List of human evolution fossils
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The following tables give an overview of notable finds ofhomininfossilsandremainsrelating tohuman evolution,beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of thehuman and chimpanzee lineages) in the lateMiocene,roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.
As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but shows some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined byradiometric datingand/orincremental datingand the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.
The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors toHomo sapiensbut are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction ofParanthropus), all fossils shown are human (genusHomo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of theHolocene), all fossils shown areHomo sapiens(anatomically modern humans), illustratingrecent divergencein the formation ofmodern human sub-populations.
Late Miocene(7.2–5.5 million years old)[edit]
The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during around 10 to 7 million years ago.[1]The list of fossils begins withGraecopithecus,dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, seeTimeline of human evolution#Hominidae,Hominidae#Phylogeny.
Image | Name | Age (Ma) | Species | Year discovered |
Country | Discovered by | Now located at |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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El Graeco | 7.20[2] | Graecopithecus | 1944, 2017 | Greece, Bulgaria Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka |
Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS) | Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany |
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TM 266 (Toumai) | 7.00–6.00[3] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001 | Chad Site:Djurab Desert |
Michel Brunet,Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye | N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC |
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BAR 1000'00 | 6.1–5.7[4] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000 | Kenya Site:Lukeino |
Martin Pickford,Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein,Brigitte Senut | |
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Trachilos footprints | 6.05[5] | Made by hominin or hominin-like primate | 2002 | Greece | Gerard D. Gierliński | |
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ALA-VP 1/20[6] | 5.65±0.150 | Ardipithecus kadabba | 1997 | Ethiopia Site:Middle Awash |
Yohannes Haile-Selassie |
Pliocene(5.3–2.58 million years old)[edit]
Pleistocene[edit]
Lower Paleolithic:2.58–0.3 million years old[edit]
Middle Paleolithic:300,000–50,000 years old[edit]
Upper Paleolithic:50,000–11,500 years old[edit]
Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)[edit]
Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name[edit]
- AL –Afar Locality,Ethiopia
- ARA-VP – Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- BAR – (Lukeino,Tugen Hills)Baringo District,Kenya
- BOU-VP – Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
- D –Dmanisi,Georgia
- ER –East (Lake) Rudolf,Kenya
- KGA – Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
- KNM – Kenya National Museum
- KP – Kanapoi, Kenya
- LB –Liang Bua,Indonesia
- LH –Laetoli Hominid 4,Tanzania
- MH –MalapaHominin, South Africa
- NG –Ngandong,Indonesia
- OH –OlduvaiHominid, Tanzania
- SK –Swartkrans,South Africa
- Sts, Stw –Sterkfontein,South Africa
- TM – Transvaal Museum, South Africa
- TM – Toros-Menalla, Chad
- WT –West (Lake) Turkana,Kenya
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Gibbons, Ann.The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor.Anchor Books (2007).ISBN978-1-4000-7696-3
- Hartwig, Walter Carl (2004) [2002].Hartwig, Walter(ed.).The Primate Fossil Record.Cambridge University Press.Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.ISBN978-0-521-08141-2..
- Johanson, Donald& Wong, Kate.Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins.Three Rivers Press (2009).ISBN978-0-307-39640-2
- Jones, Steve;Martin, Robert D.;Pilbeam, David R,eds. (1994).The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-46786-5.(Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history).
- Leakey, Richard&Lewin, Roger.Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human.Little, Brown and Company (1992).ISBN0-316-90298-5
- Lewin, Roger.Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins.Penguin Books (1987).ISBN0-14-022638-9
- Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny.A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia.Smithsonian Books (2007).ISBN978-0-06-089908-0
- Oppenheimer, Stephen.Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World.Constable (2003).ISBN1-84119-697-5
- Roberts, Alice.The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet.Bloomsbury (2009).ISBN978-0-7475-9839-8
- Shreeve, James.The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins.Viking (1996).ISBN0-670-86638-5
- Stringer, Chris.The Origin of Our Species.Allen Lane (2011).ISBN978-1-84614-140-9
- Stringer, Chris& Andrews, Peter.The Complete World of Human Evolution.Thames & Hudson (2005).ISBN0-500-05132-1
- Stringer, Chris& McKie, Robin.African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity.Jonathan Cape (1996).ISBN0-224-03771-4
- van Oosterzee, Penny.The Story of Peking Man.Allen & Unwin (1999).ISBN1-86508-632-0
- Walker, Allan& Shipman, Pat.The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins.Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1996).ISBN0-297-81670-5
- Wade, Nicholas.Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors.Penguin Press (2006).ISBN978-0-7156-3658-9
- Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E. (1985).'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective(4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown.ISBN978-0-673-39013-4.(Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history).
- Wells, Spencer (2004).The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey.New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.ISBN978-0-8129-7146-0.
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- ^Vialet, Amélie; André, Lucile; Aoudia, Louiza. [https%3A%2F%2Fcoek.info%2Fpdf-lhomme-fossile-dasselar-actuel-mali-etude-critique-mise-en-perspective-historiqu.html "The Fossil Man from Asselar (present-day Mali). Critical study, historical perspective and new interpretations" ].Kundoc.Anthropology.
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value (help) - ^The identification of the WHG component in modern populations is based on the analysis of the genome of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer buried c. 8000 years ago in the Loschbour rock shelter inMüllerthal,nearHeffingen,Luxembourg.Lazaridis, Iosif (2014)."Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans".Nature.513(7518): 409–413.arXiv:1312.6639.Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L.doi:10.1038/nature13673.hdl:11336/30563.PMC4170574.PMID25230663..
- ^Angel, J.L.; Phenice, T.W.; Robbins, L.H.; Lynch, B.M. (1980).Late stone age fishermen of Lothagam, Kenya.National Anthropological Archives, Sithsonian Institution, Part 3.
- ^Lo 4b is the best preserved skull out of a sample of 30 fully modern skeletons of the period 9–6 ka, found at Lothagam, West Turkana, Kenya, excavated between 1965 and 1975. Joseph F. Powell,The First Americans(2005), 169.
- ^Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021-08-26)."Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea".Nature.596(7873): 543–547.Bibcode:2021Natur.596..543C.doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6.ISSN0028-0836.PMC8387238.PMID34433944.
Bibliography[edit]
- Tattersall, Ian; Schwartz, Jeffery (2000).Extinct Humans.Boulder CO: Westview Press.ISBN978-0-8133-3482-0.
- Larsen, Clark Spencer; Matter, Robert M; Gebo, Daniel L (1991).Human Origins: the fossil record.Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL.ISBN978-0-88133-575-0.
- "Smithsonian Human Origins Program".Retrieved2006-08-29.
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- Grine, F.E.; Jungers, W.L.; Schultz, J. (1996). "Phenetic Affinities Among Early Homo Crania from East and South Africa".Journal of Human Evolution.30(3): 189–225.doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0019.
External links[edit]
- Interactive map of primate fossil finds around the worldArchived2012-02-22 at theWayback Machine
- Informative lecture onAustralopithecines
- The Age of Homo sapiens– Interactive Map of Human Evolution Fossils
- Human Timeline (Interactive)–Smithsonian,National Museum of Natural History(August 2016).