List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves
Foreign exchange reserves,also calledForex reserves,in a strict sense, are foreign-currency deposits held by nationals andmonetary authorities.However, inpopularusage and in the list below, it also includesgold reserves,special drawing rights(SDRs) andIMFreserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.[1]
These foreign-currency deposits are thefinancial assetsof the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in differentreserve currencies(e.g., theU.S. dollar,theeuro,thepound sterling,theJapanese yen,theIndian rupee,and theSwiss franc) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g., the local currency issued and the variousbank reservesdepositedwith the Central bank by thegovernmentorfinancial institutions). Before the end of thegold standard,goldwas the preferred reserve currency.
List[edit]
- All the figures below are inU.S.$ equivalents as different countries report data in differentcurrencies.
- Theexchange rateof the currencies as well the asgoldprice of the reported date is considered while calculatingU.S.$ equivalents.
- Not all countries keepgoldas reserves to avoid physical storage costs & the risks associated with it, hence there are no values inexcluding goldcolumn.
- Sorting the data in desirable column would provide rankings.
| Countries | Forex Reserves Including Gold (data in millions US$) |
Date | Change / /
|
Forex Reserves Excluding Gold (data in millions US$) |
Date | Change//
|
Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 China |
3,582,000 | 1 Apr 2024 | 28,957 |
3,113,850 | 1 Apr 2024 | 4,15 |
[2] | |||
 Japan |
1,827,180 | 5 Apr 2024 | 9,122 |
1,230,377 | 5 Apr 2024 | 4,598 |
[3] | |||
 Switzerland |
795,438 | 28 Mar 2024 | 1,127 |
787,307 | 28 Mar 2024 | 198 |
[4] | |||
 India |
657,155 | 12 Jul 2024 | 5,158 |
599,723 | 12 Jul 2024 | 4,254 |
[5] | |||
 Russia |
572,380 | 21 Jun 2024 | 816 |
574,134 | 28 Jun 2024 | 106 |
[6] | |||
 Taiwan |
568,107 | 3 Apr 2024 | 132 |
563,720 | 3 Apr 2024 | 17 |
[7] | |||
 Saudi Arabia |
455,205 | 7 Apr 2024 | 23,642 |
454,772 | 7 Apr 2024 | 23,973 |
[8] | |||
 Hong Kong |
425,153 | 1 Apr 2024 | 2,126 |
425,126 | 1 Apr 2024 | 137 |
[9] | |||
 South Korea |
419,360 | 3 Apr 2024 | 3,580 |
419,360 | 3 Apr 2024 | |
[10] | |||
 Mexico |
364,192 | 20 Mar 2024 | 3425 |
291,108 | 20 Mar 2024 | 439 |
[11] | |||
 Singapore |
357,345 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4,465 |
347,083 | 1 Mar 2024 | 356 |
[12] | |||
 Brazil |
352,705 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,361 |
344,173 | 1 Mar 2024 | 361 |
[13] | |||
 Germany |
339,800 | 31 Mar 2024 | 19,247 |
100,135 | 31 Mar 2024 | 734 |
[14] | |||
 United States |
242,681 | 15 Mar 2024 | 1,422 |
231,640 | 15 Mar 2024 | 41 |
[15] | |||
 France |
240,677 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,400 |
120,745 | 1 Mar 2024 | 33 |
[16] | |||
 Thailand |
223,769 | 15 Mar 2024 | 1,391 |
218,308 | 15 Mar 2024 | 26 |
[17] | |||
 Israel |
208,109 | 30 Apr 2024 | 5,632 |
208,109 | 30 Apr 2024 | 5,632 |
[18] | |||
 Poland |
206,097 | 30 Apr 2024 | 3,600 |
179,055 | 30 Apr 2024 | 2,092 |
[19] | |||
 United Kingdom |
183,952 | 5 Mar 2024 | 26,610 |
163,520 | 5 Mar 2024 | 43 |
[20] | |||
 United Arab Emirates |
151,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,540 |
146,400 | 1 Mar 2024 | 34 |
[21] | |||
 Czech Republic |
144,996 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,007 |
144,996 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[22] | |||
 Indonesia |
149,915 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,515 |
149,915 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[23] | |||
 Turkey |
128,490 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,391 |
79,060 | 1 Mar 2024 | 129 |
[24] | |||
 Netherlands |
125,451 | 1 Mar 2024 | 212 |
125,451 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[25] | |||
 Canada |
116,251 | 1 Mar 2024 | 45 |
116,251 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[26] | |||
 Philippines |
104,482 | 1 May 2024 | 1,834 |
94,461 | 1 May 2024 | 2,069 |
[27] | |||
 Malaysia |
102,241 | 1 Mar 2024 | 10,659 |
99,652 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[28] | |||
 Iraq |
100,000 | 25 Mar 2024 | 15,000 |
100,000 | 25 Mar 2024 | |
[29] | |||
 Spain |
94,341 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5,485 |
94,341 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[30] | |||
 Vietnam |
93,342 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,241 |
93,342 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[31] | |||
 Belgium |
82,000 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14,200 |
67,200 | 1 Mar 2024 | 79 |
[32] | |||
 Denmark |
80,058 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,261 |
75,660 | 1 Mar 2024 | 126 |
[33] | |||
 Romania |
77,364 | 31 Mar 2024 | 7,498 |
69,866 | 31 Mar 2024 | 7,809 |
[34] | |||
 Peru |
73,483 | 1 Mar 2024 | 201 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [35] | |||
 Norway |
71,901 | 1 Mar 2024 | 330 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [36] | |||
 Libya |
70,524 | 1 Mar 2024 | 238 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [37] | |||
 Italy |
247,748 | 30 Apr 2024 | 8,882 |
77,727 | 30 Apr 2024 | 183 |
[38] | |||
 Algeria |
68,028 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,880 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [39] | |||
 Qatar |
64,560 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8,931 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [40] | |||
 Sweden |
59,568 | 23 Mar 2024 | 842 |
51,602 | 23 Mar 2024 | 147 |
[41] | |||
 Colombia |
57,269 | 8 Mar 2024 | 124 |
data not available | 8 Mar 2024 | data not available | [42] | |||
 Australia |
53,883 | 7 Mar 2024 | 604 |
45,816 | 7 Mar 2024 | 48 |
[43] | |||
 Portugal |
53,710 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7,800 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [44] | |||
 South Africa |
53,473 | 7 Mar 2024 | 504 |
45,293 | 7 Mar 2024 | 49 |
[45] | |||
 Kuwait |
46,420 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,112 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [46] | |||
 Chile |
42,527 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,373 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [47] | |||
 Ukraine |
40,507 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,212 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [48] | |||
 Hungary |
41,344 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4,749 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [49] | |||
 Bulgaria |
35,395 | 1 Mar 2024 | 692 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [50] | |||
 Egypt |
35,310 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,161 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [51] | |||
 Nigeria |
34,980 | 1 Mar 2024 | 465 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [52] | |||
 Austria |
34,856 | 1 Mar 2024 | 954 |
34,671 | 1 Mar 2024 | 187 |
[53] | |||
 Kazakhstan |
34,500 | 1 Mar 2024 | 938 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [54] | |||
 Uzbekistan |
32,195 | 1 Mar 2024 | 950 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [55] | |||
 Morocco |
32,037 | 1 Mar 2024 | 213 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [56] | |||
 New Zealand |
31,712 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,916 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [57] | |||
 Serbia |
30,255[58] | 1 Mar 2024 | 4.227 |
25.550 | 1 Jun 2024 | data not available | [59] | |||
 Bangladesh |
26.815 | 31 May 2024 | 2,700 |
data not available | 31 May 2024 | data not available | [60] | |||
 Iran |
24,300 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,641 |
23,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[61] | |||
 Macau |
24,283 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,566 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [62] | |||
 Guatemala |
21,390 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1300 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [63] | |||
 Argentina |
20,846 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,090 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [64] | |||
 Turkmenistan |
20,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | 45 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [65] | |||
 Cambodia |
18,496 | 1 Mar 2024 | 67 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [66] | |||
 Jordan |
18,765 | 1 Mar 2024 | 187 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [67] | |||
 Nepal |
18,400 | 11 Mar 2024 | 1,857 |
data not available | 11 Mar 2024 | data not available | [68] | |||
 Oman |
16,163 | 1 Mar 2024 | 548 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [69] | |||
 Uruguay |
15,449 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1.176 |
15,441 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 |
[70] | |||
 Lebanon |
14,738 | 1 Mar 2024 | 692 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [71] | |||
 Dominican Republic |
14,371 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,145 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [72] |  Pakistan |
14,315 | 1 May 20248,821
|
 Angola |
14,200 | 15 Mar 2024 | 40 |
data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | [73] | |||
 Costa Rica |
13,200 | 1 Mar 2024 | 320 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [74] | |||
 Ireland |
12,599 | 1 Mar 2024 | 130 |
11,874 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
[75] | |||
 Azerbaijan |
11,650 | 1 Mar 2024 | 142 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [76] | |||
 Ivory Coast |
9,800 | 1 Mar 2024 | 18 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [77] | |||
 Paraguay |
9,707 | 1 Mar 2024 | 805 |
9,168 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
[78] | |||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
8,711 | 1 Mar 2024 | 391 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [79] | |||
 Tunisia |
8,623 | 21 Mar 2024 | 539 |
data not available | 21 Mar 2024 | data not available | [80] | |||
 North Korea |
9,109 | 1 Mar 2024 | 73 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [81] | |||
| Pakistan |
8,895 | 21 Jun 2024 | 239 |
data not available | 21 Jun 2024 | data data not available | [82] | |||
 Finland |
7,995 | 1 Mar 2024 | 22 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [83] | |||
 Slovakia |
7,650 | 1 Mar 2024 | 441 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [84] | |||
 Honduras |
7,390 | 21 Mar 2024 | 580 |
data not available | 21 Mar 2024 | data not available | [85] | |||
 Tanzania |
7,022 | 22 Mar 2024 | 600 |
data not available | 22 Mar 2024 | data not available | [86] | |||
 Iceland |
6,847 | 15 Mar 2024 | 24 |
6,668 | 15 Mar 2024 | 9 |
[87] | |||
 Myanmar |
6,700 | 1 Mar 2024 | 800 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [88] | |||
 Moldova |
6,390 | 11 Mar 2024 | 600 |
data not available | 11 Mar 2024 | data not available | [89] | |||
 Afghanistan |
6,228 | 1 Mar 2024 | 60 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [90] | |||
 Panama |
6,143 | 1 Mar 2024 | 200 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [91] | |||
 Venezuela |
5,908 | 1 Mar 2024 | 776 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [92] | |||
 Trinidad and Tobago |
5,800 | 18 Mar 2024 | 44 |
data not available | 18 Mar 2024 | data not available | [93] | |||
 Sri Lanka |
5,642 | 31 Jun 2024 | 242 |
data not available | 31 Jun 2024 | data not available | [94] | |||
 Mauritius |
5,591 | 1 Mar 2024 | 196 |
5,497 | 1 Mar 2024 | 27 |
[95] | |||
 Bahrain |
5,500 | 25 Mar 2024 | 128 |
data not available | 25 Mar 2024 | data not available | [96] | |||
 Albania |
5,290 | 31 Apr 2024 | 200 |
5,290 | 31 Apr 2024 | 47 |
[97] | |||
 Georgia |
5,224 | 25 Mar 2024 | 90 |
data not available | 25 Mar 2024 | data not available | [98] | |||
 Mongolia |
5,120 | 20 Mar 2024 | 500 |
data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | [99] | |||
 Botswana |
5,080 | 1 Mar 2024 | 267 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [100] | |||
 Jamaica |
4,921 | 5 Mar 2024 | 300 |
data not available | 5 Mar 2024 | data not available | [101] | |||
 Lithuania |
4,900 | 1 Mar 2024 | 440 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [102] | |||
 Vatican City |
4,339 | 1 Mar 2024 | 950 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [103] | |||
 Armenia |
4,298 | 25 Mar 2024 | 600 |
data not available | 25 Mar 2024 | data not available | [104] | |||
 Nicaragua |
3,980 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,100 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [105] | |||
 Greece |
3,926 | 1 Mar 2024 | 107 |
3,869 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8 |
[106] | |||
 Latvia |
3,913 | 1 Mar 2024 | 13 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [107] | |||
 Uganda |
3,700 | 1 Mar 2024 | 259 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [108] | |||
 Andorra |
3,689 | 20 Mar 2024 | 11 |
data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | [109] | |||
 Brunei |
3,664 | 1 Mar 2024 | 107 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [110] | |||
 Cameroon |
3,459 | 1 Mar 2024 | 180 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [111] | |||
 Ethiopia |
3,430 | 1 Mar 2024 | 170 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [112] | |||
 Ghana |
3,368 | 1 Mar 2024 | 452 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [113] | |||
 Ecuador |
3,305 | 1 Mar 2024 | 747 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [114] | |||
 Belarus |
3,296 | 1 Mar 2024 | 146 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [115] | |||
 Kyrgyzstan |
2,976 | 1 Mar 2024 | 193 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [116] | |||
 Croatia |
2,935 | 1 Mar 2024 | 159 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [117] | |||
 Slovenia |
2,519 | 1 Mar 2024 | 062 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [118] | |||
 El Salvador |
2,510 | 1 Mar 2024 | 39 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [119] | |||
 Cuba |
2,500 | 15 Mar 2024 | 10,391 |
data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | [120] | |||
 Kenya |
2,490 | 5 Mar 2024 | 1,073 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [121] | |||
 Papua New Guinea |
2,339 | 1 Mar 2024 | 500 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [122] | |||
 Haiti |
2,296 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,256 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [123] | |||
 Estonia |
2,065 | 1 Mar 2024 | 145 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [124] | |||
 Namibia |
2,019 | 1 Mar 2024 | 25 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [125] | |||
 Bahamas |
1,758 | 1 Mar 2024 | 85 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [126] | |||
 Bolivia |
1,769 | 1 Mar 2024 | 471 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [127] | |||
 Madagascar |
1,620 | 19 Mar 2024 | 127 |
data not available | 19 Mar 2024 | data not available | [128] | |||
 Montenegro |
1,558 | 1 Mar 2024 | 26 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [129] | |||
 Mauritania |
1,493 | 1 Mar 2024 | 37 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [130] | |||
 Tajikistan |
1,482 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [131] | |||
 Rwanda |
1,458 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [132] | |||
 Zambia |
1,433 | 1 Mar 2024 | 16 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [133] | |||
 Guinea |
1,425 | 15 Mar 2024 | 33 |
data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | [134] | |||
 Gabon |
1,377 | 1 Mar 2024 | 90 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [135] | |||
 Cyprus |
1,271 | 1 Mar 2024 | 200 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [136] | |||
 Luxembourg |
1,119 | 5 Mar 2024 | 34 |
data not available | 5 Mar 2024 | data not available | [137] | |||
 Laos |
1,099 | 1 Mar 2024 | 23 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [138] | |||
 Curaçao |
1,080 | 20 Mar 2024 | 30 |
data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | [139] | |||
 Fiji |
1,065 | 5 Mar 2024 | 22 |
data not available | 5 Mar 2024 | data not available | [140] | |||
 Niger |
1,053 | 1 Mar 2024 | 24 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [141] | |||
 Aruba |
1,017 | 15 Mar 2024 | 30 |
data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | [142] | |||
 Bhutan |
972 | 10 Mar 2024 | 3 |
data not available | 10 Mar 2024 | data not available | [143] | |||
 Kosovo |
950 | 1 Mar 2024 | 15 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [144] | |||
 Malta |
937 | 20 Mar 2024 | 9 |
data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | [145] | |||
 Lesotho |
785 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [146] | |||
 Barbados |
770 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [147] | |||
 Cape Verde |
712 | 1 Mar 2024 | 25 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [148] | |||
 San Marino |
716 | 1 Mar 2024 | 243 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [149] | |||
 Gambia |
698 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [150] | |||
 Palestine |
671 | 1 Mar 2024 | 12 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [151] | |||
 Timor-Leste |
654 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [152] | |||
 Suriname |
647 | 8 Mar 2024 | 30 |
data not available | 8 Mar 2024 | data not available | [153] | |||
 Sierra Leone |
624 | 2 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 2 Mar 2024 | data not available | [154] | |||
 Mali |
604 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [155] | |||
 Maldives |
588 | 1 Mar 2024 | 180 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [156] | |||
 Guyana |
553 | 10 Mar 2024 | 20 |
data not available | 10 Mar 2024 | data not available | [157] | |||
 Solomon Islands |
551 | 8 Mar 2024 | 24 |
data not available | 8 Mar 2024 | data not available | [158] | |||
 Seychelles |
546 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [159] | |||
 Vanuatu |
509 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [160] | |||
 Democratic Republic of the Congo |
505 | 14 Mar 2024 | 160 |
data not available | 14 Mar 2024 | data not available | [161] | |||
 Djibouti |
504 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [162] | |||
 Malawi |
488 | 1 Mar 2024 | 17 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [163] | |||
 Eswatini |
467 | 1 Mar 2024 | 27 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [164] | |||
 Republic of the Congo |
443 | 1 Mar 2024 | 20 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [165] | |||
 Syria |
401 | 1 Mar 2024 | 16 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [166] | |||
 Federated States of Micronesia |
395 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [167] | |||
 Central African Republic |
375 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [168] | |||
 Saint Kitts and Nevis |
365 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [169] | |||
 Liberia |
342 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [170] | |||
 Guinea-Bissau |
329 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [171] | |||
 Antigua and Barbuda |
285 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [172] | |||
 Belize |
281 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [173] | |||
 Saint Lucia |
258 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [174] | |||
 Yemen |
250 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [175] | |||
 Grenada |
247 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [176] | |||
 Tonga |
226 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [177] | |||
 Togo |
208 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [178] | |||
 Comoros |
197 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [179] | |||
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
192 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [180] | |||
 Eritrea |
189 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [181] | |||
 Samoa |
188 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [182] | |||
 São Tomé and Príncipe |
186 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [183] | |||
 Sudan |
172 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [184] | |||
 Dominica |
168 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [185] | |||
 Senegal |
164 | 1 Mar 2024 | 12 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [186] | |||
 Zimbabwe |
159 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [187] | |||
 Chad |
143 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [188] | |||
 Burundi |
105 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [189] | |||
 South Sudan |
80 | 2 Mar 2024 | 7 |
data not available | 2 Mar 2024 | data not available | [190] | |||
 Benin |
69 | 1 Mar 2024 | 9 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [191] | |||
 Montserrat |
54 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [192] | |||
 Equatorial Guinea |
46 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [193] | |||
 Burkina Faso |
42 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [194] | |||
 Somalia |
37 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [195] | |||
 Kiribati |
8 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | [196] |
Timeline of the top 5 countries[edit]
The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billionUSDand higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includesChina,Japan,Switzerland,India,RussiaandTaiwan.Saudi Arabiaformerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil.[197]Here is the combined foreign reserves timeline forChina,Japan,Switzerland,India,Russia.[198]
- China- China has the largest reserve since last 14 years.[199][200]The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirdsUSDand one-fifthEuroswith the rest made up ofJapanese Yenand theBritish Pound.China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion. Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.
- Japan- Japanese has the second largest reserves in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. They have remained in second place since 2006 and above $1 trillion since 2008, being the second country to surpass $1 trillion.[201]
- Switzerland- Swiss has the third largest reserves in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled inSwiss francs.Since theFinancial crisis of 2007-2008,the Swiss franc has significantly appreciated against other currencies due to Switzerland's traditional perceived safety which has attracted speculative foreign capital; due to the inflows of investment income by Swiss firms, and due to the large surplus in the trade of goods. In order to protect the real economy from the sudden speculative appreciation of the currency, theSwiss National Bankbegan intervening in the currency markets, first with an explicit target of a maximum exchange rate against the euro of 1.20CHF/EUR until 2015,[202]and then through implicit interventions. However, the resilience of the export sector and the continued inflows of capital, has meant that the Swiss Franc has kept appreciating.[203]As a result of this, the SNB has been unable to dispose of its large accumulated foreign exchange reserves since their sale would lead to an even greater appreciation of the currency.
- India- India has the world's fourth largest reserves. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so.[204]During the1991 Indian economic crisiscountry only had $5 billion of reserves left which led tosubsequent economic liberalisation.[205]Since then the reserves have seen a 127 times increase over 30 years. In April 2024,Foreign-exchange reserves of Indiahit a fresh all-time high of $642.63 including 803.58 tons ofgold reserves.Out of which 403.7 tons ofgoldsis held withBank of EnglandandBank for International Settlements,and rest is held domestically. It is done to provide a sense of security and to ensure diversification of risk by spreading gold holdings across multiple location.[206]
- Russia- Russia has the world's fifth largest reserves; They have reached a level of $600 billion on 21 May 2021. They were the third country to reach $500 billion.[207]The first fall in reserves was due to theGreat Recession,the second fall in 2015 was due to falling oil prices.
Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves[edit]
IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).[208]Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.[209]
| Currency→ ↓Quarter |
 USD |
 EUR |
JPY |
GBP |
CAD |
RMB |
AUD |
 CHF |
Other Currencies |
Unallocated Reserves |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 2019 | 6,727.09 | 2,208.79 | 584.63 | 495.70 | 208.64 | 212.26 | 181.95 | 15.27 | 263.50 | 712.93 | 11,610.77 |
| Q2 2019 | 6,752.28 | 2,264.88 | 611.87 | 497.41 | 209.85 | 212.80 | 186.71 | 15.53 | 270.56 | 715.88 | 11,737.76 |
| Q3 2019 | 6,728.85 | 2,212.74 | 612.75 | 492.22 | 205.44 | 213.83 | 182.48 | 16.20 | 262.92 | 729.40 | 11,656.82 |
| Q4 2019 | 6,674.83 | 2,279.30 | 631.00 | 511.51 | 206.71 | 215.81 | 187.18 | 17.36 | 281.50 | 749.55 | 11,824.74 |
| Q1 2020 | 6,794.91 | 2,197.30 | 624.97 | 486.08 | 195.13 | 221.48 | 170.16 | 16.05 | 255.53 | 770.32 | 11,731.94 |
| Q2 2020 | 6,902.01 | 2,272.44 | 643.70 | 504.36 | 215.47 | 233.68 | 190.34 | 17.22 | 278.67 | 754.11 | 12,011.98 |
| Q3 2020 | 6,927.16 | 2,359.61 | 668.19 | 523.64 | 231.10 | 247.44 | 199.51 | 19.30 | 283.16 | 787.44 | 12,246.56 |
| Q4 2020 | 6,990.97 | 2,526.41 | 715.35 | 561.39 | 246.57 | 271.60 | 216.87 | 20.74 | 314.63 | 841.14 | 12,705.67 |
| Q1 2021 | 6,971.79 | 2,404.80 | 686.30 | 554.28 | 250.01 | 293.32 | 214.89 | 19.44 | 335.82 | 851.50 | 12,582.14 |
| Q2 2021 | 7,070.33 | 2,458.88 | 672.20 | 560.90 | 270.01 | 314.81 | 218.44 | 23.13 | 357.57 | 865.83 | 12,812.12 |
| Q3 2021 | 7,087.77 | 2,462.44 | 681.42 | 561.66 | 264.29 | 320.15 | 214.26 | 23.77 | 354.77 | 860.67 | 12,831.20 |
| Q4 2021 | 7,087.14 | 2,486.88 | 671.77 | 576.22 | 286.93 | 336.10 | 218.02 | 24.51 | 362.96 | 886.73 | 12,937.27 |
| Q1 2022 | 6,868.97 | 2,328.35 | 626.44 | 569.45 | 286.02 | 330.03 | 221.91 | 29.48 | 387.80 | 858.65 | 12,507.09 |
| Q2 2022 | 6,645.02 | 2,187.63 | 572.65 | 538.73 | 275.75 | 308.22 | 209.14 | 27.63 | 358.62 | 858.26 | 11,981.65 |
| Q3 2022 | 6,426.89 | 2,086.40 | 560.11 | 489.95 | 260.92 | 281.12 | 204.78 | 24.78 | 358.59 | 841.74 | 11,535.29 |
| Q4 2022 | 6,460.21 | 2,252.06 | 608.17 | 543.11 | 262.62 | 287.81 | 217.08 | 25.31 | 383.64 | 877.79 | 11,917.81 |
| Q1 2023 | 6,630.89 | 2,186.33 | 610.39 | 605.02 | 270.60 | 287.12 | 221.62 | 28.26 | 389.07 | 877.53 | 12,029.03 |
| Q2 2023 | 6,641.89 | 2,207.25 | 597.15 | 533.64 | 278.51 | 272.99 | 219.70 | 21.26 | 403.72 | 887.06 | 12,055.26 |
| Q3 2023 | 6,497.94 | 2,150.47 | 598.73 | 530.36 | 274.36 | 260.12 | 222.35 | 20.30 | 426.63 | 920.27 | 11,901.53 |
See also[edit]
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