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Blue cranes performing courtship display
Two sandhill cranes standing in water
Red-crowned cranes honking at sky
Two grey crowned cranes facing each other
Different species of crane. Clockwise from top left:blue cranes,sandhill cranes,grey crowned cranes,andred-crowned cranes

Cranesare tallwading birdsin thefamilyGruidae. Cranes are found on every continent except for South America and Antarctica and inhabit a variety of open habitats, although most species prefer to live near water.[1]They are large birds with long necks and legs, a tapering form, and longsecondary featherson the wing that project over the tail.[2]Most species have muted gray or white plumages, marked with black, and red bare patches on the face, but the crowned cranes of the genusBalearicahave vibrantly-coloured wings and golden "crowns" of feathers.[1]Cranes fly with their necks extended outwards instead of bent into an S-shape (differentiating them from the similar-lookingherons)[3]and their long legs outstretched. They also have musical, long-reaching calls and elaboratecourtship displays.[2]

Cranes are threatened byhabitat loss,intentional hunting, and thewildlife trade.[1]TheSiberian crane,with an estimated population of 3,500–4,000 mature individuals, is consideredcritically endangereddue to the construction of dams that threaten one of its main wintering grounds.[4]Two other species are consideredendangered,seven are consideredvulnerable,and one is considerednear-threatened.The species with the smallest estimated population is thewhooping crane,which is conservatively thought to number 50–249 mature individuals,[5]and the one with the largest is thesandhill crane,which has an estimated population of 450,000–550,000 mature individuals.[6]

There are currently 15 extant species of crane recognised by theInternational Ornithologists' Uniondistributed among four genera.[7]The cranes are most closely related to the familyAramidae,which contains a single extant species, thelimpkin.[1][8]These two families, together with thetrumpeters,rails,andfinfoots,comprise the orderGruiformes.[7]Many species of fossil cranes are known from theEoceneonwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[9]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EXExtinct(0 species)
EWExtinct in the wild(0 species)
CRCritically Endangered(1 species)
ENEndangered(2 species)
VUVulnerable(7 species)
NTNear threatened(1 species)
LCLeast concern(4 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species.Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the crane's range is provided. Ranges are based on theIOC World Bird Listfor that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows thetaxonomic treatment(designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[7]Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a]or the 2023 edition ofThe Clements Checklist of Birds of the World,the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

[edit]

TheInternational Ornithologists' Union(IOU) recognises 15 species of cranes in four genera.[7]This list does not includehybrid species,extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU. The cranes are divided into twosubfamilies,whichdivergedfrom each other around 31million years ago:Balearicinae,containing the genusBalearica,andGruinae,containing the generaLeucogeranus,Antigone,andGrus.Grusis sometimes further divided into three distinct genera, with thewattled cranebeing split out asBugeranusand theblueanddemoiselle cranesbeing split out asAnthropoides.[11]

Gruidae
Balearica

Grey crowned crane(B. regulorum)

Black crowned crane(B. pavonina)

Leucogeranus

Siberian crane(L. leucogeranus)

Antigone

Sandhill crane(A. canadensis)

White-naped crane(A. vipio)

Brolga(A. rubicunda)

Sarus crane(A. antigone)

Grus

Wattled crane(G. carunculatus)

Demoiselle crane(G. virgo)

Blue crane(G. paradisea)

Red-crowned crane(G. japonensis)

Whooping crane(G. americana)

Common crane(G. grus)

Black-necked crane(G. nigricollis)

Hooded crane(G. monacha)

Cladogram depicting relationships among the cranes, based on a 2021 study of genetic and behavioural data.[11]

Gruids

[edit]
GenusBalearica–Brisson,1760– 2 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Grey crowned crane

Grey crane with white wings, patterned face, and yellow crown

B. regulorum
(Bennett,1834)

Two subspecies
  • B. r. gibbericeps
  • B. r. regulorum
Eastern and southeastern Africa
Map of range 		EN


17,700–22,300Population decreasing[12]

Black crowned crane

Black crane with white wings, red face, and yellow crown

B. pavonina
Linnaeus,1758

Two subspecies
  • B. p. ceciliae
  • B. p. pavonina
Northern, central, and western Africa
Map of range 		VU


28,000–47,000Population decreasing[13]

GenusLeucogeranus–Bonaparte,1855– 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Siberian crane

White crane with dull red face

L. leucogeranus
(Pallas,1773) 		NorthwesternPalearcticand east-centralSiberia
Map of range 		CR


3,500–4,000Population decreasing[4]

GenusAntigone–Reichenbach,1853– 4 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Sandhill crane

Greyish-white crane with red forehead

A. canadensis
(Linnaeus,1758))

Five subspecies
  • A. c. canadensis
  • A. c. tabida
  • A. c. pratensis
  • A. c. pulla
  • A. c. nesiotes
North America
Map of range 		LC


450,000–550,000Population increasing[6]

White-naped crane

Greyish crane with white-and-black neck and red face

A. vipio
(Pallas,1811) 		Southeastern Siberia, northeastern Mongolia and northeastern China
Map of range 		VU


3,700–4,500Population decreasing[14]

Sarus crane

Grey crane with red face and white neck

A. antigone
(Linnaeus,1758)

Three subspecies
  • A. a. antigone
  • A. a. sharpii
  • A. a. gillae
Northern India, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia
Map of range 		VU


13,000–15,000Population decreasing[15]

Brolga

Grey crane with purplish-red face

A. rubicunda
(Perry,1810) 		Australia and south-central New Guinea
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation decreasing[16]

GenusGrus–Brisson,1760– 8 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Wattled crane

Grey-and-black crane with white neck and wattled red face

G. carunculata[b]
(Gmelin, J. F.,1789) 		Southern and eastern Africa
Map of range 		VU


6,000–6,300Population decreasing[18]

Blue crane

Greyish-blue crane with white forehead

G. paradisea[c]
(Lichtenstein, A. A. H.,1793) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		VU


17,000–30,000Population decreasing[19]

Demoiselle crane

Grey crane with black neck and red eyes

G. virgo[d]
(Linnaeus,1758) 		Asia and northwestern Africa
Map of range 		LC


230,000–261,000Population increasing[20]

Red-crowned crane

Black-and-white crane with red forehead

G. japonensis
(Müller, P. L. S.,1776) 		East Asia and Siberia
Map of range 		VU


2,000–2,650Population decreasing[21]

Whooping crane

White crane with black face and red top of head

G. americana
(Linnaeus,1758) 		North America
Map of range 		EN


50–249Population increasing[5]

Common crane

Grey crane with black, white, and red head

G. grus
(Linnaeus,1758) 		Afro-Eurasia
Map of range 		LC


491,000–503,000Population increasing[22]

Hooded crane

Greyish-black crane with white neck and dark face

G. monacha
Temminck,1835
Map of range 		VU


6,000–15,000Population increasing[23]

Black-necked crane

White crane with black neck and red forehead

G. nigricollis
Przevalski,1876 		India and China
Map of range 		NT


6,600–6,800Population stable[24]

Notes

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  1. ^The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by theHBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[10]
  2. ^The wattled crane is placed in the genusBugeranusby the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
  3. ^The blue crane is placed in the genusAnthropoidesby the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
  4. ^The Demoiselle crane is placed in the genusAnthropoidesby the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdWinkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.)."Cranes (Gruidae)".Birds of the World.Cornell Lab of Ornithology.doi:10.2173/bow.gruida1.01.Archivedfrom the original on 1 September 2023.Retrieved1 September2023.
  2. ^abGrimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2016).Birds of the Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives.London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27.ISBN978-1-4081-6265-1.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2023.Retrieved15 September2023.
  3. ^Armistead, George L.; Sullivan, Brian L. (2015).Better Birding.Princeton:Princeton University Press.p. 71.ISBN9781400874163.Herons usually fly with their necks retracted (coiled, unlike ibis, storks, and cranes) but occasionally extend their necks during shorter flights.
  4. ^abBirdLife International(2018)."Leucogeranus leucogeranus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22692053A134180990.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692053A134180990.en.Retrieved11 November2021.
  5. ^abBirdLife International(2020)."Grus americana".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T22692156A181242855.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692156A181242855.en.Retrieved13 November2021.
  6. ^abBirdLife International(2021)."Grus canadensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021:e.T22692078A188597759.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692078A188597759.en.Retrieved3 January2023.
  7. ^abcdGill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023)."Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin".IOC World Bird List.v 13.2.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2020.Retrieved31 August2023.
  8. ^Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.)."Limpkin (Aramidae)".Birds of the World.Cornell Lab of Ornithology.doi:10.2173/bow.aramid1.01.S2CID241328872.Archivedfrom the original on 1 September 2023.Retrieved1 September2023.
  9. ^"Fossilworks: Gruidae".Paleobiology Database.University of Wisconsin–Madison.Archivedfrom the original on 18 May 2022.Retrieved1 September2023.
  10. ^abcd"Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7".HBW and BirdLife International. 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2019.Retrieved1 July2023.
  11. ^abNováková, Nela; Robovský, Jan (2021)."Behaviour of cranes (family Gruidae) mirrors their phylogenetic relationships".Avian Research.12(1).doi:10.1186/s40657-021-00275-4.ISSN2053-7166.
  12. ^BirdLife International(2016)."Balearica regulorum".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22692046A93334893.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en.Retrieved19 November2021.
  13. ^BirdLife International(2016)."Balearica pavonina".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22692039A93334339.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692039A93334339.en.Retrieved18 November2021.
  14. ^BirdLife International(2018)."Grus vipio".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22692073A131927305.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692073A131927305.en.Retrieved20 February2022.
  15. ^BirdLife International(2016)."Grus antigone".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22692064A93335364.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692064A93335364.en.Retrieved20 February2022.
  16. ^BirdLife International(2016)."Grus rubicunda".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22692067A93335916.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692067A93335916.en.Retrieved20 February2022.
  17. ^abcClements, James F.;Rasmussen, P. C.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2023)."The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2023".Clements Checklist.Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2020.Retrieved30 October2023.
  18. ^BirdLife International(2018)."Bugeranus carunculatus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22692129A129880815.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en.Retrieved20 February2022.
  19. ^BirdLife International(2021)."Anthropoides paradiseus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021:e.T22692109A177514877.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692109A177514877.en.Retrieved20 February2022.
  20. ^BirdLife International(2018)."Anthropoides virgo".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22692081A131927771.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692081A131927771.en.Retrieved14 February2022.
  21. ^BirdLife International(2022)."Grus japonensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021:e.T22692167A213488064.Retrieved31 August2023.
  22. ^BirdLife International(2016)."Grus grus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22692146A86219168.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692146A86219168.en.Retrieved19 February2022.
  23. ^BirdLife International(2016)."Grus monacha".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22692151A93337861.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692151A93337861.en.Retrieved18 November2021.
  24. ^BirdLife International(2020)."Grus nigricollis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T22692162A180030167.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692162A180030167.en.Retrieved19 November2021.
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