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Linux range of use

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Besides theLinux distributionsdesigned for general-purpose use on desktops and servers, distributions may be specialized for different purposes includingcomputer architecturesupport,embedded systems,stability, security, localization to a specific region or language, targeting of specific user groups, support forreal-timeapplications, or commitment to a given desktop environment. Furthermore, some distributions deliberately include onlyfree software.As of 2015,over four hundred Linux distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen distributions being most popular for general-purpose use.[1]

Desktop

[edit]
Visible software components of the Linux desktop stack include thedisplay server,widget engines,and some of the more widespreadwidget toolkits.There are also components not directly visible to end-users, includingD-BusandPulseAudio.
See also:Desktop environment,Linux adoption: Measuring desktop adoption,andCriticism of desktop Linux

The popularity of Linux on standard desktop computers and laptops has been increasing over the years.[2]Most modern distributions include a graphical user environment, with, as of February 2015,the three most popular environments being theKDE Plasma Desktop,XfceandGNOME.[3][4][5]

No single official Linux desktop exists: rather desktop environments and Linux distributions select components from a pool offree and open-source softwarewith which they construct a GUI implementing some more or less strict design guide. GNOME, for example, has itshuman interface guidelinesas a design guide, which gives thehuman–machine interfacean important role, not just when doing the graphical design, but also when considering people withdisabilities,and even when focusing on security.[6]

The collaborative nature of free software development allows distributed teams to performlanguage localizationof some Linux distributions for use in locales where localizing proprietary systems would not be cost-effective. For example, theSinhalese languageversion of theKnoppixdistribution became available significantly before Microsoft translatedWindows XPinto Sinhalese.[7]In this case theLanka Linux User Groupplayed a major part in developing the localized system by combining the knowledge of university professors,linguists,and local developers.

Performance and applications

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The performance of Linux on the desktop has been a controversial topic;[8]for example in 2007Con Kolivasaccused the Linux community of favoring performance on servers. He quit Linux kernel development out of frustration with this lack of focus on the desktop, and then gave a "tell all" interview on the topic.[9]Since then a significant amount of development has focused on improving the desktop experience. Projects such assystemdandUpstart(deprecated in 2014) aim for a faster boot time; the Wayland and Mir projects aim at replacingX11while enhancing desktop performance, security and appearance.[10]

Many popular applications are available for a wide variety of operating systems. For example,Mozilla Firefox,LibreOfficeandBlenderhave downloadable versions for all major operating systems. Furthermore, some applications initially developed for Linux, such asPidgin,andGIMP,were ported to other operating systems (includingWindowsandmacOS) due to their popularity. In addition, a growing number of proprietary desktop applications are also supported on Linux,[11]such asAutodesk MayaandThe Foundry's Nukein the high-end field of animation and visual effects; see the list of proprietary software for Linux for more details. There are alsoseveral companiesthat have ported their own or other companies' games to Linux, with Linux also being a supported platform on both theSteamandDesuradigital-distribution services.[12]

Many other types of applications available for Microsoft Windows and macOS also run on Linux. Commonly, either afree softwareapplication will exist which does the functions of an application found on another operating system, or that application will have a version that works on Linux, such as withSkypeand somevideo gameslikeDota 2andTeam Fortress 2.Furthermore, theWineproject provides a Windows compatibility layer to run unmodified Windows applications on Linux. It is sponsored by commercial interests includingCodeWeavers,which produces a commercial version of the software. Since 2009, Google has also provided funding to the Wine project.[13][14]CrossOver,a proprietary solution based on the open-source Wine project, supports running Windows versions ofMicrosoft Office,Intuitapplications such asQuickenandQuickBooks,Adobe Photoshopversions through CS2, and many games such asWorld of Warcraft.In other cases, where there is no Linux port of some software in areas such asdesktop publishing[15]andprofessional audio,[16][17][18]there is equivalent software available on Linux. It is also possible to run applications written forAndroidon other versions of Linux usingAnbox.

Components and installation

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Besides externally visible components, such asX window managers,a non-obvious but quite central role is played by the programs hosted byfreedesktop.org,such asD-BusorPulseAudio;both major desktop environments (GNOME and KDE) include them, each offering graphical front-ends written using the corresponding toolkit (GTKorQt). Adisplay serveris another component, which for the longest time has been communicating in the X11 display server protocol with its clients; prominent software talking X11 includes theX.Org ServerandXlib.Frustration over the cumbersome X11 core protocol, and especially over its numerous extensions, has led to the creation of a new display server protocol,Wayland.

Installing, updating and removing software in Linux is typically done through the use of package managers such as theSynaptic Package Manager,PackageKit,andYum Extender.While most major Linux distributions have extensive repositories, often containing tens of thousands of packages, not all the software that can run on Linux is available from the official repositories. Alternatively, users can install packages from unofficial repositories, download pre-compiled packages directly from websites, or compile the source code by themselves. All these methods come with different degrees of difficulty; compiling the source code is in general considered a challenging process for new Linux users, but it is hardly needed in modern distributions and is not a method specific to Linux.

Netbooks

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Linux distributions have also become popular in thenetbookmarket, with many devices such as theAsus Eee PCandAcer Aspire Oneshipping with customized Linux distributions installed.[19]

In 2009, Google announced itsChromeOSas a minimal Linux-based operating system, using theChrome browseras the main user interface. ChromeOS initially did not run any non-web applications, except for the bundled file manager and media player. Netbooks that shipped with the operating system, termedChromebooks,started appearing on the market in June 2011.[20]

By 2015 Chromebooks with large screens were available, and also in other forms factors such as laptop, desktop, tablet and all-in-one.Androidapplications support was added.[21]As of 2018, Google added the ability to install any Linux software in a container,[22]enabling ChromeOS to be used like any other Linux distribution.

Servers, mainframes and supercomputers

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Broad overview of theLAMP software bundle,displayed here together withSquid.A high-performance and high-availability web server solution providing security in a hostile environment.

Linux distributionshave long been used asserveroperating systems, and have risen to prominence in that area;Netcraftreported in September 2006, that eight of the ten (other two with "unknown" OS) most reliable internet hosting companies ran Linux distributions on theirweb servers,[23]with Linux in the top position. In June 2008, Linux distributions represented five of the top ten,FreeBSDthree of ten, andMicrosofttwo of ten;[24]since February 2010, Linux distributions represented six of the top ten, FreeBSD three of ten, and Microsoft one of ten,[25]with Linux in the top position.

Linux distributions are the cornerstone of theLAMPserver-software combination (Linux,Apache,MariaDB/MySQL,Perl/PHP/Python) which is one of the more common platforms for website hosting.[26]

Linux distributions have become increasingly common onmainframes,partly due to pricing and the open-source model.[27]In December 2009, computer giantIBMreported that it would predominantly market and sell mainframe-based Enterprise Linux Server.[28]AtLinuxCon North America 2015,IBM announcedLinuxONE,a series of mainframes specifically designed to run Linux and open-source software.[29][30]

Linux distributions are also dominant asoperating systemsforsupercomputers.[31]As of November 2017, all supercomputers on the500list run some variant of Linux.[32]

Smart devices

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Android smartphones
In-car entertainmentsystem of theTesla Model Sis based onUbuntu.[33][34]

Several operating systems forsmart devices,such assmartphones,tablet computers,home automation,smart TVs(SamsungandLGSmart TVsuseTizenandWebOS,respectively),[35]andin-vehicle infotainment(IVI) systems[36](for exampleAutomotive Grade Linux), are based on Linux. Major platforms for such systems includeAndroid,Firefox OS,MerandTizen.

Based on web use, Android'susage share of operating systemsdominates globally, with almost double the marketshare of Microsoft Windows. As of September 2024 it has 45.4% of the global market, followed by Windows with less than 25.6%.[37]

Although Android is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel, commentators disagree on whether the term "Linux distribution" applies to it, and whether it is "Linux" according to the common usage of the term. Android is aLinux distributionaccording to theLinux Foundation,[38]Google's open-source chiefChris DiBona,[39]and several journalists.[40][41]Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say that Android is not Linux in the traditionalUnix-likeLinux distribution sense; Android does not include theGNU C Library(it usesBionicas an alternative C library) and some other components typically found in Linux distributions.[42]Ars Technicawrote that "Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel, the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack".[42]

Cellphones and PDAs running Linux on open-source platforms became more common from 2007; examples include theNokia N810,Openmoko'sNeo1973,and theMotorola ROKR E8.Continuing the trend,Palm(later acquired byHP) produced a new Linux-derived operating system,webOS,which is built into its line ofPalm Presmartphones.

Nokia'sMaemo,one of the earliest mobile operating systems, was based onDebian.[43]It was later merged withIntel'sMoblin,another Linux-based operating system, to formMeeGo.[44]The project was later terminated in favor of Tizen, an operating system targeted at mobile devices as well as IVI. Tizen is a project withinThe Linux Foundation.SeveralSamsungproducts are already running Tizen,Samsung Gear 2being the most significant example.[45]Samsung Zsmartphones will use Tizen instead of Android.[46]

As a result of MeeGo's termination, the Mer project forked the MeeGo codebase to create a basis for mobile-oriented operating systems.[47]In July 2012,JollaannouncedSailfish OS,their own mobile operating system built upon Mer technology.

ThePinePhonerunningPlasma MobileonpostmarketOS

Mozilla'sFirefox OS consists of the Linux kernel, ahardware abstraction layer,aweb-standards-basedruntime environmentand user interface, and an integratedweb browser.[48]

Canonicalhas releasedUbuntu Touch,aiming to bring convergence to the user experience on this mobile operating system and its desktop counterpart,Ubuntu.The operating system also provides a full Ubuntu desktop when connected to an external monitor.[49]

TheLibrem 5is a smartphone developed byPurism.By default, it runs the company-made Linux-basedPureOS,but it can also run other Linux distributions.[50]Like Ubuntu Touch, PureOS is designed with convergence in mind, allowing desktop programs to run on the smartphone. An example of this is the desktop version ofMozilla Firefox.[51]

Another smartphone is thePinePhone,made by the computer manufacturerPine64.The PinePhone can run a variety of Linux-based operating systems such as Ubuntu Touch andpostmarketOS.[52]

Embedded devices

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See also:Embedded LinuxandLinux devices
A ubiquitousrouterrunning on the Linux kernel

Due to its low cost and ease of customization,Linuxis often used inembedded systems.In the non-mobile telecommunications equipment sector, the majority ofcustomer-premises equipment(CPE) hardware runs some Linux-based operating system.OpenWrtis a community-driven example upon which many of the OEM firmware releases are based.

For example, theTiVodigital video recorder also uses a customized Linux,[53]as do several networkfirewallsandroutersfrom such makers asCisco/Linksys.TheKorg OASYS,theKorg KRONOS,theYamaha Motif XS/Motif XFmusic workstations,[54]Yamaha S90XS/S70XS, Yamaha MOX6/MOX8 synthesizers, Yamaha Motif-Rack XStone generator module,and Roland RD-700GXdigital pianoalso run Linux. Linux is also used instage lightingcontrol systems, such as the WholeHogIII console.[55]

Gaming

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Main article:Linux gaming

In the past, there were few games available for Linux. In recent years, more games have been released with support for Linux (especiallyIndie games), with the exception of a fewAAA titlegames.Android,a mobile platform which uses theLinux kernel,has gained much developer interest and is one of the main platforms for mobile game development along withiOSoperating system byAppleforiPhoneandiPaddevices.

On February 14, 2013,Valvereleased a Linux version ofSteam,a gaming distribution platform on PC.[56]Many Steam games were ported to Linux.[57]On December 13, 2013, Valve releasedSteamOS,a gaming-oriented OS based on Debian, forbeta testing,and had plans to shipSteam Machinesas a gaming and entertainment platform.[58]Valve has also developedVOGL,anOpenGLdebugger intended to aid video game development,[59]as well as porting itsSourcegame engine to desktop Linux.[60]As a result of Valve's effort, several prominent games such asDotA 2,Team Fortress 2,Portal,Portal 2andLeft 4 Dead 2are now natively available on desktop Linux.

On July 31, 2013,NvidiareleasedShieldas an attempt to use Android as a specialized gaming platform.[61]

Some Linux users play Windows-based games usingWineorCrossOver Linux.

Steam Deck, a handheld gaming console running Linux-based operating system

On August 22, 2018, Valve released their own fork of Wine calledProton,aimed at gaming. It features some improvements over the vanilla Wine such as Vulkan-based DirectX 11 and 12 implementations, Steam integration, better full screen and game controller support and improved performance for multi-threaded games.[62]

In 2021, ProtonDB, an online aggregator of games supporting Linux, stated that 78% of the top thousand games on Steam were able to run on Linux using eitherProtonor a native port.[63]

On February 25, 2022, Valve releasedSteam Deck,ahandheld gaming consolerunningArch Linux-based operating system SteamOS 3.0.[64][65]

Specialized uses

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Due to the flexibility, customizability and free and open-source nature of Linux, it becomes possible to highly tailor Linux towards a specific purpose. There are two main methods to assemble a specialized Linux distribution: building from scratch or from a general-purpose distribution as a base. The distributions often used for this purpose includeDebian,Fedora,Ubuntu(which is itself based on Debian),Arch Linux,Gentoo,andSlackware.In contrast, Linux distributions built from scratch do not have general-purpose bases; instead, they focus on theJeOSphilosophy by including only necessary components and avoidingresourceoverhead caused by components considered redundant in the distribution's use cases.

Home theater PC

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Ahome theater PC(HTPC) is a PC that is mainly used as an entertainment system, especially ahome theater system.It is normally connected to a television, and often an additional audio system.

OpenELEC,a Linux distribution that incorporates the media center softwareKodi,is an OS tuned specifically for an HTPC. Having been built from the ground up adhering to the JeOS principle, the OS is very lightweight and very suitable for the confined usage range of an HTPC.

There are also special editions of Linux distributions that include theMythTVmedia center software, such asMythbuntu,a special edition of Ubuntu.

Digital security

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Kali Linuxis a Debian-based Linux distribution designed fordigital forensicsandpenetration testing.It comes preinstalled with several software applications for penetration testing and identifyingsecurity exploits.[66]The Ubuntu derivativeBackBoxprovides pre-installed security and network analysis tools for ethical hacking.
The Arch-basedBlackArchincludes over 2100 tools for pentesting and security researching.[67]

There are many Linux distributions created with privacy, secrecy, network anonymity and information security in mind, includingTails,Tin Hat LinuxandTinfoil Hat Linux.Lightweight Portable Securityis a distribution based on Arch Linux and developed by theUnited States Department of Defense.Tor-ramdisk is a minimal distribution created solely to host the network anonymity softwareTor.

System rescue

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LinuxLive CDsessions have long been used as a tool for recovering data from a broken computer system and for repairing the system. Building upon that idea, several Linux distributions tailored for this purpose have emerged, most of which useGPartedas a partition editor, with additional data recovery and system repair software:

In space

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SpaceXuses multiple redundantflight computersin afault-tolerant designin itsFalcon 9rocket. Each Merlin engine is controlled by threevotingcomputers, with two physical processors per computer that constantly check each other's operation. Linux is not inherently fault-tolerant (no operating system is, as it is a function of the whole system including the hardware), but the flight computer software makes it so for its purpose.[68]For flexibility,commercial off-the-shelfparts and system-wide "radiation-tolerant" design are used instead ofradiation hardenedparts.[68]As of July 2019,SpaceX has conducted over76 launchesof the Falcon 9 since 2010, out of which all but one have successfully delivered their primary payloads to the intendedorbit,and has used it to transport astronauts to theInternational Space Station.TheDragon 2crew capsule also uses Linux.[69]

Windows was deployed as the operating system on non-mission critical laptops used on the space station, but it was later replaced with Linux.Robonaut 2,the first humanoid robot in space, is also Linux-based.[70]

TheJet Propulsion Laboratoryhas used Linux for a number of years "to help with projects relating to the construction of unmanned space flight and deep space exploration";NASAuses Linux in robotics in the Mars rover, andUbuntuLinux to "save data from satellites".[71]

Education

[edit]

Linux distributions have been created to provide hands-on experience with coding and source code to students, on devices such as theRaspberry Pi.In addition to producing a practical device, the intention is to show students "how things work under the hood".[72]

The Ubuntu derivativesEdubuntuandThe Linux Schools Project,as well as the Debian derivative Skolelinux, provide education-oriented software packages. They also include tools for administering and building school computer labs and computer-based classrooms, such as theLinux Terminal Server Project(LTSP).

Others

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Instant WebKiosk andWebconvergerare browser-based Linux distributions often used in webkiosksanddigital signage.Thinstation is a minimalist distribution designed forthin clients.Rocks Cluster Distributionis tailored forhigh-performance computing clusters.

There are general-purpose Linux distributions that target a specific audience, such as users of a specific language or geographical area. Such examples includeUbuntu Kylinfor Chinese language users and BlankOn targeted at Indonesians. Profession-specific distributions includeUbuntu Studiofor media creation and DNALinux forbioinformatics.There is also a Muslim-oriented distribution of the nameSabilythat consequently also provides some Islamic tools. Certain organizations use slightly specialized Linux distributions internally, includingGendBuntuused by the FrenchNational Gendarmerie,Goobuntuused internally by Google, andAstra Linuxdeveloped specifically for the Russian army.

See also

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[edit]
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