Lists of flowering plants of South Africa

Theanthophytesare a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be acladecomprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained theangiosperms- the extant flowering plants, such asrosesandgrasses- as well as theGnetalesand the extinctBennettitales.^[1]

Detailed morphological and molecular studies have shown that the group is not actuallymonophyletic,^[2]with proposed floral homologies of thegnetophytesand theangiospermshaving evolved in parallel.^[3]This makes it easier to reconcile molecular clock data that suggests that the angiosperms diverged from thegymnospermsaround300million years ago.^[4]

Some more recent studies have used the word anthophyte to describe a group which includes the angiosperms and a variety of fossils (glossopterids,Pentoxylon,Bennettitales,andCaytonia), but not the Gnetales.^[5]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.^[6]Ninebiomeshave been described in South Africa:Fynbos,SucculentKaroo,desert,Nama Karoo,grassland,savanna,Albany thickets,theIndian Ocean coastal belt,andforests.^[7]

The 2018South African National Biodiversity Institute'sNational Biodiversity Assessmentplant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phylaAnthocerotophyta(hornworts (6)),Anthophyta(flowering plants (33534)),Bryophyta(mosses (685)),Cycadophyta(cycads (42)),Lycopodiophyta(Lycophytes(45)),Marchantiophyta(liverworts (376)),Pinophyta(conifers (33)), andPteridophyta(cryptogams (408)).^[8]

Listing

The flowering plant diversity checklists include historical taxa recorded from the region, and the recognised taxa with which they are considered synonymous. Endemic, indigenous, and invasive taxa are labelled.

Acorales

List of Acorales of South Africa – Order:Acorales,

One family is represented:

Family:Acoraceae,^[8](1 species)
- Acorus calamusL. not indigenous

Alismatales

List of Alismatales of South Africa– Order:Alismatales.

11 families are represented:^[8]

Apiales

List of Apiales of South Africa– Order:Apiales,

Two families are represented:^[8]

Aquifoliales

List of Aquifoliales of South Africa – Order:Aquifoliales,

One family is represented:

Family:Aquifoliaceae,^[8]
- Ilex croceaThunb. accepted asElaeodendron croceum(Thunb.) DC.
- Ilex mitis(L.) Radlk. indigenous
- Ilex mitis(L.) Radlk. var.mitis,indigenous

Arecales

List of Arecales of South Africa – Order:Arecales:

One family is represented:

Family:Arecaceae,^[8]
- Borassus aethiopumMart. indigenous
- Hyphaene coriaceaGaertn. indigenous
- Hyphaene petersianaKlotzsch ex Mart. indigenous
- Jubaeopsis caffraBecc. endemic
- Livistona chinensis(Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. not indigenous, cultivated
- Phoenix canariensisChabaud, not indigenous, cultivated, invasive
- Phoenix reclinataJacq. indigenous
- Raphia australisOberm. & Strey, indigenous
- Washingtonia filifera(L.Linden) H.Wendl. not indigenous, cultivated
- Washingtonia robustaH.Wendl. not indigenous, cultivated, invasive

Asparagales

List of Asparagales of South Africa– Order:Asparagales,

14 families are represented:^[8]

Asterales

List of Asterales of South Africa– Order:Asterales,

Five families are represented:

Family:Asteraceae,^[8]
Family:Campanulaceae,^[8]
Family:Goodeniaceae,^[8]
Family:Lobeliaceae,^[8]
Family:Menyanthaceae,^[8]

Boraginales

List of Boraginales of South Africa– Order:Boraginales,

One family is represented:^[8]

Family:Boraginaceae

Brassicales

List of Brassicales of South Africa– Order:Brassicales,

Six families are represented:

Family:Brassicaceae,^[8]
Family:Capparaceae,^[8]
Family:Cleomaceae,^[8]
Family:Resedaceae,^[8]
Family:Salvadoraceae,^[8]
Family:Tropaeolaceae,^[8]

Bruniales

List of Bruniales of South Africa– Order:Bruniales,

One family is represented:

Family:Bruniaceae,^[8]

Buxales

List of Buxales of South Africa – Order:Buxales,

One family is represented:

Family:Buxaceae,^[8]
- Buxus macowaniiOliv. endemic
- Buxus natalensis(Oliv.) Hutch. endemic

Canellales

List of Canellales of South Africa – Order:Canellales,

One family is represented:

Family:Canellaceae,^[8]
- Warburgia salutaris(G.Bertol.) Chiov. indigenous

Caryophyllales

List of Caryophyllales of South Africa– Order:Caryophyllales,

21 families are represented:

Family:Aizoaceae,^[8]
Family:Amaranthaceae,^[8]
Family:Anacampserotaceae,^[8]
Family:Basellaceae,^[8]
Family:Cactaceae,^[8]
Family:Caryophyllaceae,^[8]
Family:Corbichoniaceae,^[8]
Family:Didiereaceae,^[8]
Family:Droseraceae,^[8]
Family:Frankeniaceae,^[8]
Family:Gisekiaceae,^[8]
Family:Kewaceae,^[8]
Family:Limeaceae,^[8]
Family:Lophiocarpaceae,^[8]
Family:Molluginaceae,^[8]
Family:Nyctaginaceae,^[8]
Family:Phytolaccaceae,^[8]
Family:Plumbaginaceae,^[8]
Family:Polygonaceae,^[8]
Family:Portulacaceae,^[8]
Family:Tamaricaceae,^[8]

Celastrales

List of Celastrales of South Africa– Order:Celastrales,

One family is represented:

Family:Celastraceae,^[8]

Ceratophyllales

List of Ceratophyllales of South Africa – Order:Ceratophyllales,

One family is represented:

Family:Ceratophyllaceae,^[8]

Ceratophyllum demersumL. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum demersumL. var.demersum,indigenous
- Ceratophyllum demersumL. var.demersumformademersum,accepted asCeratophyllum demersumL. var.demersum,present
Ceratophyllum muricatumCham. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum muricatumCham. subsp.muricatum,indigenous
Ceratophyllum submersumL. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum submersumL. subsp.muricatum(Cham.) Wilmot-Dear var.echinatum,accepted asCeratophyllum muricatumCham. subsp.muricatum,present
- Ceratophyllum submersumL. subsp.submersumvar.submersum,indigenous

Commelinales

List of Commelinales of South Africa– Order:Commelinales,

Three families are represented:

Cornales

List of Cornales of South Africa – Order:Cornales,

Four families are represented:

Family:Curtisiaceae,^[8]
- Curtisia dentata(Burm.f.) C.A.Sm. indigenous
Family:Grubbiaceae,^[8]
- Grubbia rosmarinifoliaP.J.Bergius, indigenous
  - Grubbia rosmarinifoliaP.J.Bergius subsp.gracilis(T.M.Salter) Carlquist, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifoliaP.J.Bergius subsp.hirsuta(E.Mey. ex DC.) Carlquist, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifoliaP.J.Bergius subsp.rosmarinifoliavar.pinifolia,endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifoliaP.J.Bergius subsp.rosmarinifoliavar.rosmarinifolia,endemic
- Grubbia rourkeiCarlquist, endemic
- Grubbia tomentosa(Thunb.) Harms, endemic
Family:Hydrostachyaceae,^[8]
- Hydrostachys polymorphaKlotzsch ex A.Br. indigenous
Family:Loasaceae,^[8]
- Kissenia capensisEndl. indigenous

Crossosomatales

List of Crossosomatales of South Africa – Order:Crossosomatales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Aphloiaceae,^[8]
- Aphloia theiformis(Vahl) Benn. indigenous
Family:Geissolomataceae,^[8]
- Geissoloma marginatum(L.) Juss. endemic

Cucurbitales

List of Cucurbitales of South Africa– Order:Cucurbitales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Begoniaceae,^[8]
Family:Cucurbitaceae,^[8]

Dioscoreales

List of Dioscoreales of South Africa– Order:Dioscoreales,

Three families are represented:

Dipsacales

List of Dipsacales of South Africa– Order:Dipsacales,

Three families are represented:

Ericales

List of Ericales of South Africa– Order:Ericales,

11 families are represented:

Family:Actinidiaceae,^[8]
Family:Balsaminaceae,^[8]
Family:Ebenaceae,^[8]
Family:Ericaceae,^[8]
Family:Lecythidaceae,^[8]
Family:Maesaceae,^[8]
Family:Myrsinaceae,^[8]
Family:Primulaceae,^[8]
Family:Roridulaceae,^[8]
Family:Sapotaceae,^[8]
Family:Theophrastaceae,^[8]

Escallionales

List of Escalloniales of South Africa – Order:Escalloniales,

One family is represented:

Family:Escalloniaceae,^[8]

Choristylis rhamnoidesHarv., accepted asItea rhamnoides(Harv.) Kubitzki, indigenous^[9]
Itea rhamnoides(Harv.) Kubitzki, indigenous

Fabales

List of Fabales of South Africa– Order:Fabales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Fabaceae,^[8]
Family:Polygalaceae,^[8]

Fagales

List of Fagales of South Africa– Order:Fagales,

Five families are represented:

Family:Betulaceae,^[8]
Family:Casuarinaceae,^[8]
Family:Fagaceae,^[8]
Family:Juglandaceae,^[8]
Family:Myricaceae,^[8]

Gentianales

List of Gentianales of South Africa– Order:Gentianales,

Five families are represented:

Family:Apocynaceae,^[8]
Family:Asclepiadaceae,^[8]
Family:Gentianaceae,^[8]
Family:Loganiaceae,^[8]
Family:Rubiaceae,^[8]

Geraniales

List of Geraniales of South Africa– Order:Geraniales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Geraniaceae,^[8]
Family:Melianthaceae,^[8]

Gunnerales

List of Gunnerales of South Africa– Order:Gunnerales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Gunneraceae,^[8]
- Gunnera perpensaL. indigenous
Family:Myrothamnaceae,^[8]
- Myrothamnus flabellifoliusWelw. indigenous

Huerteales

List of Huerteales of South Africa – Order:Huerteales,

One family is represented:

Family:Gerrardinaceae,^[8]
- GenusGerrardina
  - Gerrardina foliosaOliv. indigenous

Icacinales

List of Icacinales of South Africa – Order:Icacinales,

One family is represented:

Family:Icacinaceae,^[8]
- GenusApodytes
  - Apodytes abbottiiPotgieter & A.E.van Wyk, endemic
  - Apodytes dimidiataE.Mey. ex Arn. indigenous
    - Apodytes dimidiataE.Mey. ex Arn. subsp. Dimidiata, indigenous
  - Apodytes geldenhuysiiA.E.van Wyk & Potgieter, endemic
- GenusCassinopsis
  - Cassinopsis ilicifolia(Hochst.) Kuntze, indigenous
  - Cassinopsis tinifoliaHarv. indigenous
- GenusPyrenacantha
  - Pyrenacantha grandifloraBaill. indigenous
  - Pyrenacantha kaurabassanaBaill. indigenous
  - Pyrenacantha scandensPlanch. ex Harv. indigenous

Lamiales

List of Lamiales of South Africa– Order:Lamiales,

15 families are represented:

Family:Acanthaceae,^[8]
Family:Bignoniaceae,^[8]
Family:Gesneriaceae,^[8]
Family:Lamiaceae,^[8]
Family:Lentibulariaceae,^[8]
Family:Linderniaceae,^[8]
Family:Martyniaceae,^[8]
Family:Oleaceae,^[8]
Family:Orobanchaceae,^[8]
Family:Paulowniaceae,^[8]
Family:Pedaliaceae,^[8]
Family:Plantaginaceae,^[8]
Family:Scrophulariaceae,^[8]
Family:Stilbaceae,^[8]
Family:Verbenaceae,^[8]

Laurales

List of Laurales of South Africa – Order:Laurales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Lauraceae,^[8]
- GenusCassytha
  - Cassytha ciliolataNees, indigenous
  - Cassytha filiformisL. indigenous
  - Cassytha pondoensisEngl. endemic
    - Cassytha pondoensisEngl. var.pondoensis,not indigenous, naturalised
- GenusCinnamomum
  - Cinnamomum camphora(L.) J.Presl, indigenous
- GenusCryptocarya
  - Cryptocarya angustifoliaE.Mey. ex Meisn. endemic
  - Cryptocarya latifoliaSond. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  - Cryptocarya liebertianaEngl. endemic
  - Cryptocarya myrtifoliaStapf, endemic
  - Cryptocarya transvaalensisBurtt Davy, indigenous
  - Cryptocarya woodiiEngl. endemic
  - Cryptocarya wylieiStapf, indigenous
- GenusDahlgrenodendron
  - Dahlgrenodendron natalense(J.H.Ross) J.J.M.van der Merwe & A.E.van Wyk, indigenous
- GenusGyrocarpus
  - Gyrocarpus americanusJacq. endemic
    - Gyrocarpus americanusJacq. subsp.africanusKubitzki, endemic
- GenusLitsea
  - Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  - Litsea sebiferaPers. not indigenous, naturalised
- GenusOcotea
  - Ocotea bullata(Burch.) Baill. indigenous
  - Ocotea kenyensis(Chiov.) Robyns & R.Wilczek, indigenous
- GenusPersea
  - Persea americanaMill. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
Family:Monimiaceae,^[8]
- GenusXymalos
  - Xymalos monospora(Harv.) Baill. indigenous

Liliales

List of Liliales of South Africa– Order:Liliales,

Five families are represented:

Family:Alstroemeriaceae,^[8]
Family:Colchicaceae,^[8]
Family:Liliaceae,^[8]
Family:Melanthiaceae,^[8]
Family:Smilacaceae,^[8]

Magnoliales

List of Magnoliales of South Africa– Order:Magnoliales,

One family is represented:

Family:Annonaceae,^[8]

Malpighiales

List of Malpighiales of South Africa– Order:Malpighiales,

20 families are represented:

Family:Achariaceae,^[8]
Family:Chrysobalanaceae,^[8]
Family:Clusiaceae,^[8]
Family:Dichapetalaceae,^[8]
Family:Elatinaceae,^[8]
Family:Erythroxylaceae,^[8]
Family:Euphorbiaceae,^[8]
Family:Hypericaceae,^[8]
Family:Linaceae,^[8]
Family:Malpighiaceae,^[8]
Family:Ochnaceae,^[8]
Family:Passifloraceae,^[8]
Family:Phyllanthaceae,^[8]
Family:Picrodendraceae,^[8]
Family:Podostemaceae,^[8]
Family:Putranjivaceae,^[8]
Family:Rhizophoraceae,^[8]
Family:Salicaceae,^[8]
Family:Turneraceae,^[8]
Family:Violaceae,^[8]

Malvales

List of Malvales of South Africa– Order:Malvales,

Six families are represented:

Family:Balanophoraceae,^[8]
Family:Cistaceae,^[8]
Family:Cytinaceae,^[8]
Family:Malvaceae,^[8]
Family:Neuradaceae,^[8]
Family:Thymelaeaceae,^[8]

Myrtales

List of Myrtales of South Africa– Order:Myrtales,

10 families are represented:

Family:Combretaceae,^[8]
Family:Heteropyxidaceae,^[8]
Family:Lythraceae,^[8]
Family:Melastomataceae,^[8]
Family:Memecylaceae,^[8]
Family:Myrtaceae,^[8]
Family:Oliniaceae,^[8]
Family:Onagraceae,^[8]
Family:Penaeaceae,^[8]
Family:Rhynchocalycaceae,^[8]

Nymphaeales

List of Nymphaeales of South Africa – Order:Nymphaeales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Cabombaceae,^[8]

GenusBrasenia
- Brasenia schreberiJ.F.Gmel. indigenous

Family:Nymphaeaceae,^[8]

GenusNymphaea
- Nymphaea lotusL. indigenous
- Nymphaea mexicanaZucc. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Nymphaea nouchaliBurm.f. indigenous
  - Nymphaea nouchaliBurm.f. var.caerulea(Savigny) Verdc. indigenous
  - Nymphaea nouchaliBurm.f. var.zanzibariensis(Casp.) Verdc. indigenous

Oxalidales

List of Oxalidales of South Africa– Order:Oxalidales,

Four families are represented:

Family:Connaraceae,^[8]
Family:Cunoniaceae,^[8]
Family:Elaeocarpaceae,^[8]
Family:Oxalidaceae,^[8]

Pandanales

List of Pandanales of South Africa– Order:Pandanales,

One family is represented:

Family:Velloziaceae,^[8]

Piperales

List of Piperales of South Africa – Order:Piperales,

Four families are represented:

Family:Aristolochiaceae,^[8]

GenusAristolochia
- Aristolochia elegansMast. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Family:Hydnoraceae,^[8]

GenusHydnora
- Hydnora abyssinicaA.Br. indigenous
- Hydnora africanaThunb. indigenous
- Hydnora johannisBecc. var.johannisaccepted asHydnora abyssinicaA.Br. present
- Hydnora tricepsDrege & E.Mey. indigenous
- Hydnora visseriBolin, E.Maass & Musselman, indigenous

Family:Piperaceae,^[8]

GenusPeperomia
- Peperomia blanda(Jacq.) Kunth, indigenous
  - Peperomia blanda(Jacq.) Kunth var.leptostachya(Hook. & Arn.) Dull, accepted asPeperomia blanda(Jacq.) Kunth, present
- Peperomia retusa(L.f.) A.Dietr. indigenous
  - Peperomia retusa(L.f.) A.Dietr. var.bachmannii(C.DC.) Dull, indigenous
  - Peperomia retusa(L.f.) A.Dietr. var.retusa,indigenous
- Peperomia rotundifolia(L.) Kunth, indigenous
- Peperomia tetraphylla(G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn. indigenous
GenusPiper
- Piper capenseL.f. var.capense,indigenous

Family:Saururaceae,^[8]

GenusHouttuynia
- Houttuynia cordataThunb. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Poales

List of Poales of South Africa– Order:Poales,

10 families are represented:

Family:Bromeliaceae,^[8]
Family:Cyperaceae,^[8]
Family:Eriocaulaceae,^[8]
Family:Flagellariaceae,^[8]
Family:Juncaceae,^[8]
Family:Poaceae,^[8]
Family:Restionaceae,^[8]
Family:Thurniaceae,^[8]
Family:Typhaceae,^[8]
Family:Xyridaceae,^[8]

Proteales

List of Proteales of South Africa– Order:Proteales,

Two families are represented:

Family:Platanaceae,^[8]
Family:Proteaceae,^[8]

Ranunculales

List of Ranunculales of South Africa– Order:Ranunculales,

Five families are represented:

Family:Berberidaceae,^[8]
Family:Fumariaceae,^[8]
Family:Menispermaceae,^[8]
Family:Papaveraceae,^[8]
Family:Ranunculaceae,^[8]

Rosales

List of Rosales of South Africa– Order:Rosales,

Six families are represented:

Family:Cannabaceae,^[8]
Family:Moraceae,^[8]
Family:Rhamnaceae,^[8]
Family:Rosaceae,^[8]
Family:Ulmaceae,^[8]
Family:Urticaceae,^[8]

Santalales

List of Santalales of South Africa– Order:Santalales,

Three families are represented:

Family:Loranthaceae,^[8]
Family:Olacaceae,^[8]
Family:Santalaceae,^[8]

Sapindales

List of Sapindales of South Africa– Order:Sapindales,

Eight families are represented:

Family:Anacardiaceae,^[8]
Family:Burseraceae,^[8]
Family:Kirkiaceae,^[8]
Family:Meliaceae,^[8]
Family:Peganaceae,^[8]
Family:Rutaceae,^[8]
Family:Sapindaceae,^[8]
Family:Simaroubaceae,^[8]

Saxifragales

List of Saxifragales of South Africa– Order:Saxifragales,

Four families are represented:

Family:Altingiaceae,^[8]
Family:Crassulaceae,^[8]
Family:Haloragaceae,^[8]
Family:Hamamelidaceae,^[8]

Solanales

List of Solanales of South Africa– Order:Solanales,

Four families are represented:

Family:Convolvulaceae,^[8]
Family:Montiniaceae,^[8]
Family:Solanaceae,^[8]
Family:Sphenocleaceae,^[8]

Vahliales

List of Vahliales of South Africa – Order:Vahliales,

One family is represented:

Family:Vahliaceae,^[8]

GenusVahlia
- Vahlia capensis(L.f.) Thunb. indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis(L.f.) Thunb. subsp.capensis,indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis(L.f.) Thunb. subsp.ellipticifoliaBridson, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis(L.f.) Thunb. subsp.vulgarisBridson var.latifolia,endemic
  - Vahlia capensis(L.f.) Thunb. subsp.vulgarisBridson var.linearis,indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis(L.f.) Thunb. subsp.vulgarisBridson var.longifolia,indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis(L.f.) Thunb. subsp.vulgarisBridson var.vulgaris,indigenous

Vitales

List of Vitales of South Africa– Order:Vitales,

One family is represented:

Family:Vitaceae,^[8]

Zingiberales

List of Zingiberales of South Africa – Order:Zingiberales,

Five families are represented:

Family:Cannaceae,^[8]

GenusCanna
- Canna edulisKer Gawl. accepted asCanna indicaL. not indigenous, naturalised
- Canna flaccidaSalisb. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Canna glaucaL. not indigenous, naturalised
- Canna indicaL. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Canna x generalisL.H.Bailey, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Family:Marantaceae,^[8]

GenusMaranta
- Maranta leuconeuraE.Morren, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised

Family:Musaceae,^[8]

GenusEnsete
- Ensete ventricosum(Welw.) Cheesman, indigenous

Family:Strelitziaceae,^[8]

GenusStrelitzia
- Strelitzia alba(L.f.) Skeels, endemic
- Strelitzia caudataR.A.Dyer, indigenous
- Strelitzia juncea(Ker Gawl.) Link, endemic
- Strelitzia nicolaiRegel & Korn. indigenous
- Strelitzia parvifoliaW.T.Aiton var.junceaKer Gawl. accepted asStrelitzia juncea(Ker Gawl.) Link, indigenous
- Strelitzia reginaeBanks, indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginaeBanks subsp.mzimvubuensisVan Jaarsv. indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginaeBanks subsp.reginae,indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginaeBanks var.juncea(Ker Gawl.) H.E.Moore Strelitziajuncea(Ker Gawl.) Link, indigenous

Family:Zingiberaceae,^[8]

GenusAlpinia
- Alpinia zerumbet(Pers.) B.L.Burtt &R.M.Sm.,not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
GenusHedychium
- Hedychium coccineumBuch.-Ham. ex Sm., not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium coronariumJ.Konig, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium flavescensRoscoe, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium gardnerianumKer Gawl., not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
GenusSiphonochilus
- Siphonochilus aethiopicus(Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Siphonochilus natalensis(Schltr. & K.Schum.) J.M.Wood & Franks, accepted asSiphonochilus aethiopicus(Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt, present

Zygophyllales

List of Zygophyllales of South Africa– Order:Zygophyllales,

One family is represented:

Family:Zygophyllaceae,^[8]

References

^Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach".Botanical Review.52(4): 321–431.doi:10.1007/bf02861082.S2CID 44844947.
^Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (August 2018)."Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales".Paleobiology.44(3): 490–510.doi:10.1017/pab.2018.23.ISSN 0094-8373.S2CID 91488394.
^Crepet, W. L. (2000)."Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably" perplexing phenomenon "".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.97(24): 12939–41.Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712939C.doi:10.1073/pnas.97.24.12939.PMC34068.PMID 11087846.
^Nam J.; et al. (2003)."Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants".Mol. Biol. Evol.20(9): 1435–1447.doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152.PMID 12777513.
^Soltis, D. E.; Bell, CD; Kim, S;Soltis, PS(June 2008)."The Year in Evolutionary Biology 2008".Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.1133(1): 3–25.CiteSeerX10.1.1.463.7533.doi:10.1196/annals.1438.005.PMID 18559813.S2CID 17688086.Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2009.
^Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019)."Total number of plant species by country".Mongabay.Retrieved21 July2019.
^"Vegetation of South Africa".PlantZAfrica.com.SA National Biodiversity Institute.Retrieved24 July2019.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd"species_checklist_20180710.csv".South African National Biodiversity Institute.Retrieved27 September2020.
^Mucina, L. (2018)."Classifying Subtropical Forests of South Africa: Data Sources and Methods".Vegetation Survey and Classification of Subtropical Forests of Southern Africa.Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. pp. 7–46.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67831-3_2.ISBN 978-3-319-67830-6.Nomenclature crosswalk between names used in Mucina et al. (2007) report and the current book. This crosswalk captures nomenclature changes during the period 2007–2017 in South African taxonomic literature. Current name = name in Mucina et al. (2007) Itea rhamnoides = Choristylis rhamnoides

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[PlantZAfrica-7] "Vegetation of South Africa".PlantZAfrica.com.SA National Biodiversity Institute.Retrieved24 July2019.

[Plants_2018-8] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd"species_checklist_20180710.csv".South African National Biodiversity Institute.Retrieved27 September2020.

[9] Mucina, L. (2018)."Classifying Subtropical Forests of South Africa: Data Sources and Methods".Vegetation Survey and Classification of Subtropical Forests of Southern Africa.Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. pp. 7–46.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67831-3_2.ISBN 978-3-319-67830-6.Nomenclature crosswalk between names used in Mucina et al. (2007) report and the current book. This crosswalk captures nomenclature changes during the period 2007–2017 in South African taxonomic literature. Current name = name in Mucina et al. (2007) Itea rhamnoides = Choristylis rhamnoides

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[9]

Listing

Acorales

Alismatales

Apiales

Aquifoliales

Arecales

Asparagales

Asterales

Boraginales

Brassicales

Bruniales

Buxales

Canellales

Caryophyllales

Celastrales

Ceratophyllales

Commelinales

Cornales

Crossosomatales

Cucurbitales

Dioscoreales

Dipsacales

Ericales

Escallionales

Fabales

Fagales

Gentianales

Geraniales

Gunnerales

Huerteales

Icacinales

Lamiales

Laurales

Liliales

Magnoliales

Malpighiales

Malvales

Myrtales

Nymphaeales

Oxalidales

Pandanales

Piperales

Poales

Proteales

Ranunculales

Rosales

Santalales

Sapindales

Saxifragales

Solanales

Vahliales

Vitales

Zingiberales

Zygophyllales

See also

References