List of firsts in aviation

This is a list of firsts inaviation.For a comprehensive list of women's records, seeWomen in aviation.

First person to fly[edit]

The first flight (including gliding) by a person is unknown. A number have been suggested:

In559 A.D.,several prisoners ofEmperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi,includingYuan HuangtouofYe,were said to have been forced to launch themselves with a kite from a tower, as an experiment. Only Yuan Huangtou survived, only to be executed later.^[1]
In the9th century,the AndalusianAbbas ibn Firnasattempted a short gliding flight with wings covered with feathers from the Tower of Cordoba but was injured while landing.^[2]
In theearly 11th century,Eilmer of Malmesbury,an English Benedictine monk, attempted a gliding flight using wings. He is recorded as travelling a modest distance before breaking his legs on landing.^[3]
In c.1509,the Italian alchemist and abbot ofTongland,John Damianis said to have made an attempt at human-powered flight off the walls ofStirling Castlein the Kingdom of Scotland, if a satirical account in two poems by the poetWilliam Dunbaris based on facts.^[4]
Between1630 and 1632,Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebiis said to haveglidedover theBosphorusstrait from theGalata Towerto theÜsküdardistrict inIstanbul.^[5]^[6]
In1633his brotherLagari Hasan Çelebimay have survived a flight on a 7-wingedrocketpowered bygunpowderfromSarayburnu,the point belowTopkapı PalaceinIstanbul.^[7]^[8]

None of these historical accounts are adequately supported by corroborating evidence nor have any been widely accepted. The first confirmed human flight was accomplished byJean-François Pilâtre de Rozierin a tetheredMontgolfier balloonin 1783.

Lighter than air (aerostats)[edit]

First animals to fly in a balloon:a sheep calledMontauciel,along with a duck and a rooster were sent on a balloon flight by theMontgolfier brotherson September 19, 1783^[9]^[10]
First manned flight:Étienne Montgolfierwent aloft in a tetheredMontgolfier hot air balloonon October 15, 1783.^[11]
First manned free flight in an untethered balloon:Jean-François Pilâtre de RozierandMarquis d'Arlandesflew in a Montgolfier hot air balloon from theChâteau de la Muetteto theButte-aux-Cailles,Paris, on November 21, 1783.^[12]^[13]
First mannedgas balloonflight:ProfessorJacques CharlesandNicolas-Louis Robertflew fromParistoNesles-la-Valléein a hydrogen-filled balloon on December 1, 1783.^[14]
First women to fly:The Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and Miss de Lagarde ascended in a tethered balloon over Paris, on May 20, 1784.^[15]
First woman in free flight in an untethered balloon:Élisabeth Thibleflew overLyonsinging arias on June 4, 1784, in order to entertainGustav III of Sweden.^[16]
First flight in a steerable balloon (orairship):On July 15, 1784, theRobert brothers(Les Frères Robert) flew for 45 minutes fromSaint-CloudtoMeudonwith M. Collin-Hullin andLouis Philippe II,the Duke of Chartres, in an elongated balloon designed byJacques Charles,followingJean Baptiste Meusnier's suggestions (1783–85), but the oars did not work.^[14]
First flight across theEnglish Channel:was made byJean-Pierre BlanchardandJohn Jeffriesin a balloon on January 7, 1785.^[17]
First aviation disaster:Occurred inTullamore,County Offaly,Ireland, when a hot air balloon caused a fire that burned down about 100 houses on May 10, 1785.^[18]
First known fatalities in an air crash:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozierand Pierre Romain died when theirRozière balloondeflated and crashed nearWimereuxinPas-de-Calais,on June 15, 1785.^[19]
First jump from a balloon with a parachute:Jean-Pierre Blanchardused a parachute in 1793 to escape his hot air balloon when it ruptured.^{[citation needed]}
First successful jump from a balloon with a parachute:Andre Jacques Garnerinin Paris in 1797.^[20]
First balloon ascent on horseback.Pierre Testu-Brissyascended fromBelleville Parkin Paris.^[21]
First woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute:Jeanne Geneviève Labrossejumped from an altitude of 3,000 ft (900 m) on October 12, 1799.^{[citation needed]}
First woman to pilot her own balloon:Sophie Blanchardflew solo from the garden of the Cloister of the Jacobins inToulouseon August 18, 1805.^{[citation needed]}
First woman to be killed in an aviation accident:Sophie Blanchardwas killed when her hydrogen balloon ignited on July 6, 1819.^[22]

First successful steerable powered balloon:TheGiffard dirigiblewas developed and flown byHenri Giffard,from theParisHippodrome toTrappeson September 24, 1852.^[23]
First balloon mail service:passed vital information over Prussian lines during the 1870–71Siege of Paris.^[24]
First flight in an airship powered by aninternal combustion engine:was made byAlberto Santos Dumontin 1898.^[25]
First flight of a rigid airship:was made by theZeppelin LZ 1fromLake Constance (theBodensee)on July 2, 1900.
First woman to pilot a powered aircraft:Rose Isabel Spencer,inStanley Spencer's Airship Number 1, atCrystal Palace, Londonon July 14, 1902.^[26]^[27]
First trans-Atlantic rigid airship flight:was made by theR34fromRAF East FortunetoMineola, New Yorkfrom July 2 to July 6, 1919.^[28]^[29]

First helium-filled rigid airship to fly:was theUSSShenandoahon August 20, 1923, although it did not make a powered flight until September 24, 1923.^[30]
First people to reach thestratosphere:wereAuguste Piccardand Paul Kipfer, who ascended to the height of 51,000 ft (15,500 m) in ahydrogen balloonon May 27, 1931.^[31]
First crossing of the Atlantic by balloon:was made byBen Abruzzo,Maxie Anderson,andLarry Newmanin the helium-filledDouble Eagle II,on August 17, 1978.
First non-stop balloon crossing of North America:Maxieand Kris Anderson in the helium-filledKitty Hawk,on May 12, 1980.^[32]
First trans-Pacific crossing by balloon:Ben Abruzzo,Larry Newman,Ron Clark andRocky Aoki,in gas-filledDouble Eagle V,in November 1981.
First balloon flight on another planet:was conducted by theSoviet Vega 1 Balloonin the skies aboveVenusbetween June 11, 1985 and June 13, 1985.^[33]This was also the first human flight of any kind in another planet's atmosphere.
First non-stop balloon circumnavigation of the Earth:was made byBertrand PiccardandBrian Joneswho flew fromChâteau d'Oex,Switzerland, to Egypt, onBreitling Orbiter 3,between March 1 and March 21, 1999, in 19 days, 21 hours and 47 minutes.^[34]
First solo non-stop balloon flight around the Earth:Steve Fossett,in theSpirit of Freedom,circumnavigated the globe between June 19 and July 3, 2002.^[35]

Heavier than air (aerodynes)[edit]

Pioneer era1853–1914[edit]

First manned glider flight:was made by an unnamed boy in an uncontrolled glider launched byGeorge Cayleyin 1853.^[36]^[37]
First confirmed manned powered flight:was made byClément Aderin an uncontrolled monoplane of his own design, in 1890.
First controlled manned glider flight:was made byOtto Lilienthalin a glider of his own design, in 1891.^[38]

First controlled, sustained flight in a powered airplane:was made byOrville Wrightin theWright Flyeron December 17, 1903, covering 37 m (120 ft).^[39]
First circular flight by a powered airplane:was made by Wilbur Wright who flew 1,240 m (4,080 ft) in about a minute and a half on September 20, 1904.^[40]
First aircraft to fly usingaileronsfor lateral control:wasRobert Esnault-Pelterie's October 1904 glider, although ailerons were only named that in 1908 byHenry Farman.^[41]
First flight of an aircraft withpneumatic tires:wasTraian Vuia's March 18, 1906 flight with hisVuia 1,travelling at a height of about3+1⁄3ft (1 m) for about 12 m (39 ft).^[42]
First heavier-than-air unaided takeoff and flight of more than 25 m (82 ft) in Europe:was made byAlberto Santos-Dumont,flew a distance of 60 m (200 ft) in his14-bisto win theArchdeacon Prizeon October 23, 1906.^[43]
First flight certified byFédération Aéronautique Internationale(FAI):was made byAlberto Santos Dumont,when he flew his14-bis,without liftoff aid, over a distance of 220 m (720 ft) in the presence of official observers from the newly founded FAI on November 12, 1906.^[44]
First airplane passenger:wasLéon Delagrange,with pilotHenri Farman,on March 29, 1908.^[45]
First use of the modernaircraft flight control system:was in theBlériot VIII,which took to the air withRobert Esnault-Pelterie's control layout, using ajoystickforpitchandrollcontrol, and a foot-bar forlateralcontrol, in April 1908.^[46]^[47]
First person to die in a crash of a powered airplane:wasThomas Etholen Selfridge,a passenger on an aircraft flown by Orville Wright which crashed on September 17, 1908.^[48]Wright was badly injured, and was hospitalised for seven weeks.
First return flight between two towns:was made byLouis Blériot,who flew fromTourytoArtenay,and back on October 30, 1908, for a total distance of 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km).^[49]
First official pilot's licence:was licence number 1, which was issued toLouis Blériotby the Aéro Club de France on January 7, 1909.^[50]

First aircraft to fly with arotary engine:was aFarman IIIbiplane, in April 1909.^[51]
Firstditchingof an airplane:was made byHubert Latham,while attempting to complete the first powered flight across theEnglish Channelin anAntoinette IVmonoplane, but experienced an engine failure on July 19, 1909.^[52]
First airplane flight across theEnglish Channel:was completed byLouis Blériotin aBlériot XIon July 25, 1909,^[53]to win a £1,000Daily Mailprize.^[54]
First animal to fly on an airplane:happened whenJohn Moore-Brabazon,in theShort Biplane No. 2(not a Voisin as sometimes reported) took a pig later namedIcarus IIaloft on November 4, 1909, as a joke to prove the adage thatpigs could fly.^[55]^[56]
First flight in Latin America:Dimitri Sensaud de Lavaud,flies aSão Paulo Airplaneconstructed with help of his assistant Lourenço Pellegatti, he flew a distance of 105 m (344 ft) inOsasco-Brazil, on January 7, 1910.^[57]
First flight in complete darkness:Henry Farman,flies aFarman biplanewithout the benefit of moonlight, on March 1, 1910.^[58]
First woman to earn a pilot license:wasRaymonde de Laroche,on March 8, 1910.^[59]^[60]
First flight in Asia:was made byGiacomo D'Angelis,in a biplane built by D'Angelis entirely from his own designs, experimenting with a small horse-power engine, on March 29, 1910 inChennai,India (formerly known as Madras).
First documented and witnessedseaplaneflight under power from water's surface:was made byHenri Fabre,in theFabre HydravionLe Canard(the duck), on March 28, 1910.^[61]
First aircraft flight simulator:was built byaircraft manufacturer Antoinetteto teach pupils to fly their monoplanes on May 7, 1910.^[62]
First Chief of State to fly on an airplane:wasFerdinand I of Bulgaria,as a passenger in aFarman IIIbiplane flown byJules de Laminneduring a visit inBelgiumon July 15, 1910.^[63]
First airborne radio communications:were made byFrederick Walker BaldwinandDouglas McCurdywith a morse radio message from aCurtissbiplane while in flight, which was received by a nearby ground station on August 27, 1910.^[64]They were also responsible for the first radio message received by an aircraft in flight, on March 6, 1911.^[65]

First flight across thePennine Alps:was byPeruvianaviatorJorge Chávezin aBlériot XIon 23 September 1910, fromRied-BrigtoDomodossola,during which he reached an altitude of 6,600 ft (2,000 m).^[66]
Firstmid-air collisionbetween two airplanes:happened when anAntoinette IV,flown byRené Thomas,rammedBertram Dickson'sFarman IIIbiplane on October 1, 1910.^[67]^[68]
First shipboard take-off and landing by an airplane:was made byEugene Burton Ely,in aCurtiss Model D pusher,from a temporary platform aboardlight cruiser USSBirminghamon November 14, 1910.^[69]Ely was also the first to land an airplane on a ship, touching down on a temporary platform aboardarmored cruiser USSPennsylvaniaon January 11, 1911.^[70]
The first non-stop flight fromLondontoParis:Pierre Prierflew a Blériot XI on April 12, 1911 fromLondontoParisin 3 hours and 56 minutes.^[71]
First woman to die in a crash of a powered airplane:wasDenise Moore,who fell from a Farman III, on July 21, 1911.^[72]
First known spin recovery:was made byF. P. Raynhamin anAvro Type Dbiplane on September 21, 1911.^[73]
First flight across theContinental Divide of the Americas(theRocky Mountains):was made byCromwell Dixonin aCurtiss pusheron September 30, 1911, reaching an altitude of 7,100 ft (2,200 m).^[74]

Firstordnancedropped from an airplane:LieutenantGiulio Gavottidroppedgrenadesfrom hisEtrich Taubeairplane onOttomantroops inLibyaon November 1, 1911.^[75]
First transcontinental flight across North America:Calbraith Perry Rodgersflew theVin FizWright Model EX biplane through a seventy-plus-stop trek across the United States fromSheepshead Bay,New York toLong Beach, Californiafrom September 17 to December 10, 1911.^[76]
Firstparachutejump from an airplane:was made byGrant Mortonfrom aWright Model BoverVenice, California,in 1911.^[77]^[78]However credit is generally given toAlbert Berry,who jumped from aBenoistbiplane overJefferson Barracks,Missouri, on March 1, 1912.^[79]^[77]
First night mission:was made by LieutenantGiulio Gavottiduring the campaign against the Ottoman Empire on March 4, 1912.^[80]
First woman to fly across the English Channel:wasHarriet Quimby,who flew fromDovertoHardelot-Plageon April 16, 1912.^[81]
First airplane flight across theIrish Sea:was made byDenys Corbett Wilsontook 100 minutes to fly aBlériot XIfromGoodwickin Wales toEnniscorthyin Ireland, on April 22, 1912.^[82]
First take-off by an airplane from a moving ship:CommanderCharles R. Samsontook off from a platform aboard thebattleship HMSHiberniain aShort Improved S.27No. 38, on May 9, 1912.^[83]
First flight of an all-metal aircraft:TheReissner Canard,designed by ProfessorHans Reissner(with engineering help fromHugo Junkers), whose structure and skin were both all metal, was first flown on May 23, 1912 by Robert Gsell.^[84]^[85]
Firstnational identificationmarkings used on aircraft:was in France following instructions from theInspection Permante de l'Aeronautiqueto paint roundels with an outer diameter of 1 m (3.3 ft) in red, with a white ring of 70 cm (28 in) and an inner blue dot of 40 cm (16 in) on July 26, 1912.^[86]Proportions and diameter would later be adjusted. Both Germany and the UK issued orders for national markings only when they mobilized in 1914, for theFirst World War.^[86]
First observed spin recovery:was made byWilfred Parkein anAvro Type Gon August 25, 1912.^[87]
First aircraft to be captured:was that of Captain Moizo of theItalian Servizio Aeronautico,on September 10, 1912 during theItalo-Turkish War,but sources disagree on whether he was shot down, or had mechanical problems.^[88]^[89]

First use of a flight data recorder:Invented byGeorge M. Dyottand used in the 1913Dyott monoplane.It used three pointers to record movements of the control surfaces on a strip of paper run between two rollers.^[90]
First four-engine aircraft to fly:The RussianRusso-Baltic Wagon WorksБольшой Балтийский(Bolshoi Baltiskiy– Great Baltic),developed byIgor Sikorsky;took to the air on May 10, 1913 after having two additional engines installed inpusher configuration,in tandem behind the pair of installed engines; when the original pair were found to leave it underpowered.^[91]
First bombing attack against a surface ship:Didier Massonand Captain Joaquín Bauche Alcalde droppeddynamite bombson Federalist gunboats atGuaymas,Mexico, on May 10, 1913 while flying forMexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza.^[92]
Firstpropagandaleaflet flight:Didier Massondistributed propaganda leaflets from the air for the Mexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza, post May 10, 1913.^[92]

First flight across theAlps:was bySwissaviatorOskar Biderin aBlériot XIon 13 July 1910, fromBerntoDomodossolaandMilanduring which he reached an altitude of 11,500 ft (3,500 m).
Firstloop:Pyotr Nesterovlooped aNieuport IV,on September 9, 1913.^[93]
First flight across theMediterranean:Roland Garrosflew aMorane-Saulnier Gfrom the South of France toTunisia,on September 23, 1913.^[94]
First aircraft to exceed 100 mph (87 kn; 160 km/h) in level flight:Maurice Prévostflew aDeperdussin Monocoquein the 1913 Gordon Bennett Trophy race averaging over 100 mph during a lap on September 28, 1913.^[95]
Firstdogfight:Dean Ivan Lambflying aCurtiss pusherand Phil Rader in aChristoffersonbiplane traded pistol shots while airborne, overNacoduring theMexican revolution,November or December 1913.^[96]
First scheduled commercial airplane flight:Tony Jannusflew aBenoist XIVbiplane flying-boat of theSt. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat LinefromSt. PetersburgtoTampain 23 minutes on January 1, 1914 with a paying passenger. This service ran until May 5, 1914.^[97]
First piloted flight indoors:Lincoln Beacheyflew inside the Palace of Machinery intended for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, inSan Francisco,California on either February 16 or 17, 1914.^[98]
First flight across theNorth Sea:On July 30, 1914,Tryggve Granflew the 280 nmi (320 mi; 520 km) fromCruden Bayin Scotland toJærenin Norway in 4 hours and 10 minutes.^[99]

Practical flight 1914–1938[edit]

First aircraft downed by ground fire:On August 20, 1914 during theBattle of Cer,an Austro-HungarianLohner B.Iof Fliegerkompagnie 13 was damaged byRoyal Serbian Armysmall arms fire nearLešnica.The pilot escaped and the Serbs failed to repair his aircraft.^{[citation needed]}
First aircraft intentionally downed by another aircraft:Pyotr Nesterovrammed an AustrianAlbatros B.IIof FLIK 11 with hisMorane-Saulnier Gon September 7, 1914 following previous attempts using a grappling hook. Both aircraft were destroyed and all were killed.^[100]
First aircraft to shoot down another aircraft:A FrenchVoisin III,piloted by Sergeant Joseph Frantz, and Corporal Louis Quénault as passenger, engaged a GermanAviatik B.IInearRheimson October 5, 1914. After expending his machine-gun ammunition, Quénault shot the German pilot (Wilhelm Schlichting) with his rifle, causing the Aviatik to crash.^[101]
First female military pilot:Eugenie Mikhailovna Shakhovskayawas a reconnaissance pilot in theImperial Russian Air Service,having been ordered to active service on November 19, 1914.^[102]
First aircraft operated from a submarine:was aFriedrichshafen FF.29 floatplaneflown byFriedrich von Arnauld de la Perièrefrom theU-boat SM U-12 (Germany)on January 6, 1915, when the aircraft was unlashed from the U-boat, which submerged out from under it.^[103]
First aerial victory for a fighter aircraft armed with a fixed forward-firing machine gun:Roland Garros,while withEscadrille 23of theAéronautique Militaireworked withRaymond Saulnieron a synchronized machine gun, however when that failed, they attached steel wedges to the propeller blades, and he proceeded to down three German aircraft in March 1915 before his engine failed behind enemy lines.^[104]

First aerial victory for a fighter aircraft armed with a forward-firing synchronized machine gun:LeutnantKurt WintgensofFeldflieger Abteilung6b of theGerman Army'sFliegertruppeair arm, flying aFokker M.5K/MGEindecker,downed a FrenchMorane-Saulnier LnearLunéville,France, on July 1, 1915.^[105]^[106]
First female combatfighter pilot:Marie Marvingtflew combat missions for France in 1915.^[107]^[108]
First sinking of a ship with anaerial torpedo:Charles Edmondsin aShort 184torpedoed and sank an abandoned Turkish supply ship in theSea of Marmaraon August 12, 1915.^[109]^[110]
First downing of a military aircraft withartilleryfire:Serbian ArmyprivateRadoje Ljutovachit anAustro-Hungarianaircraft on September 30, 1915 during a bombing raid onKragujevac.^[111]^[112]
Firstcombat search and rescueby airplane:Richard Bell Davieslanded hisNieuport 10to rescue another pilot who had been shot down inBulgariaon November 19, 1915.^[113]
First medical evacuation (medevac) by air:Louis Paulhanevacuated the seriously illMilan Stefanikfrom the Serbian front in 1915.^[114]

First black military pilot:Ahmet Ali Çeliktena.k.a.ArapAhmet Ali was the first black military pilot, served inOttoman Aviation Squadronsfrom 1914 or 1915.^[115]^[116]^[117]
First flight of aparasite or composite airplane:AFelixstowe Porte Babycarried aloft and then launched aBristol Scoutwhile in flight on May 17, 1916.^[118]
First air-to-air rocket attack to down an aircraft:Eight aces includingNungesserdowned sixobservation balloonson May 22, 1916 while flyingNieuport 16sarmed withLe Prieur rockets,blinding the German Army for a French counter-attack onFort Douaumont.^[119]
First air-to-ground rocket attack:A roving Nieuport 16 equipped with Le Prieur rockets found a largeammunition dump,on June 29, 1916 and blew it up.^[120]
Firstsubmarinesunk by aircraft:HMS B10was sunk byLohner Laircraft of theKaiserliche und Königliche Seeflugwesen(Austrian Naval Air Service) while tied up atVeniceon August 9, 1916.^[121]
First flight across theCarpathians:was made by Lieutenant Ioan Peneș, who flew aFarman MF.7of theRomanian Air CorpsfromBăicoitoSăceleon September 1, 1916.^[122]^[123]^[124]
First submarine sunk while underway by aircraft:French submarine Foucaultwas bombed by two Austro-HungarianLohner Lseaplanes while offCattaroon September 15, 1916, which resulted in Foucault being forced to surface and her crew to abandon ship.^[125]
First authenticated membership in the "Mile-high club":by pilot/engineerLawrence Sperryand pilot/socialiteDorothy Rice Simsin herCurtiss Model F flying boat,which was equipped with anautopilotnearNew Yorkon November 21, 1916, however Sperry bumped the autopilot, and a botched landing resulted in both of them being discovered unclothed.^[126]^[127]
First unmanned (drone) aircraft to respond to control from the ground (RPV):TheAerial Targeton 21 March 1917^[128]
First landing by an airplane on a moving ship:Squadron CommanderEdwin Dunninglanded aSopwith PuponHMSFuriouson August 2, 1917.^[129]
First unmanned drone boats controlled from aircraft. Trials by the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force at Dover:TheDistantly Controlled Boatsover 3 days 28 - 31 May 1918^[130]
First flight by an all-metal aircraft with astressed skin monocoqueprimary structure:by theZeppelin-Lindau (Dornier) D.Icantilever biplane on June 4, 1918. It would also be the first such aircraft to enter production.^[131]^[132]
First flight by an airplane across theAndes:Luis Candelariaflew fromZapala,Argentina, toCunco,Chile, in aMorane-Saulnier Type L parasol monoplaneon April 13, 1918, reaching an altitude of 13,000 ft (4,000 m).^[133]
First attack by aircraft launched from anaircraft carrier:Sopwith Camelsflown fromHMSFuriousfor theTondern raidon July 19, 1918 destroyedZeppelins L 54 and L 60.^[134]
First flight across the Andes above highest peaks:TenienteDagoberto Godoycrossed from Chile to Argentina in aBristol M.1C, on December 12, 1918, reaching an altitude of 20,700 ft (6,300 m), without oxygen.
Firsttransatlanticflight:Albert Cushing Readwith a crew of five in a US NavyCurtiss NC flying boat,theNC-4,flew fromNew York CitytoPlymouth, EnglandviaNewfoundland,theAzores,and Portugal from May 8–31, 1919, stopping 23 times.^[135]

First non–stop transatlantic flight:John Alcock and Arthur Brownflew aVickers VimyfromSt. John's, Newfoundland,toClifden,Ireland, on June 14–15, 1919.^[136]
First transatlantic stowaways:William Ballantyne and histabby cat,Wopsie, aboard theR34 airshipfor a flight from the UK toMineola, New Yorkfrom July 2 to 6, 1919. Wopsy and two homing pigeons were the first animals to fly the Atlantic, with Wopsie being the first quadruped known to have flown across a major body of water.^[137]^[138]
FirstEngland to Australia flight:brothersKeithandRoss Macpherson Smith,with mechanics Sergeant Wallace H. Shiers and James M. Bennett, flew fromHounslow Heath AerodrometoDarwinin aVickers Vimyon December 10, 1919, winning a prize of £A10,000.^[139]
First Rome to Tokyo flight:Arturo Ferrarin(and engineer Gino Cappannini) in anAnsaldo SVAbiplane in winning theRome-Tokyo Raidon May 31, 1920
First flight across the Andes by a woman:Adrienne Bollandflew aCaudron G.3fromMendoza, Argentina,toSantiagoon April 1, 1921.^[140]
First flight by an aircraft with a pressurized cabin for high altitude flight:by a modifiedEngineering Division USD-9AA.S.40118 on June 8, 1921 byArt Smith.^[141]
First African–American or Native American or Black person to obtain an international pilot's license:Bessie Colemanon June 15, 1921 on aNieuport 82.^[142]^[143]
First capital ship sunk by aircraft:Under orders from Brigadier GeneralWilliam L. Mitchell,oneHandley-Page O/400and sixMartin NBS-1bombers led by Capt. Walter R. Lawson bombed the captured ex-German World War I battleship,Ostfrieslandduring a series of airpower tests, sinking it on July 21, 1921.^[144]
First crop duster:John Macreadysuccessfully flew aCurtiss Jennythat had been specially modified in a jointU.S. Department of Agriculture,andU.S. Army Signal Corpsproject fromMcCook FieldinDayton, Ohioto spray crops withlead arsenateto control acaterpillarinfestation on August 3, 1921.^[145]^[146]

First aerial refuelling:Done by Wesley "Wes" May, Frank Hawks and Earl Daugherty with a Lincoln Standard biplane and a Curtiss Jenny^[147]
First flight to sustain a speed over 200 mph (170 kn; 320 km/h):Joseph Sadi-Lecointeflew aNieuport-Delage Sesquiplanracer over a distance of 100 km (54 nmi; 62 mi) at an average speed in excess of 200 mph on September 30, 1922.^[148]
First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic(with aircraft replacement):Artur de Sacadura CabralandGago Coutinhoflew fromLisbon,Portugal, toRio de Janeiro,Brazil, in a total of threeFairey III.D floatplanes between March 30 and June 17, 1922.^[149]The first to use astronomical navigation (and to rely solely on it during the crossing), with an artificial horizon for aeronautical use.^[150]^[151]
Firstautogyro/autogiroflight:Alejandro Gomez Spencer made the first successful Autogyro flight in theCierva C.4on January 9, 1923 (O.C.), previous designs having failed to achieve flight.^[152]
Firstaerial refuelingwith afuel line:ADH-4Bbiplane of theUnited States Army Air Servicesuccessfully refuelled another DH.4B, piloted byLowell Smith,in mid-air on June 27, 1923.^[153]
First flight from Portugal to China:Using two different aircraft,Sarmento de Beiresand Brito Pais flew 16,380 km (8,840 nmi; 10,180 mi) in 115 hours 45 minutes of flying time^[154]^[155]fromVila Nova de Milfontes,AlentejotoShenzhen,nearHong Kong,between April 7 and June 20, 1924,^[156]^[157]^{[page needed]}

First aerial circumnavigation:PilotsLowell H. Smith,Erik H. Nelson and John Harding Jr., in a pair ofDouglas World Cruisersof theUnited States Army Air Servicecompleted an aerial east–west circumnavigation of the world starting and ending in Seattle Washington, between April 6 and September 28, 1924.^[158]^{[note 1]}
FirstAmsterdamtoTokyoflight:Pedro Leandro Zanniand mechanic Felipe Beltrame, flew 9,187 nmi (10,572 mi; 17,014 km), with a change of aircraft in Hanoi, from July 26 to October 11, 1924, with a flight time of 119 hours 50 minutes.^[159]^[160]
First nighttime aerial photographby LieutenantGeorge W. Goddardof theUnited States Army Air Serviceon the night of November 20, 1925 using a flash bomb andaerial reconnaissancecamera while flying over theEastman Kodakbuilding inRochester, N Y.^[161]^[162]
First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic(single aircraft):Ramón Franco,Julio Ruiz de Alda Miqueleiz,Juan Manuel Duranand Pablo Rada, made between Spain and South America in thePlus Ultra,in January 1926.

First flight of aflying wingairplane:was made by theChyeranovskii BICh-3in 1926.^[163]
First successful flight of a glider tow plane:was made with aRaab-Katzenstein RK.6Kranichflown by Kurt Katzenstein, towing aRaab-Katzenstein RK 7Schmetterlingglider flown by Antonius Raab on April 13, 1927.^[164]^[165]
First solo non-stopNew YorktoParis(city to city) transatlantic flight:Charles Lindbergh,flying theSpirit of St. Louis,made the 33-hour journey from New York to Paris on May 20–21, 1927, winning theOrteig Prize.^[166]
First outside loop:Jimmy Doolittle,in aCurtiss P-1B Hawkon May 25, 1927.^[167]
First flight from U.S. mainland toHawaii:U.S. Army lieutenantsAlbert Francis HegenbergerandLester J. Maitlandflew from California to Hawaii in theBird of Paradise,aC-2 transport,on June 28–29, 1927.^[168]
First female airline pilot:Marga von Etzdorfwas hired by Lufthansa in 1927.^[169]
First east–west non–stop transatlantic crossing:the Bremen, aJunkers W 33flown byHermann KöhlwithJames Fitzmauriceas copilot, flew fromBaldonnel,IrelandtoGreenly IslandinQuebecfrom April 12–13, 1928^[170]
First long distance mass formation flight:Italo Balboled 60Savoia-Marchetti S.55flying boats from May 25 to June 2, 1928 fromTuscanyover theBalearic Islands,along Spanish and French coasts, and finally returning to Italy.^[171]
Firsttranspacificflight (US to Australia):Charles Kingsford Smithand crew, in theSouthern Cross,flew fromOakland,California, toBrisbane,Australia via Hawaii and Fiji, between May 31 and June 9, 1928.^[172]
Firstrocket-powered aircraftto fly:was theLippisch Enteflown by Fritz Stamer on June 11, 1928, usingsolid fuel rockets.^[173]
First woman to fly across the Atlantic (as passenger):Amelia Earhartwas flown byWilmer Stultzand Louis Gordon, in aFokker F.VII,fromTrepassey,Newfoundland, toBurry Port,Wales, on June 17, 1928.^[174]
First aircraft to fly powered with adiesel engine:was aStinson SM-1DX Detroiterpowered with aPackard DR-980flown by Walter E. Lees on September 19, 1928.^[175]
First deployment of a whole-aircraft parachute recovery system:was made byRoscoe Turnerflying aThunderbird W-14biplane on April 14, 1929.^[176]
First ship-launched flight to deliver transatlantic mail:Jobst von Studnitz flew aHeinkel HE 12with 11,000 pieces of mail from theSSBremenwhile still at sea, to New York City several hours before the ship docked, on July 26, 1929.^[177]
First aircraft to be flownonly on instruments (blind flying):was byJimmy Doolittlein aConsolidated NY-2on September 24, 1929.^[178]
First flight over theSouth Pole:in the "Floyd Bennett", aFord 4-AT-B trimotorflown byBernt BalchenwithHarold Juneas co-pilot andRichard E. Byrdnavigating, arriving shortly after midnight on November 29, 1929.^[179]^[180]

First aircraft to fly with ade-icingsystem:was aNational Air Transport Boeing Model 40modified by William C. Geer with an expanding rubber boot mounted on a strut, which was flown by Wesley L. Smith in late March 1930 for the first of three test flights than continued into April.^[181]^[182]
First trans-oceanic mass formation flight:Italo Balboled twelveSavoia-Marchetti S.55flying boats fromOrbetello Airfield,Italy toRio de Janeiro, Brazilbetween December 17, 1930 and January 15, 1931 which was documented in the first Italian aviation filmAtlantic Flight (1931 film).^[171]
First flight by an aircraft withvariable-sweep wings:was by thetailless Westland-Hill Pterodactyl IVwith Flight-Lieutenant Louis G. Paget at the controls in April or May 1931. The wing sweep could be adjusted by 4.75 degrees in flight to provide trim adjustment.^[183]
First nonstop flight across the Pacific:Clyde Pangbornand Hugh Herndon flew 41 hours, 13 minutes in a heavily modifiedBellanca CH-400 SkyrocketnamedMiss Veedolfrom Samushiro, Japan, toWenatchee,Washington, on October 4–5, 1931.^[184]
First female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean:Amelia Earhart,in aLockheed Vega 5B,flew fromHarbour Grace,Newfoundland, toCulmore,Ireland, on May 20, 1932.^[185]
First successful helicopter with a single main lifting rotor:Alexei Cheremukhin and Boris Yuriev'sTsAGI-1EA, which flew to a record altitude of 1,985 ft (605 m) on August 14, 1932.^[186]^[187]
First flight overMount Everest:Lord Clydesdalein aWestland PV-3and David McIntyre, in aWestland PV-6flew over Everest on April 3, 1933 during theirHouston–Mount Everest flight expedition.^[188]
First proven act of sabotage to a commercial aircraft in flight:The crashof aUnited Airlines Boeing 247nearChesterton, Indiana,United States on October 10, 1933, killing all seven people aboard, was found to have been caused by anitroglycerin-based bomb detonated during flight; eyewitnesses on the ground had seen the explosion.^[189]The perpetrator or perpetrators were never identified.^[190]
First scheduled commercial trans-Pacific passenger service:APan-American Martin M-130began a proving flight on November 22, 1935 that led to passengers being carried on a regularly scheduled service fromSan FranciscotoManilathat began on October 21, 1936.^[191]

First flight by adelta wingaircraft:was made by theMoskalyev SAM-9 Strela,flown by A.N.Rybko in early 1937.^[192]^[193]
First trans–polar flight:ATupolev ANT-25RD flown byValery Pavlovich Chkalovwith copilotGeorgy Filippovich Baydukovand navigatorAlexander Vasilyevich BelyakovfromSchelkovo air baseon the outskirts ofMoscow,toPearson FieldinVancouver, Washington,crossing the Arctic for the first time from June 18–20, 1937 over a distance of 4,930 nmi (5,670 mi; 9,130 km) in 63 hours and 25 minutes.^[194]
First transatlantic commercial proving flights and quadruple crossing:AnImperial Airways Short Empireflying boat and aPan-American Sikorsky S-42flying boat both crossed the Atlantic on July 5, 1937, and then made the return flight. Both aircraft were operating at the extreme limits of their respective ranges, and so commercial service didn't start until a few years later.^[195]
First flight of a commercial aircraft with a pressurized cabin that would enter service:was made on December 31, 1938 by theBoeing 307 Stratoliner.^[196]

Jet age, 1939–present[edit]

First flight by aliquid-fueled rocket-powered aircraft:was made by aHeinkel He 176flown byErich Warsitzon June 20, 1939.^[197]
First scheduled commercial transatlantic passenger service:Pan American Boeing 314 ClipperYankee Clipperflying boats made the first scheduled commercial flight betweenNew York CityandMarseille, Franceon June 28, 1939.^[198]
First flight by aturbojet-powered aircraft:was made with aHeinkel He 178,flown by Erich Warsitz on August 27, 1939.^[199]
FirstRamjetpowered flight:was made by Petr Yermolayevich Loginov in aPolikarpov I-15bisDM modified with 2 DM-2 ramjets on January 25, 1940, with prior flights being made in December without the ramjets being powered.^[200]^[201]
First operational use of a militaryassault glider:was by theLuftwaffe,which usedDFS 230gliders to take theFort Eben-Emael,and to capture critical bridges over theAlbert Canalon May 10, 1940.^[202]
First flight of an aircraft powered by amotorjet/thermojet:was with aCaproni Campini N.1flown byMario de Bernardion August 27, 1940^[203]
First flight with anafterburner:was made by aCaproni Campini C.C.2motorjet on 11 April 1941.^[204]^[205]
Firstcapital shipssunk by aircraft while underway:wereHMSRepulse,followed byHMSPrince of Wales,by JapaneseMitsubishi G4Msof the Kanoya, Genzan and Mihoro Air Groups on December 10, 1941.^[206]
First use of anAirborne Early Warningradar system:Vickers WellingtonMk.Ic R1629 was modified with a rotating radar array to increase detection range, and to direct fighters to interceptFocke-Wulf Fw 200 Condorbombers being used in the anti-shipping role, with the first operational trials occurring in April 1942. Advances in radar technology quickly made it obsolete, but similar conversions were also made in 1944 to Wellington Mk.XIV bombers to direct the interceptions ofHeinkel He 111sthat were launchingV-1 flying bombs(cruise missiles) under the name "Air Controlled Interception".Beaufighterswere directed toward the Heinkels whileMosquitoswere directed to the V-1s, if a launch occurred.^[207]^[208]
First purpose-built jet bomber to fly:was theArado Ar 234which made its first flight on July 30, 1943.^[209]
First rocket-powered aircraft used in combat:MajorSpäteof theEK 16service test unit flew aMesserschmitt Me 163BKometinterceptoragainstAlliedaircraft on May 13, 1944.^[210]
Firstjet fighterused in combat:AMesserschmitt Me 262jet fighter flown byLeutnantAlfred SchreiberofEkdo 262service test unit attacked an RAF540 Squadron de Havilland Mosquito,but failed to shoot it down on July 26, 1944.^[211]
First jet on jet aerial victory:was scored by Flying Officer Dean of theRoyal Air Forcein aGloster Meteor Mk.I EE216against aV-1 flying bombon August 4, 1944.^[212]

First fully automaticblind landingwas made withBoeing 247D DZ203by Flight Lieutenant Frank Griffiths of theRoyal Air Forceon 16 January 1945, while subsequent tests confirmed it in inclement weather. Previous landing systems required the pilot to see for the final approach.^[213]
First aircraft to use anuclear weapon:wasUSAAF Boeing B-29 Superfortress"Enola Gay"flown byPaul Tibbetsand under the command ofWilliam Sterling Parsonswhich droppedLittle Boyon the Japanese city ofHiroshima,^[214]^[215]where it detonated at an approximate altitude of 1,800 to 2,000 ft (550 to 610 m) and with a force of 16 ± 2kilotons of TNT(66.9 ± 8.4 TJ)^[216]on August 6, 1945.^[214]^[215]
Firstturboproppowered aircraft to fly:was a modifiedGloster MeteorF.I powered by twoRolls-Royce Trentturbine engines driving propellers, on September 20, 1945.^[217]
First scheduled commercial transatlantic passenger service using landplanes:was made with anAmerican Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4betweenNew York CityandHurn Airportin England viaGander, Newfoundland,andShannon, Irelandon October 23, 1945.^[218]

First knownwheel-well stowaway:An Indonesian orphan, Bas Wie, 12, hid in the wheel well of a DutchDouglas DC-3flying fromKupangtoDarwin,Australia, on August 7, 1946. He survived the three-hour flight despite severe injuries, and later became an Australian citizen.^[219]
First documentedsupersonicflight:was byChuck Yeagerin aBell X-1on October 14, 1947.^[220]
First flight by a jet transport:was by aRolls-Royce Nene-poweredVickers VC.1 Vikingon April 6, 1948.^[221]
First nonstop around-the-world flight:Starting on February 26, Capt. James Gallagher and his crew refuelled inflight four times inBoeing B-50A SuperfortressLucky Lady IIwhile flying around the world, to return to where they started atCarswell AFBin Texas on March 2, 1949.^[222]
First criminal prosecution of an aircraft bombing:Albert Guayalong with two accomplices was convicted of murder and hanged for the bombing ofCanadian Pacific Air Lines Douglas DC-3Flight 108 on September 9, 1949, which killed all 23 occupants.^[223]
First jet on manned jet aerial victory:was thought to have been by Lt. Brown in aF-80over aMiG-15on November 8, 1950, however that MiG survived.^[224]Instead the first victory was made in aGrumman F9F-2B Pantherflown by Lt. Cdr. William T. Amen, commanding officer ofVF-111,over Captain Mikhail Grachev in a MiG-15 from the139th Guards Fighter Aviation Regimenton November 9, 1950.^[224]
First propeller driven aircraft to exceed the speed of sound (in a dive):was aMcDonnell XF-88 Voodoo(without assistance from the jet engines) flown by Capt. Fitzpatrick in late June, 1953.^[225]^[226]
First aircraft to exceed Mach 2:Scott Crossfieldwas first to fly at twice the speed of sound in aDouglas D-558-2 Skyrocketon November 20, 1953.^[227]
First aircraft to fly with anarea ruledesign:was theGrumman F9F-9 Tiger^{[note 2]}flown by Corwin Meyer on July 30, 1954.^[228]
Firstsupercruisesustained supersonic flight in horizontal flight without using afterburner:was made by aNord GerfautI research aircraft on August 3, 1954.^[229]^[230]
First nuclear reactor operated on an aircraft:TheConvair NB-36Htested an onboard reactor that was not connected to the engines, first flying on September 17, 1955^[231]
First aircraft shot down with aSurface-to-Air Missile(SAM):was a TaiwaneseMartin RB-57D Canberraover China that was hit by threeSA-2/V-750missiles on October 7, 1959.^[232]
First manned Jetpack flights:EngineerWendell Mooremade the first flight atBell Laboratoriesin February 1961.^[233]
First supersonic flight by an airliner:was made by William Magruder in a dive from altitude with aDouglas DC-8-43, briefly reaching a speed of Mach 1.012 at 574 kn (661 mph; 1,063 km/h) at 41,088 ft (12,524 m) during a test flight on August 21, 1961.^[234]
First solo circumnavigation by a woman:Jerrie Mockreturned toColumbus, Ohio,on May 17, 1964, having flown around the world in herCessna 180 Skywagonsince leaving the same airport 29 days earlier in a race withJoan Merriam Smith,who had followed a different route.^[235]
First pole-to-pole circumnavigation:was completed by Captains Fred Austin and Harrison Finch inBoeing 707-349C"Pole Cat", in 57 hours, 27 minutes on 15 November 1965.^[236]
First woman to fly for a major U.S. airline:Bonnie Tiburzibecame the first female pilot for a major U.S. airline,American Airlines,in March 1973.
First manned flight by an electrically powered aeroplane:was made with aBrditschka MB-E1,a modifiedmotor gliderwith an 8–10 kW (11–13 hp) Bosch KM77 electric motor on October 23, 1973.^[237]
First scheduledsupersonicpassenger flights:were made withConcordeSSTs fromLondontoBahrain,and simultaneously fromParistoRio de Janeiroon January 21, 1976.^[238]
First circumnavigation by helicopter:H. Ross Perot, Jr.and Jay Coburn inBell 206L-1 LongRanger IISpirit of Texas,from September 1 to 30, 1982.^[239]
First non-stop, un-refueled flight around the Earth:was made byDick RutanandJeana Yeagerin theRutan Voyagerover 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds, running from December 14 to 23, 1986.^[238]^[240]^[241]
First all-female airliner crew:was theAmerican Airlines Boeing 727flown fromWashington D.C.toDallas,Texascaptained byBeverley Basson December 30, 1986.^[242]
First helicopter to the North Pole:was aBell JetrangerIII flown byDick Smithon April 28, 1987.^[243]

First flight by an aircraft fuelled only withhydrogen:was made by aTupolev Tu-155(a modifiedTu-154airliner) powered only by hydrogen on April 15, 1988.^[244]ANACA Martin B-57B flew on hydrogen in February 1957, but only for 20 minutes before reverting to jet fuel.^[245]
First circumnavigation which landed at both poles:was made in ade Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otterflown by Dick Smith, who carried out landings on both poles during 1988 and 1989.^[246]^[247]
First east-west circumnavigation by helicopter:was completed in aSikorsky S-76by Dick Smith in 1995.^[248]
First to land a helicopter at both Poles:Quentin Smith & Steve Brooks landed aRobinson R44at theNorth Polein October 2002 and at theSouth Polein January 2005.^[249]

First solo non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight around the Earth:was made in theVirgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer,flown bySteve Fossett,fromSalina, Kansas,from February 28 to March 3, 2005, in 67 hours.^[250]
First solo flight by an armless pilot:Just using her legsJessica Coxearned her pilot's license on May 10, 2008, flying aErcoupefromSan Manuel Airport,Arizona.^[251]
First piloted overnightsolar-poweredflight in a fixed-wing aircraft:was made byAndré Borschbergon theSolar Impulse 1between July 7–8, 2010.^[252]
First trans-Atlantic flight byautogyro:Norman Surplusflew solo fromBelfast, Maine,toLarne, Northern Irelandin aRotorsport UK MT-03Autogyro "Roxy" between July 8, 2015 and August 11, 2015.^[253]^[254]
First piloted non-stop solar-powered transatlantic flight:Bertrand Piccardflew fromNew York CitytoSevillein theSolar Impulse 2between June 20–23, 2016.^[255]
First circumnavigation of the world by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power:Solar Impulse2between March 2015 and July 2016; Borschberg and Piccard alternated piloting stages of the journey.^[256]
First circumnavigation by helicopter passingantipodal points^{[note 3]}was completed with aRobinson R66byPeter WilsonandMatthew Gallagheron August 7, 2017.^[257]^[258]
First electroaerodynamic thrust wingedIon-propelled aircrafttest flight:MIT EAD Airframe Version 2usingionic windon November 21, 2018.^[259]
First circumnavigation by autogyro:Norman Surplus flew aRotorSport UK MT-03between June 1, 2015 and June 28, 2019 fromMcMinnville, Oregon,USA, for an eastbound circumnavigation.^[253]^[254]
First female circumnavigation via both poles:were Payload Specialist Jannicke Mikkelsen, and Flight Attendant Magdelena Starowicz, as part of the crew of aGulfstream G650EROne More Orbitbetween July 9, 2019 and July 11, 2019.^[260]
First powered, controlled takeoff and landing on another planet or celestial body:was theNASArotorcraftIngenuityonMarson April 19, 2021.^[261]

Notes[edit]

^Unless specified, most circumnavigation flights were not done along the greatest distance, at the equator, but merely crossed all lines of longitude – often at high latitudes, and as far north as possible.
^The Grumman F9F-9 Tiger was redesignated after its first flight as F11F-1 Tiger
^Points on opposite sides of the globe

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[229] The Grumman F9F-9 Tiger was redesignated after its first flight as F11F-1 Tiger

[antipodal-259] Points on opposite sides of the globe

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