List of governors of Illinois
Governor of Illinois | |
---|---|
![]() | |
![]() | |
Residence | Illinois Governor's Mansion |
Term length | Four years, no term limits |
Inaugural holder | Shadrach Bond |
Formation | October 6, 1818 |
Salary | $177,412 (2015)[1] |
Website | gov |
Thegovernor of Illinoisis thehead of governmentof theU.S. stateofIllinois.Thegovernoris the head of theexecutive branchofIllinois's state governmentand is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve orvetobills passed by theIllinois Legislature,to convene the legislature, and to grantpardons,except in cases ofimpeachment.[2]The governor is also thecommander-in-chiefof the state'smilitary forces.
Since becoming a state in 1818, 43 people have served as governor of Illinois; before statehood, it had only one territorial governor,Ninian Edwards.The longest-serving governor wasJames R. Thompson,who was elected to four terms lasting 14 years, from 1977 to 1991. Only one governor,Richard J. Oglesby,has served multiple non-consecutive terms, having been elected in 1864, 1872, and 1884.
The current governor isJ. B. Pritzker,who took office on January 14, 2019.[3]
List of governors[edit]
Territory of Illinois[edit]
Illinois Territorywas formed on March 1, 1809, fromIndiana Territory.[4]It had only two governors appointed by thepresident of the United Statesbefore it became a state, and only one ever took office.
No. | Governor | Term in office[a] | Appointed by | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
John Boyle (1774–1834) |
March 7, 1809 – April 3, 1809 (resigned before taking office)[b] |
James Madison |
2 | ![]() |
Ninian Edwards[c] (1775–1833) [9][10] |
April 24, 1809[d] – October 6, 1818 (statehood)[e] |
James Madison |
State of Illinois[edit]
Illinois wasadmitted to the Unionon December 3, 1818, consisting of the southern portion of Illinois Territory; the remainder was assigned toMichigan Territory.[17]
The firstIllinois Constitution,ratified in 1818, provided that a governor be elected every 4 years[18]for a term starting on the first Monday in the December following an election.[19]The constitution of 1848 moved the start of the term to the second Monday in January starting in 1849, thus shortening the term won in the 1844 election to 2 years.[20]Governors were not allowed to succeed themselves[19]until the 1870 constitution, which removed this limit.
The office oflieutenant governorwas created in the first constitution,[21]to exercise the power of governor if that office becomes vacant.[22]The 1848 constitution changed this to say the power "devolves" upon the lieutenant governor in case of a vacancy.[23]The current constitution of 1970 made it so that, in the event of a vacancy, the lieutenant becomes governor,[24]and the governor and lieutenant governor are now elected on the sameticket.[25]If the governor feels seriously impeded in performing their job, they can inform thesecretary of stateand the next in the line of succession, who becomes acting governor until the governor can resume office.[24]
No.[f] | Governor | Term in office | Party | Election | Lt. Governor[g][h] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Shadrach Bond (1773–1832) [28][29] |
October 6, 1818[30] – December 5, 1822 (term-limited)[i] |
Democratic- Republican[32] |
1818 | Pierre Menard | ||
2 | ![]() |
Edward Coles (1786–1868) [33][34] |
December 5, 1822[35] – December 6, 1826 (term-limited)[i] |
Democratic- Republican[36] |
1822 | Adolphus Hubbard | ||
3 | ![]() |
Ninian Edwards (1775–1833) [10][9][37] |
December 6, 1826[30] – December 6, 1830 (term-limited)[i] |
Democratic- Republican[j] |
1826 | William Kinney | ||
4 | ![]() |
John Reynolds (1788–1865) [40][41] |
December 6, 1830[30] – November 17, 1834 (resigned)[k] |
Democratic- Republican[l] |
1830 | Zadok Casey[m] (resigned March 1, 1833) | ||
William Lee D. Ewing[m] (acting) | ||||||||
5 | ![]() |
William Lee D. Ewing (1795–1846) [43][44] |
November 17, 1834[45] – December 3, 1834 (successor took office) |
Democratic[n] | Lieutenant governor acting |
Vacant | ||
6 | ![]() |
Joseph Duncan (1794–1844) [47][48] |
December 3, 1834[49] – December 7, 1838 (term-limited)[i] |
Whig[42] | 1834 | Alexander M. Jenkins[m] (resigned December 9, 1836) | ||
William H. Davidson[m] (acting) | ||||||||
7 | ![]() |
Thomas Carlin (1789–1852) [50][51] |
December 7, 1838[52] – December 8, 1842 (term-limited)[i] |
Democratic[53] | 1838 | Stinson Anderson | ||
8 | ![]() |
Thomas Ford (1800–1850) [54][55] |
December 8, 1842[56] – December 9, 1846 (term-limited)[i] |
Democratic[57] | 1842 | John Moore | ||
9 | ![]() |
Augustus C. French (1808–1864) [58][59] |
December 9, 1846[60] – January 10, 1853 (term-limited)[o] |
Democratic[62] | 1846[p] | Joseph Wells | ||
1848 | William McMurtry | |||||||
10 | ![]() |
Joel Aldrich Matteson (1808–1873) [63][64] |
January 10, 1853[65] – January 12, 1857 (term-limited)[o] |
Democratic[66] | 1852 | Gustav Koerner | ||
11 | ![]() |
William Henry Bissell (1811–1860) [67][68] |
January 12, 1857[69] – March 18, 1860 (died in office) |
Republican[70] | 1856 | John Wood | ||
12 | ![]() |
John Wood (1798–1880) [71][72] |
March 18, 1860[73] – January 14, 1861 (successor took office) |
Republican[36] | Lieutenant governor acting |
Thomas Marshall[m] (acting) | ||
13 | ![]() |
Richard Yates (1815–1873) [74][75] |
January 14, 1861[76] – January 16, 1865 (term-limited)[o] |
Republican[77] | 1860 | Francis Hoffmann | ||
14 | ![]() |
Richard J. Oglesby (1824–1899) [78][79] |
January 16, 1865[80] – January 11, 1869 (term-limited)[o] |
Republican[36] | 1864 | William Bross | ||
15 | ![]() |
John M. Palmer (1817–1900) [81][82] |
January 11, 1869[83] – January 13, 1873 (term-limited)[q] |
Republican[36] | 1868 | John Dougherty | ||
14 | ![]() |
Richard J. Oglesby (1824–1899) [78][79] |
January 13, 1873[84] – January 23, 1873 (resigned)[r] |
Republican[36] | 1872 | John Lourie Beveridge | ||
16 | ![]() |
John Lourie Beveridge (1824–1910) [85][86] |
January 23, 1873[87] – January 8, 1877 (successor took office) |
Republican[36] | Lieutenant governor acting |
John Early (acting) (term ended January 8, 1875) | ||
Archibald A. Glenn[m] (acting) | ||||||||
17 | ![]() |
Shelby Moore Cullom (1829–1914) [88][89] |
January 8, 1877[90] – February 6, 1883 (resigned)[s] |
Republican[36] | 1876 | Andrew Shuman | ||
1880 | John Marshall Hamilton | |||||||
18 | ![]() |
John Marshall Hamilton (1847–1905) [92][93] |
February 6, 1883[91] – January 30, 1885 (successor took office) |
Republican[36] | Lieutenant governor acting |
William J. Campbell (acting) | ||
14 | ![]() |
Richard J. Oglesby (1824–1899) [78][79] |
January 30, 1885[94] – January 14, 1889 (did not run) |
Republican[36] | 1884 | John C. Smith | ||
19 | ![]() |
Joseph W. Fifer (1840–1938) [95][96] |
January 14, 1889[97] – January 10, 1893 (lost election) |
Republican[36] | 1888 | Lyman Beecher Ray | ||
20 | ![]() |
John Peter Altgeld (1847–1902) [98][99] |
January 10, 1893[100] – January 11, 1897 (lost election) |
Democratic[36] | 1892 | Joseph B. Gill | ||
21 | ![]() |
John Riley Tanner (1844–1901) [101][102] |
January 11, 1897[103] – January 14, 1901 (did not run)[t] |
Republican[36] | 1896 | William Northcott | ||
22 | ![]() |
Richard Yates Jr. (1860–1936) [104][105] |
January 14, 1901[106] – January 9, 1905 (lost nomination)[104] |
Republican[36] | 1900 | |||
23 | ![]() |
Charles S. Deneen (1863–1940) [107][108] |
January 9, 1905[109] – February 3, 1913 (lost election) |
Republican[36] | 1904 | Lawrence Yates Sherman | ||
1908 | John G. Oglesby | |||||||
24 | ![]() |
Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (1853–1937) [110][111] |
February 3, 1913[112] – January 8, 1917 (lost election) |
Democratic[36] | 1912 | Barratt O'Hara | ||
25 | ![]() |
Frank Orren Lowden (1861–1943) [113][114] |
January 8, 1917[115] – January 10, 1921 (did not run)[113] |
Republican[36] | 1916 | John G. Oglesby | ||
26 | ![]() |
Len Small (1862–1936) [116][117] |
January 10, 1921[118] – January 14, 1929 (did not run) |
Republican[36] | 1920 | Fred E. Sterling | ||
1924 | ||||||||
27 | ![]() |
Louis Lincoln Emmerson (1863–1941) [119][120] |
January 14, 1929[121] – January 9, 1933 (did not run)[119] |
Republican[36] | 1928 | |||
28 | ![]() |
Henry Horner (1878–1940) [122][123] |
January 9, 1933[124] – October 6, 1940 (died in office) |
Democratic[36] | 1932 | Thomas Donovan | ||
1936 | John Henry Stelle | |||||||
29 | ![]() |
John Henry Stelle (1891–1962) [125][126] |
October 6, 1940[127] – January 13, 1941 (successor took office) |
Democratic[36] | Lieutenant governor acting |
Vacant | ||
30 | ![]() |
Dwight H. Green (1897–1958) [128][129] |
January 13, 1941[130] – January 10, 1949 (lost election) |
Republican[36] | 1940 | Hugh W. Cross | ||
1944 | ||||||||
31 | ![]() |
Adlai Stevenson II (1900–1965) [131][132] |
January 10, 1949[133] – January 12, 1953 (did not run)[u] |
Democratic[36] | 1948 | Sherwood Dixon | ||
32 | ![]() |
William Stratton (1914–2001) [134][135] |
January 12, 1953[136] – January 9, 1961 (lost election) |
Republican[36] | 1952 | John William Chapman | ||
1956 | ||||||||
33 | ![]() |
Otto Kerner Jr. (1908–1976) [137][138] |
January 9, 1961[139] – May 20, 1968 (resigned)[v] |
Democratic[36] | 1960 | Samuel H. Shapiro | ||
1964 | ||||||||
34 | ![]() |
Samuel H. Shapiro (1907–1987) [141][142] |
May 21, 1968[143] – January 13, 1969 (lost election) |
Democratic[36] | Lieutenant governor acting |
Vacant | ||
35 | ![]() |
Richard B. Ogilvie (1923–1988) [144][145] |
January 13, 1969[146] – January 8, 1973 (lost election) |
Republican[36] | 1968 | Paul Simon[m] | ||
36 | ![]() |
Dan Walker (1922–2015) [147][148] |
January 8, 1973[149] – January 10, 1977 (lost nomination)[w] |
Democratic[36] | 1972 | Neil Hartigan | ||
37 | ![]() |
James R. Thompson (1936–2020) [150][151] |
January 10, 1977[152] – January 14, 1991 (did not run) |
Republican[151] | 1976[x] | Dave O'Neal (resigned July 31, 1981) | ||
1978 | ||||||||
Vacant | ||||||||
1982 | George Ryan | |||||||
1986 | ||||||||
38 | ![]() |
Jim Edgar (b.1946) [154] |
January 14, 1991[155] – January 11, 1999 (did not run) |
Republican[154] | 1990 | Bob Kustra (resigned July 1, 1998) | ||
1994 | ||||||||
Vacant | ||||||||
39 | ![]() |
George Ryan (b.1934) [156] |
January 11, 1999[157] – January 13, 2003 (did not run) |
Republican[156] | 1998 | Corinne Wood | ||
40 | ![]() |
Rod Blagojevich (b.1956) [158] |
January 13, 2003[159] – January 29, 2009 (impeached and removed)[y] |
Democratic[158] | 2002 | Pat Quinn | ||
2006 | ||||||||
41 | ![]() |
Pat Quinn (b.1948) [161] |
January 29, 2009[162] – January 12, 2015 (lost election) |
Democratic[161] | Succeeded from lieutenant governor |
Vacant | ||
2010 | Sheila Simon | |||||||
42 | ![]() |
Bruce Rauner (b.1956) [163] |
January 12, 2015[164] – January 14, 2019 (lost election) |
Republican[163] | 2014 | Evelyn Sanguinetti | ||
43 | ![]() |
J. B. Pritzker (b.1965) [165] |
January 14, 2019[166] – Incumbent[z] |
Democratic[165] | 2018 | Juliana Stratton | ||
2022 |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor left office.
- ^Boyle was nominated on March 6, 1809,[5]and confirmed by the Senate on March 7.[6]However, he resigned on April 3, having never taken office.[7]
- ^Territorial SecretaryNathaniel Popeserved as acting governor until Edwards arrived in Illinois in June 1809.[8]
- ^Edwards was appointed on April 24, 1809;[9]nominated on June 16;[11]and confirmed by the Senate on June 17.[12]He took office on June 11.[9]He was reappointed on July 7, 1812,[13]during a Senate recess; reconfirmed on November 20, 1812;[14]reappointed on November 20, 1815,[15]during a Senate recess; and reconfirmed on January 9, 1816.[16]
- ^Edwards served as governor until statehood, when hewas electedto theUnited States Senate.
- ^Based on the official site labelingBruce Rauneras the 42nd governor,[26]it is assumed the official numbering includes repeat governors only once; subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicized.
- ^Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
- ^When the lieutenant governor is serving as governor, the Illinois Blue Book considers thepresident pro tempore of the senateto be acting lieutenant governor. However, this only applies to acting lieutenant governors before 1883; after that, there are no acting lieutenant governors noted, and instead these are marked vacant. It is unknown why this changed; the constitution does not appear to have any relevant changes around that time.[27]
- ^abcdefUnder the 1818 constitution, governors were limited to no more than four years out of every term of eight years.[31]
- ^Dubin labels Edward as a pro-Administration candidate;[38]Kallenbach labels him asNational Republican;[36]and Sobel and Glashan label him as Democratic-Republican.[10][39]
- ^Reynolds resigned, having beenelectedto theUnited States House of Representatives.[41]
- ^Dubin and Kallenbach label Reynolds asNational Republican,[42][36]and Glashan and Sobel label him as Democratic-Republican.[40][39]
- ^abcdefgRepresented theDemocratic Party
- ^Kallenbach labels Ewing aNational Republican[36]and Glashan labels him a Democratic-Republican.[46]However, Sobel describes him as a "Jacksonian Democrat," which would be the opposition to those parties.[43]
- ^abcdUnder the 1848 constitution, governors elected after 1848 were limited to no more than four years out of every term of eight years.[61]
- ^The election schedule was shifted after this term, shortening it to two years.[20]
- ^The term limit was removed in the 1870 constitution, but Palmer was first elected under the previous constitution; Sobel writes that this meant he was term-limited.[81]
- ^Oglesby resigned, having beenelectedto theUnited States Senate.[79]
- ^Cullom resigned, having beenelectedto theUnited States Senate.[89][91]
- ^Tanner insteadran unsuccessfullyfor the Republican nomination to theUnited States Senate.[101]
- ^Stevenson insteadran unsuccessfullyforPresident of the United States.[131]
- ^Kerner resigned, having been confirmed to theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.[138][140]
- ^Walker lost the Democratic nomination toMichael Howlett.[147]
- ^The schedule for the 1970 constitution provided that the 1976 election would be for a two-year term, shifting the election schedule away from presidential election years.[153]
- ^Blagojevich was impeached and removed from office oncharges of corruption.[158][160]
- ^Pritzker's second term began on January 9, 2023, andwill expireJanuary 11, 2027.
References[edit]
- General
- "Former Illinois Governors".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- "Illinois Blue Book"(PDF).Illinois Secretary of State.pp. 359–360.RetrievedApril 26,2018.
- Sobel, Robert (1978).Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I.Meckler Books.ISBN9780930466015.RetrievedJuly 10,2019.
- McMullin, Thomas A. (1984).Biographical directory of American territorial governors.Westport, CT: Meckler.ISBN978-0-930466-11-4.RetrievedJanuary 19,2023.
- Dubin, Michael J. (2003).United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776-1860: The Official Results by State and County.McFarland.ISBN978-0-7864-1439-0.
- Dubin, Michael J. (2014).United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861-1911: The Official Results by State and County.McFarland.ISBN978-0-7864-5646-8.
- Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977).American State Governors, 1776-1976.Oceana Publications.ISBN978-0-379-00665-0.RetrievedSeptember 23,2023.
- Glashan, Roy R. (1979).American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978.Meckler Books.ISBN978-0-930466-17-6.
- "Our Campaigns - Governor of Illinois - History".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedJuly 25,2023.
- Constitutions
- Specific
- ^"Governors' Salaries, 2015".The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 9,2016.
- ^IL Const. art. V
- ^"Election Results".Elections.il.gov.RetrievedJanuary 1,2021.
- ^2Stat.514
- ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal.11th Cong., special sess.,119,accessed February 23, 2023.
- ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal.11th Cong., special sess.,120,accessed February 23, 2023.
- ^The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume XVI: The Territory of Illinois 1809-1814(PDF).United States Government Publishing Office.1948. pp. 18–19.
- ^Robert P. Howard (1988),Mostly Good and Competent Men: Illinois Governors, 1818–1988,Illinois Issues and the Illinois State Historical Society, 39–40.
- ^abcdMcMullin 1984,pp. 145–147.
- ^abcSobel 1978,pp. 366–367.
- ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal.11th Cong., 1st sess.,122,accessed February 23, 2023.
- ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal.11th Cong., 1st sess.,124,accessed February 23, 2023.
- ^Ferguson, Gillum (2012).Illinois in the War of 1812.University of Illinois Press. pp. 115–130.doi:10.5406/j.ctt1xcqz0.12.ISBN978-0-252-03674-3.
- ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal.12th Cong., 2nd sess.,305,accessed February 23, 2023.
- ^The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General.United States Government Publishing Office.1934. p. 11.
- ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal.14th Cong., 1st sess.,21,accessed February 23, 2023.
- ^3Stat.536
- ^1818 Const. art. III, § 2
- ^ab1818 Const. art. III, § 3
- ^ab1848 Const. art. IV, § 3
- ^1818 Const. art. III, § 13
- ^1818 Const. art. III, § 18
- ^1848 Const. art. IV, § 19
- ^abIL Const. art. V, § 6
- ^IL Const. art. V, § 4
- ^"About the Governor".State of Illinois. Archived fromthe originalon April 26, 2018.RetrievedApril 25,2018.
- ^Illinois Blue Book, p. 360
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 365.
- ^"Shadrack Bond".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^abcKallenbach pp. 161–162
- ^"1818 Ill. Const. art. III, § 3".www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu.RetrievedDecember 17,2023.
- ^Dubin 2003,p. 45.
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 366.
- ^"Edward Coles".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^"Illinois Legislature".Edwardsville Spectator.December 14, 1822. p. 1.RetrievedAugust 16,2023.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadKallenbach 1977,p. 161.
- ^"Ninian Edwards".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Dubin 2003,p. 46.
- ^abGlashan 1979,p. 80.
- ^abSobel 1978,pp. 367–368.
- ^ab"John Reynolds".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^abDubin 2003,p. 47.
- ^abSobel 1978,p. 368.
- ^"William Lee Davidson Ewing".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^"Resignation".Vandalia Whig and Illinois Intelligencer.November 27, 1834. p. 2.RetrievedAugust 16,2023.
- ^Glashan 1979,p. 78.
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 369.
- ^"Joseph Duncan".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1834 sess.,21,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 369–370.
- ^"Thomas Carlin".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1838 sess.,16,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Dubin 2003,p. 48.
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 370–371.
- ^"Thomas Ford".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1842 sess.,33,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Dubin 2003,p. 49.
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 371.
- ^"Augustus C. French".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1846 sess.,13,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^"1848 Ill. Const. art. IV, § 3".www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu.RetrievedDecember 17,2023.
- ^Dubin 2003,pp. 49–50.
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 371–372.
- ^"Joel Aldrich Matteson".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives.1853 sess.,46,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Dubin 2003,p. 51.
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 372–373.
- ^"William Henry Bissell".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1857 sess.,60,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Dubin 2003,p. 52.
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 373.
- ^"John Wood".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^"Death of Gov. Bissell".The Rock Island Argus.March 21, 1860. p. 2.RetrievedAugust 17,2023.
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 374.
- ^"Richard Yates Sr".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1861 sess.,58,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Dubin 2003,p. 53.
- ^abcSobel 1978,pp. 374–375.
- ^abcd"Richard James Oglesby".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1865 sess.,163,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^abSobel 1978,p. 376.
- ^"John McAuley Palmer".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1869 sess.,186,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1873 sess.,52,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 377.
- ^"John Lourie Beveridge".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1873 sess.,138,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 377–378.
- ^ab"Shelby Moore Cullom".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1877 sess.,39,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^ab"Down and Out: The Governor's Resignation".Chicago Tribune.February 7, 1883. p. 3.RetrievedFebruary 24,2023.
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 378–379.
- ^"John Marshall Hamilton".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1885 sess.,122,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 379–380.
- ^"Joseph Wilson Fifer".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1889 sess.,99,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 380–381.
- ^"John Peter Altgeld".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1893 sess.,113,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^abSobel 1978,p. 381.
- ^"John Riley Tanner".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1897 sess.,167,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^abSobel 1978,p. 382.
- ^"Richard Yates Jr".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1901 sess.,173,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 382–383.
- ^"Charles Samuel Deneen".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1905 sess.,237,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 383.
- ^"Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1913 sess.,395,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^abSobel 1978,p. 384.
- ^"Frank Orren Lowden".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1917 sess.,239,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 384–385.
- ^"Lennington Small".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1921 sess.,313,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^abSobel 1978,pp. 385–386.
- ^"Louis Lincoln Emmerson".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1929 sess.,104,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,p. 386.
- ^"Henry Horner".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^Illinois General Assembly.Journal of the Senate.1933 sess.,43,accessed August 16, 2023
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 386–387.
- ^"John Henry Stelle".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
- ^"Gov. Henry Horner Dies – Stelle Automatically Becomes Governor".The Pantagraph.Associated Press. October 7, 1940. p. 1.RetrievedAugust 18,2023.
- ^Sobel 1978,pp. 387–388.
- ^"Dwight Herbert Green".National Governors Association.RetrievedFebruary 23,2023.
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