List of chemical elements

118chemical elementshave beenidentifiedand named officially byIUPAC.A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type ofatomwhich has a specific number ofprotonsin itsatomic nucleus(i.e., a specificatomic number,orZ).

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is theperiodic table of the elements,whosehistoryalong the principles of theperiodic lawwas one of the founding developments of modernchemistry.It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviatedchemical symbolsin place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such asatomic weight,density,andelectronegativity.For more detailed information about the origins of element names, seeList of chemical element name etymologies.

List

List of chemical elements
Element			Origin of name	Group	Period	Block	Standard atomic weightAr°(E)	Density	Melting point	Boiling point	Specific heat capacity	Electro­negativity	Abundance in Earth's crust	Origin	Phase atr.t.
Atomic number Z	Symbol	Name					(Da)	(⁠g/cm3⁠)	(K)	(K)	(⁠J/g·K⁠)		(⁠mg/kg⁠)
1	H	Hydrogen	Greekrootshydro-+-gen,'water-forming'	1	1	s-block	1.0080	0.00008988	14.01	20.28	14.304	2.20	1400	primordial	gas
2	He	Helium	Greekhḗlios'sun'	18	1	s-block	4.0026	0.0001785	–	4.22	5.193	–	0.008	primordial	gas
3	Li	Lithium	Greeklíthos'stone'	1	2	s-block	6.94	0.534	453.69	1560	3.582	0.98	20	primordial	solid
4	Be	Beryllium	Beryl,mineral (ultimately afterBelur, Karnataka,India?)	2	2	s-block	9.0122	1.85	1560	2742	1.825	1.57	2.8	primordial	solid
5	B	Boron	Borax,mineral (fromArabicbawraq,Middle Persian*bōrag)	13	2	p-block	10.81	2.34	2349	4200	1.026	2.04	10	primordial	solid
6	C	Carbon	Latincarbo'coal'	14	2	p-block	12.011	2.267	>4000	4300	0.709	2.55	200	primordial	solid
7	N	Nitrogen	Greeknítron+-gen,'niter-forming'	15	2	p-block	14.007	0.0012506	63.15	77.36	1.04	3.04	19	primordial	gas
8	O	Oxygen	Greekoxy-+-gen,'acid-forming'	16	2	p-block	15.999	0.001429	54.36	90.20	0.918	3.44	461000	primordial	gas
9	F	Fluorine	Latinfluo'to flow'	17	2	p-block	18.998	0.001696	53.53	85.03	0.824	3.98	585	primordial	gas
10	Ne	Neon	Greeknéon'new'	18	2	p-block	20.180	0.0009002	24.56	27.07	1.03	–	0.005	primordial	gas
11	Na	Sodium	Coined byHumphry Davywho first isolated it, from Englishsoda(specificallycaustic soda), via Italian from Arabicṣudāʕ'headache' ·Symbol Na, fromNeo-Latinnatrium,coined from GermanNatron'natron'	1	3	s-block	22.990	0.968	370.87	1156	1.228	0.93	23600	primordial	solid
12	Mg	Magnesium	Magnesiaregion, easternThessaly,Greece	2	3	s-block	24.305	1.738	923	1363	1.023	1.31	23300	primordial	solid
13	Al	Aluminium	Alumina,from Latinalumen(gen.aluminis) 'bitter salt,alum'	13	3	p-block	26.982	2.70	933.47	2792	0.897	1.61	82300	primordial	solid
14	Si	Silicon	Latinsilex'flint' (originallysilicium)	14	3	p-block	28.085	2.3290	1687	3538	0.705	1.9	282000	primordial	solid
15	P	Phosphorus	Greekphōsphóros'light-bearing'	15	3	p-block	30.974	1.823	317.30	550	0.769	2.19	1050	primordial	solid
16	S	Sulfur	Latin	16	3	p-block	32.06	2.07	388.36	717.87	0.71	2.58	350	primordial	solid
17	Cl	Chlorine	Greekchlōrós'greenish yellow'	17	3	p-block	35.45	0.0032	171.6	239.11	0.479	3.16	145	primordial	gas
18	Ar	Argon	Greekargós'idle' (it isinert)	18	3	p-block	39.95	0.001784	83.80	87.30	0.52	–	3.5	primordial	gas
19	K	Potassium	Neo-Latinpotassa'potash', frompot+ash ·Symbol K, from Neo-Latinkalium,from German	1	4	s-block	39.098	0.89	336.53	1032	0.757	0.82	20900	primordial	solid
20	Ca	Calcium	Latincalx'lime'	2	4	s-block	40.078	1.55	1115	1757	0.647	1.00	41500	primordial	solid
21	Sc	Scandium	LatinScandia'Scandinavia'	3	4	d-block	44.956	2.985	1814	3109	0.568	1.36	22	primordial	solid
22	Ti	Titanium	Titans,children ofGaiaandOuranos	4	4	d-block	47.867	4.506	1941	3560	0.523	1.54	5650	primordial	solid
23	V	Vanadium	Vanadis,a name for Norse goddessFreyja	5	4	d-block	50.942	6.11	2183	3680	0.489	1.63	120	primordial	solid
24	Cr	Chromium	Greekchróma'color'	6	4	d-block	51.996	7.15	2180	2944	0.449	1.66	102	primordial	solid
25	Mn	Manganese	Corrupted frommagnesianegra;seemagnesium	7	4	d-block	54.938	7.21	1519	2334	0.479	1.55	950	primordial	solid
26	Fe	Iron	English, fromProto-Celtic*īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood' ·Symbol Fe, from Latinferrum	8	4	d-block	55.845	7.874	1811	3134	0.449	1.83	56300	primordial	solid
27	Co	Cobalt	GermanKobold,'goblin'	9	4	d-block	58.933	8.90	1768	3200	0.421	1.88	25	primordial	solid
28	Ni	Nickel	Nickel, a mischievousspritein German miner mythology	10	4	d-block	58.693	8.908	1728	3186	0.444	1.91	84	primordial	solid
29	Cu	Copper	English, from Latincuprum,afterCyprus	11	4	d-block	63.546	8.96	1357.77	2835	0.385	1.90	60	primordial	solid
30	Zn	Zinc	Most likely GermanZinke,'prong, tooth', but some suggestPersiansang'stone'	12	4	d-block	65.38	7.14	692.88	1180	0.388	1.65	70	primordial	solid
31	Ga	Gallium	LatinGallia'France'	13	4	p-block	69.723	5.91	302.9146	2673	0.371	1.81	19	primordial	solid
32	Ge	Germanium	LatinGermania'Germany'	14	4	p-block	72.630	5.323	1211.40	3106	0.32	2.01	1.5	primordial	solid
33	As	Arsenic	Middle English, fromMiddle Frencharsenic,from Greekarsenikón'yellow arsenic' (influenced byarsenikós'masculine, virile'), from aWest Asianwanderwordultimately fromOld Iranian*zarniya-ka'golden'	15	4	p-block	74.922	5.727	1090	887	0.329	2.18	1.8	primordial	solid
34	Se	Selenium	Greekselḗnē'moon'	16	4	p-block	78.971	4.81	453	958	0.321	2.55	0.05	primordial	solid
35	Br	Bromine	Greekbrômos'stench'	17	4	p-block	79.904	3.1028	265.8	332.0	0.474	2.96	2.4	primordial	liquid
36	Kr	Krypton	Greekkryptós'hidden'	18	4	p-block	83.798	0.003749	115.79	119.93	0.248	3.00	1×10−4	primordial	gas
37	Rb	Rubidium	Latinrubidus'deep red'	1	5	s-block	85.468	1.532	312.46	961	0.363	0.82	90	primordial	solid
38	Sr	Strontium	Strontian,a village inScotland,where it was found	2	5	s-block	87.62	2.64	1050	1655	0.301	0.95	370	primordial	solid
39	Y	Yttrium	Ytterby,Sweden,where it was found; seeterbium,erbium,ytterbium	3	5	d-block	88.906	4.472	1799	3609	0.298	1.22	33	primordial	solid
40	Zr	Zirconium	Zircon,mineral, fromPersianzargun'gold-hued'	4	5	d-block	91.224	6.52	2128	4682	0.278	1.33	165	primordial	solid
41	Nb	Niobium	Niobe,daughter of kingTantalusin Greek myth; seetantalum	5	5	d-block	92.906	8.57	2750	5017	0.265	1.6	20	primordial	solid
42	Mo	Molybdenum	Greekmolýbdaina'piece oflead', frommólybdos'lead', due to confusion with lead oregalena(PbS)	6	5	d-block	95.95	10.28	2896	4912	0.251	2.16	1.2	primordial	solid
43	Tc	Technetium	Greektekhnētós'artificial'	7	5	d-block	[97]	11	2430	4538	–	1.9	~ 3×10−9	from decay	solid
44	Ru	Ruthenium	Neo-LatinRuthenia'Russia'	8	5	d-block	101.07	12.45	2607	4423	0.238	2.2	0.001	primordial	solid
45	Rh	Rhodium	Greekrhodóeis'rose-colored', fromrhódon'rose'	9	5	d-block	102.91	12.41	2237	3968	0.243	2.28	0.001	primordial	solid
46	Pd	Palladium	Pallas,asteroid, then considered a planet	10	5	d-block	106.42	12.023	1828.05	3236	0.244	2.20	0.015	primordial	solid
47	Ag	Silver	English, from Proto-Germanic ·Symbol Ag, from Latinargentum	11	5	d-block	107.87	10.49	1234.93	2435	0.235	1.93	0.075	primordial	solid
48	Cd	Cadmium	Neo-Latincadmia'calamine', from KingCadmus,mythic founder of Thebes	12	5	d-block	112.41	8.65	594.22	1040	0.232	1.69	0.159	primordial	solid
49	In	Indium	Latinindicum'indigo', the blue color found in its spectrum	13	5	p-block	114.82	7.31	429.75	2345	0.233	1.78	0.25	primordial	solid
50	Sn	Tin	English, from Proto-Germanic ·Symbol Sn, from Latinstannum	14	5	p-block	118.71	7.265	505.08	2875	0.228	1.96	2.3	primordial	solid
51	Sb	Antimony	Latinantimonium,of unclear origin:folk etymologiessuggest Greekantí'against' +mónos'alone', orOld Frenchanti-moine'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabicʾiṯmid'antimony' ·Symbol Sb, from Latinstibium'stibnite'	15	5	p-block	121.76	6.697	903.78	1860	0.207	2.05	0.2	primordial	solid
52	Te	Tellurium	Latintellus'ground, earth'	16	5	p-block	127.60	6.24	722.66	1261	0.202	2.1	0.001	primordial	solid
53	I	Iodine	Frenchiode,from Greekioeidḗs'violet'	17	5	p-block	126.90	4.933	386.85	457.4	0.214	2.66	0.45	primordial	solid
54	Xe	Xenon	Greekxénon,neuter ofxénos'strange, foreign'	18	5	p-block	131.29	0.005894	161.4	165.03	0.158	2.60	3×10−5	primordial	gas
55	Cs	Caesium	Latincaesius'sky-blue'	1	6	s-block	132.91	1.93	301.59	944	0.242	0.79	3	primordial	solid
56	Ba	Barium	Greekbarýs'heavy'	2	6	s-block	137.33	3.51	1000	2170	0.204	0.89	425	primordial	solid
57	La	Lanthanum	Greeklanthánein'to lie hidden'	f-block groups	6	f-block	138.91	6.162	1193	3737	0.195	1.1	39	primordial	solid
58	Ce	Cerium	Ceres (dwarf planet),then considered a planet	f-block groups	6	f-block	140.12	6.770	1068	3716	0.192	1.12	66.5	primordial	solid
59	Pr	Praseodymium	Greekprásiosdídymos'green twin'	f-block groups	6	f-block	140.91	6.77	1208	3793	0.193	1.13	9.2	primordial	solid
60	Nd	Neodymium	Greeknéosdídymos'new twin'	f-block groups	6	f-block	144.24	7.01	1297	3347	0.19	1.14	41.5	primordial	solid
61	Pm	Promethium	Prometheus,aTitan	f-block groups	6	f-block	[145]	7.26	1315	3273	–	1.13	2×10−19	from decay	solid
62	Sm	Samarium	Samarskite,a mineral named afterV. Samarsky-Bykhovets,Russian mine official	f-block groups	6	f-block	150.36	7.52	1345	2067	0.197	1.17	7.05	primordial	solid
63	Eu	Europium	Europe	f-block groups	6	f-block	151.96	5.244	1099	1802	0.182	1.2	2	primordial	solid
64	Gd	Gadolinium	Gadolinite,a mineral named afterJohan Gadolin,Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist	f-block groups	6	f-block	157.25	7.90	1585	3546	0.236	1.2	6.2	primordial	solid
65	Tb	Terbium	Ytterby,Sweden, where it was found; seeyttrium,erbium,ytterbium	f-block groups	6	f-block	158.93	8.23	1629	3503	0.182	1.2	1.2	primordial	solid
66	Dy	Dysprosium	Greekdysprósitos'hard to get'	f-block groups	6	f-block	162.50	8.540	1680	2840	0.17	1.22	5.2	primordial	solid
67	Ho	Holmium	Neo-LatinHolmia'Stockholm'	f-block groups	6	f-block	164.93	8.79	1734	2993	0.165	1.23	1.3	primordial	solid
68	Er	Erbium	Ytterby,where it was found; seeyttrium,terbium,ytterbium	f-block groups	6	f-block	167.26	9.066	1802	3141	0.168	1.24	3.5	primordial	solid
69	Tm	Thulium	Thule,the ancient name for an unclear northern location	f-block groups	6	f-block	168.93	9.32	1818	2223	0.16	1.25	0.52	primordial	solid
70	Yb	Ytterbium	Ytterby,where it was found; seeyttrium,terbium,erbium	f-block groups	6	f-block	173.05	6.90	1097	1469	0.155	1.1	3.2	primordial	solid
71	Lu	Lutetium	LatinLutetia'Paris'	3	6	d-block	174.97	9.841	1925	3675	0.154	1.27	0.8	primordial	solid
72	Hf	Hafnium	Neo-LatinHafnia'Copenhagen' (fromDanishhavn,harbor)	4	6	d-block	178.49	13.31	2506	4876	0.144	1.3	3	primordial	solid
73	Ta	Tantalum	KingTantalus,father of Niobe in Greek myth; seeniobium	5	6	d-block	180.95	16.69	3290	5731	0.14	1.5	2	primordial	solid
74	W	Tungsten	Swedishtungsten'heavy stone' ·Symbol W, fromWolfram,fromMiddle High Germanwolf-rahm'wolf's foam' describing the mineralwolframite	6	6	d-block	183.84	19.25	3695	6203	0.132	2.36	1.3	primordial	solid
75	Re	Rhenium	LatinRhenus'Rhine'	7	6	d-block	186.21	21.02	3459	5869	0.137	1.9	7×10−4	primordial	solid
76	Os	Osmium	Greekosmḗ'smell'	8	6	d-block	190.23	22.59	3306	5285	0.13	2.2	0.002	primordial	solid
77	Ir	Iridium	Iris,Greek goddess of rainbow	9	6	d-block	192.22	22.56	2719	4701	0.131	2.20	0.001	primordial	solid
78	Pt	Platinum	Spanishplatina'little silver', fromplata'silver'	10	6	d-block	195.08	21.45	2041.4	4098	0.133	2.28	0.005	primordial	solid
79	Au	Gold	English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow' ·Symbol Au, from Latinaurum	11	6	d-block	196.97	19.3	1337.33	3129	0.129	2.54	0.004	primordial	solid
80	Hg	Mercury	Mercury,Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility ·Symbol Hg, from Latinhydrargyrum,from Greekhydrárgyros'water-silver'	12	6	d-block	200.59	13.534	234.43	629.88	0.14	2.00	0.085	primordial	liquid
81	Tl	Thallium	Greekthallós'green shoot / twig'	13	6	p-block	204.38	11.85	577	1746	0.129	1.62	0.85	primordial	solid
82	Pb	Lead	English, fromProto-Celtic*ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow' ·Symbol Pb, from Latinplumbum	14	6	p-block	207.2	11.34	600.61	2022	0.129	1.87(2+) 2.33 (4+)	14	primordial	solid
83	Bi	Bismuth	GermanWismut,via Latin and Arabic from Greekpsimúthion'white lead'	15	6	p-block	208.98	9.78	544.7	1837	0.122	2.02	0.009	primordial	solid
84	Po	Polonium	LatinPolonia'Poland', home country of discovererMarie Curie	16	6	p-block	[209]	9.196	527	1235	–	2.0	2×10−10	from decay	solid
85	At	Astatine	Greekástatos'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes	17	6	p-block	[210]	(8.91–8.95)	575	610	–	2.2	3×10−20	from decay	unknown phase
86	Rn	Radon	Radium emanation,originally the name of222Rn	18	6	p-block	[222]	0.00973	202	211.3	0.094	2.2	4×10−13	from decay	gas
87	Fr	Francium	France,home country of discovererMarguerite Perey	1	7	s-block	[223]	(2.48)	281	890	–	>0.79	~ 1×10−18	from decay	unknown phase
88	Ra	Radium	Coined in French by discovererMarie Curie,from Latinradius'ray'	2	7	s-block	[226]	5.5	973	2010	0.094	0.9	9×10−7	from decay	solid
89	Ac	Actinium	Greekaktís'ray'	f-block groups	7	f-block	[227]	10	1323	3471	0.12	1.1	5.5×10−10	from decay	solid
90	Th	Thorium	Thor,the Norse god of thunder	f-block groups	7	f-block	232.04	11.7	2115	5061	0.113	1.3	9.6	primordial	solid
91	Pa	Protactinium	English prefixproto-(from Greekprôtos'first, before') +actinium;protactinium decays into actinium.	f-block groups	7	f-block	231.04	15.37	1841	4300	–	1.5	1.4×10−6	from decay	solid
92	U	Uranium	Uranus,the seventh planet	f-block groups	7	f-block	238.03	19.1	1405.3	4404	0.116	1.38	2.7	primordial	solid
93	Np	Neptunium	Neptune,the eighth planet	f-block groups	7	f-block	[237]	20.45	917	4273	–	1.36	≤ 3×10−12	from decay	solid
94	Pu	Plutonium	Pluto,dwarf planet, then considered a planet	f-block groups	7	f-block	[244]	19.85	912.5	3501	–	1.28	≤ 3×10−11	from decay	solid
95	Am	Americium	Americas,where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with itshomologeuropium	f-block groups	7	f-block	[243]	12	1449	2880	–	1.13	–	synthetic	solid
96	Cm	Curium	PierreandMarie Curie,physicists and chemists	f-block groups	7	f-block	[247]	13.51	1613	3383	–	1.28	–	synthetic	solid
97	Bk	Berkelium	Berkeley, California,where it was first synthesized	f-block groups	7	f-block	[247]	14.78	1259	2900	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
98	Cf	Californium	California,where it was first synthesized inLBNL	f-block groups	7	f-block	[251]	15.1	1173	(1743)	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
99	Es	Einsteinium	Albert Einstein,German physicist	f-block groups	7	f-block	[252]	8.84	1133	(1269)	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
100	Fm	Fermium	Enrico Fermi,Italian physicist	f-block groups	7	f-block	[257]	(9.7)	(1125) (1800)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
101	Md	Mendelevium	Dmitri Mendeleev,Russian chemist who proposed theperiodic table	f-block groups	7	f-block	[258]	(10.3)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
102	No	Nobelium	Alfred Nobel,Swedish chemist and engineer	f-block groups	7	f-block	[259]	(9.9)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
103	Lr	Lawrencium	Ernest Lawrence,American physicist	3	7	d-block	[266]	(14.4)	(1900)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	Ernest Rutherford,chemist and physicist from New Zealand	4	7	d-block	[267]	(17)	(2400)	(5800)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
105	Db	Dubnium	Dubna,Russia, where it was discovered inJINR	5	7	d-block	[268]	(21.6)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
106	Sg	Seaborgium	Glenn Seaborg,American chemist	6	7	d-block	[267]	(23–24)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
107	Bh	Bohrium	Niels Bohr,Danish physicist	7	7	d-block	[270]	(26–27)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
108	Hs	Hassium	Neo-LatinHassia'Hesse', a state in Germany	8	7	d-block	[271]	(27–29)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
109	Mt	Meitnerium	Lise Meitner,Austrian physicist	9	7	d-block	[278]	(27–28)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	Darmstadt,Germany, where it was first synthesized in theGSIlabs	10	7	d-block	[281]	(26–27)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
111	Rg	Roentgenium	Wilhelm Röntgen,German physicist	11	7	d-block	[282]	(22–24)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
112	Cn	Copernicium	Nicolaus Copernicus,Polish astronomer	12	7	d-block	[285]	(14.0)	(283±11)	(340±10)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
113	Nh	Nihonium	JapaneseNihon'Japan', where it was first synthesized inRiken	13	7	p-block	[286]	(16)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
114	Fl	Flerovium	Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part ofJINR,where it was synthesized; itself named afterGeorgy Flyorov,Russian physicist	14	7	p-block	[289]	(11.4±0.3)	(284±50)	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
115	Mc	Moscovium	Moscow,Russia, where it was first synthesized inJINR	15	7	p-block	[290]	(13.5)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
116	Lv	Livermorium	Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryinLivermore, California	16	7	p-block	[293]	(12.9)	(700)	(1100)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
117	Ts	Tennessine	Tennessee,US, home toORNL	17	7	p-block	[294]	(7.1–7.3)	(700)	(883)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
118	Og	Oganesson	Yuri Oganessian,Russian physicist	18	7	p-block	[294]	(7)	(325±15)	(450±10)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase

See also

• List of people whose names are used in chemical element names
• List of places used in the names of chemical elements
• List of chemical element name etymologies
• Roles of chemical elements

External links

• Atoms made thinkable,an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared