

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  • 1905: National liberals established theModerate Progressive Party(Umereno-Progresivnaya Partiya).
  • 1907: Merged into the ⇒ Party for Peaceful Renewal.

Party of Democratic Reform

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  • 1906: A moderate faction of the ⇒ Constitutional Democratic Party formed theParty of Democratic Reform(Partiya Demokraticheskikh Reform).
  • 1912: Merged into the ⇒ Progressive Party.

From Party of Peaceful Renovation to Progressist Party

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  • 1906: A left-wing faction of the Octobrists, together with dissidents of the Constitutional Democratic Party and of the Moderate Progressive Party, established theParty of Peaceful Renovation(Partiya Mirnovo Obnovleniya).
  • 1912: Merged with the ⇒ Party of Democratic Reform into theProgressist Party(Progresivnaya Partiya), led byGeorgy Lvov.
  • 1917: Most of the party merged into the ⇒ Constitutional Democratic Party, some continued as the Radical Democratic Party (Radikal'no-Demokraticheskaya Partiya).

List of various liberal leaders

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"Новости".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-12-17.Retrieved2013-12-10.
  2. ^Jansen, Dinah (2015).After October: Russian Liberalism as a 'Work in Progress,' 1919-1945(thesis). Kingston.
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