Bailiff of Jersey

See also:Law of Jersey,Courts of Jersey,Bailiff (Channel Islands),Jurat,Norman law,Advocate,andJudiciary of Jersey (list)

Bailiff of Jersey
Incumbent Sir Timothy Le Cocq since 17 October 2019
Appointer	Monarch of the United Kingdom, at the recommendation of the Jersey Government
Term length	At His Majesty's Pleasure,at least until retirement (70)
Formation	At least 1204
First holder	Philippe L'Evesque(first attested)
Deputy	Deputy Bailiff of Jersey

TheBailiff of Jersey(French:Le Bailli de Jersey) is the civic head of the Bailiwick of Jersey. In this role, he is not the head of government nor the head of state, but thechief justiceof Jersey andpresiding officerof Jersey's parliament, the States Assembly. The Bailiff is also the President of the Royal Court. It is similar in role to theBailiff of Guernsey.

Sir Michael Birt(Bailiff from 2009 to 2015) with sculpture of Lord Coutanche (Bailiff 1935–1962) behind.

The position ofBailiffwas created shortly after theTreaty of Paris 1259in which the king of England,Henry III,gave up claim to all of theDuchy of Normandybut the Channel Islands. In 1290, separate bailiffs forJerseyandGuernseywere appointed.

History

The position of Bailiff in Norman law predates the separation of Normandy in 1204.When the Channel Islands were granted self-governance by King John after 1204, legislative power was vested in 12 jurats, the twelve "senior men" of the island. Along with the Bailiff, they would form the Royal Court, which determined all civil and criminal causes (except treason).

Any oppression by a bailiff or a warden was to be resolved locally or failing that, by appeal to the King who appointed commissioners to report on disputes.In the late 1270s, Jersey was given its own Bailiff (the first record of someone holding the position is in 1277) and from the 1290s, the duties of Bailiff and Warden were separated. The (Sub-)Warden became responsible for taxation and defence, while the Bailiff became responsible for justice. While probably originally a temporary arrangement by Otto de Grandison, this became permanent and the foundation for Jersey's modern separation of Crown and justice. It also lessened the Warden's authority relative to the Bailiff, who had much more interaction with the community.

In 1462, the occupying French Governor de Brézé issued ordinances outlining the role of the Bailiff and the Jurats.It may well be during this occupation that the island saw the establishment of the States. Comte Maulevrier, who had led the invasion of the island, ordered the holding of an Assize in the island. Maulevrier confirmed the place of existing institutions, however created the requirement for Jurats to be chosen by Bailiffs, Jurats, Rectors and Constables.The earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524.

Peyton was also against democracy in the form of the States and the freedoms of the Courts in Jersey. In 1615, Jean Hérault was appointed Bailiff by the King, having been promised the role byletters patentin 1611. Peyton disputed this appointment, claiming it was the Governor's jurisdiction to appoint the Bailiff. Hérault asserted it was the King's jurisdiction to directly appoint the Bailiff. An Order in Council (dated 9 August 1615) sided with Hérault.

Hérault took this to claim the Bailiff was the real head of government and took steps to assert the precedence of the Bailiff over Governor: he ordered his name to be placed before the Governor's in church prayers and was the first Bailiff to wear red robes (in the style of English judges). To back his claims, he cited that in the Norman administrative tradition, the Bailiffs had "no one above them except the Duke".Though the Privy Council did not agree with Hérault's extreme position on the precedence of the Bailiff, on 18 February 1617 it declared that the "charge of military forces be wholly in the Governor, and the care of justice and civil affairs in the Bailiff." This secured for the Bailiff precedence over the Governor on justice and civil affairs.

By 1750, the Bailiffship had de facto become a hereditary position in the de Carteret family. Absences of the de Carterets and all other high-ranking posts left Charles Lempière, the Lieutenant Bailiff, in effective full control over the island. Lempière was a Parliamentarian, but by temperament was autocratic. His family had significant power with a number of high-ranking roles in the island and he issued ordinances and quashed protest through his court.^:195

After the 1948 States reforms, Jurats were removed from the States, now only sitting on the Royal Court (and the Licensing Assembly). The reforms declared that the Bailiff shall be the judge of the law, and the Jurats the "judge of fact".

Appointment

The Bailiff is appointed by the Crown throughletters patentafter consultation with the Island. They serveat His Majesty's pleasure,usually until an age of retirement as specified in their letters patent, unless they resign earlier.

Roles

Ex-Bailiff Sir Philip Bailhache divides the role of Bailiff into four 'headings' –

1. President of the Royal Court
2. President of the States
3. Ancillary functions deriving from the Presidency of the Royal Court
4. Ancillary functions deriving from the Presidency of the States

The full list is expanded on in detail below, but the functions can be summarised as --

• Chief Justice and President of the Royal Court
• Speaker and President of the States Assembly
• Chief citizen of the island
• President of the Licensing Assembly
• Official conduit between the Government and UK Government
• Licensor of public entertainment
• Ceremonial functions: keeper of the Royal Mace, custodian of the island's seal

The Bailiff is theChef Magistratof the island and presides over the Royal Court and the Court of Appeal. They sit in court with at least two jurats. They are a judge of law but not generally ajudge of fact.Instead, the jurats normally decide the facts in civil and the sentence in criminal cases. The Bailiff appoints - but alone cannot suspend or dismiss - the Judicial Greffier (the clerk of the court). The Bailiff can also issue search warrants.

In theStates,the Bailiff is the President (Speaker) of the Assembly. This position has been in place from the origins of the States in the 16th century, particularly because the States began as a consulting body of the Royal Court and the Bailiff was the President of the Court. The Bailiff has a vote in the event the States is equally divided, but traditionally uses it to preserve the status quo.In the Chamber, the Bailiff's seat is 18 cm (7.1 in) higher than the Lieutenant Governor's to emphasise the Bailiff's higher position in regard to the island's civil government.Through this presidency, the Bailiff is the island's chief citizen (hence the island is known as a Bailiwick). They are the official channel of communication between the island authorities and the UK Government, though this has altered since the development of ministerial government and the creation of the role of Chief Minister. The Bailiff is President of the Emergencies Council, which was established in 1990.

In addition to these two roles, the Bailiff presides the College of Electors, who appoint the Jurats, and he presides over the Licensing Assembly, the remains of a body which once exercised considerable administrative authority, but now only has the powers to grant alcohol licences. Furthermore, the Bailiff has powers over public entertainment. All public entertainment - such as music festivals or the Battle of Flowers - can only take place by permission of the Bailiff. This is done on consultation with public services and standards of public decency.

The Bailiff is also the keeper of the island's Royal Mace the custodian of the island's seal, first granted byEdward Iin 1279.

Future

The dual role of the Bailiff as head of the judiciary and President of the States has been criticised. The 2000 Clothier report (into the Machinery of Government) argues against the dual role on the grounds that –

• No one should hold political power unless elected (the Bailiff is unelected) and the Speaker of a parliament cannot be non-political
  • Consequently, the States cannot remove the Bailiff, as he is appointed by letters patent
• No one involved in making laws should be involved judicially in a dispute based upon them.
• The States President makes decisions about who should and should not be allowed to speak, but the Bailiff cannot then determine challenges to those decisions in the Royal Court.

Such calls for the separation of the office's powers are longstanding: in 1859, writer Helier Simon called a potential separation "desirable".The report therefore recommends that the Bailiff is removed as President of the States and that the States should elect their own Speaker.

The dual role has been defended on the grounds that the modern position of Bailiff is held in good temperament. Criticims do not account for the independence in action of successive Bailiffs and therefore the supposed conflict in the lack of separation of powers only exists in theory, and not in practice.Ex-Bailiff Sir Philip Bailhache argues that, if the States Presidency were removed from the jurisdiction of the Bailiff, the Bailiff could no longer be described as the island's chief citizen.

Holders

The list of bailiffs is only reliably traceable from Philippe L'Evesque's appointment in 1277, although earlier bailiffs are mentioned and the office may date from before 1204.

14th century

• Jean de Carteret 1302
• Philippe Levesque 1309
• Colin? Hasteyn 1315
• Henry de St. Martin 1318
• Guillaume Longynnourc.1324
• Herny de St.Martinc.1324
• Pierre Ugoun (Ygon)c.1324
• Lucas de Espyardc.1324
• Pierre de la Hayec.1324
• Philippe de Vyncheleysc.1324
• Nicolas (or Colin) Hasteync.1332
• Philippe de Vincheleisc.1332
• Matthieu Le Loreourc.1332
• Pierre de la Hayec.1332
• Guillaume Brasdeferc.1332
• Guille Hastein (or Hastings) 1348
• Roger de Powderham 1351
• Guille Hastein (or Hastings) 1352
• John Cockerels 1356
• Raoul Lempriere 1362–1364
• Richard de St. Martin 1367–1368
• Richard le Petit 1368–1369
• Richard de St. Martin 1370
• Richard le Petit 1371
• Richard de St. Martin 1372–1374
• Thomas Brasdefer 1378–1391
• Giefrey Brasdefer 1396–1401

15th century

• Colin le Petit 1402–1403
• Guillaume de Layc 1405–1406
• Thomas Danyel 1406–1425
• Jean Bernard 1432, 1436–1444
• Jean Lempriere 1434–1438
• Thomas de la Cour 1435
• Jean Payn 1444, 1446
• Regnauld de Carteret 1446–1451
• Jean Poingdestre 1452–1453
• Nicolas Morin 1459–1468
• Jean Poingdestre 1468–1477
• Guillaume Hareby 1479–1481, 1484–1485
• Clement Le Hardy 1486–1493
• Jean Nicolle 1494
• Thomas Lempriere 1495–1513, 1415?

16th century

• Helier de Carteret 1513–1515
• Helier de Carteret 1516–1523
• Helier de Carteret 1529–1560
• Hostes Nicolle 1561–1564
• John Dumaresq 1566–1583
• George Paulett1583–1586
• John Dumaresq 1586–1587
• George Paulett 1587–1591
• John Dumaresq 1591–1594
• George Paulett 1594–1614

17th century

• Jean Herault 1614–1621
• William Parkhurst 1622–1624
• Jean Herault 1624–1626
• Philippe de Carteret1627–1643
• Michel Lemprière1643
• Sir George de Carteret,1stBt.,1643–1651
• Michel Lemprière1651–1660
• Sir George de Carteret,1stBt.,1660–1661
• Sir Philippe de Carteret,1stBt.,1661–1662
• Philippe de Carteret 1662–1665
• Edouard de Carteret 1665–1682
• Sir Philippe de Carteret,2ndBt.,1682–1693
• Edouard de Carteret 1694–1703

18th century

In this caricature of 1873, Bailiff of Jersey Jean Hammond (left) greets the newly arrivedLieutenant Governorwith the question: "Your papers, please?"

• Sir Charles de Carteret,3rdBt.,1703–1715
• John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville1715–1763
• Robert Carteret, 3rd Earl Granville1763–1776
• Henry Frederick, Lord Carteret1776–1826

19th century

• Thomas Le Breton 1826–1831
• Jean de Veulle1831–1848
• Thomas Le Breton1848–1857
• Jean Hammond1858–1880
• Sir Robert Pipon Marett1880–1884
• George Clement Bertram 1884–1898
• Edouard Charles Malet de Carteret 1898
• William Venables Vernon1899–1931

20th century

Lord Coutanche,Bailiff 1935–1962

• Charles Malet de Carteret 1931–1935
• Sir Alexander Coutanche(created Lord Coutanche in 1961) 1935–1962
• Cecil Stanley Harrison1961–1962
• Sir Robert Le Masurier1962–1975
• Sir Frank Ereaut1975–1985
• Sir Peter Crill1986–1994
• Sir Philip Bailhache1994–2009

21st century

• Sir Michael Birt9 July 2009–2015
• Sir William Bailhache29 January 2015–2019
• Sir Timothy Le Cocq17 October 2019–present

Deputy Bailiff

The role of Deputy Bailiff was created by the States Assembly in 1958.

• Vernon Tomes27 January 1986–30 June 1992
• Philip Bailhache 10 January 1994
• Francis Hamon9 February 1995
• Michael Birt February 2000
• William Bailhache 2 November 2009–29 January 2015
• Timothy Le Cocq 2 April 2015–17 October 2019
• Robert MacRae6 January 2020–present

See also

• Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
• List of bailiffs of Guernsey
• Seigneur of Sark