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List of nuclear weapons tests

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Nuclear weapons
Photograph of a mock-up of the Little Boy nuclear weapon dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in August 1945.
Background
Nuclear-armed states
NPTrecognized
United States
Russia
United Kingdom
France
China
Others
India
Israel(undeclared)
Pakistan
North Korea
Former
South Africa
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Ukraine
The radiation warning symbol (trefoil).

Nuclear weapons testingis the act of experimentally and deliberately firing one or more nuclear devices in a controlled manner pursuant to a military, scientific or technological goal. This has been done ontest siteson land or waters owned, controlled or leased from the owners by one of the eight nuclear nations: theUnited States,theSoviet Union,theUnited Kingdom,France,China,India,PakistanandNorth Korea,or has been done on or over ocean sites far fromterritorial waters.There have been 2,121 tests done since the first in July 1945, involving 2,476 nuclear devices. As of 1993, worldwide, 520 atmospheric nuclear explosions (including 8 underwater) have been conducted with a total yield of 545megaton(Mt): 217 Mt from purefissionand 328 Mt from bombs usingfusion,while the estimated number of underground nuclear tests conducted in the period from 1957 to 1992 is 1,352 explosions with a total yield of 90 Mt.[1]

Very few unknown tests are suspected at this time, theVela incidentbeing the most prominent.Israelis the only country suspected of having nuclear weapons but not confirmed to have ever tested any.

The following are considered nuclear tests:

  • single nuclear devices fired in deep horizontal tunnels (drifts) or in vertical shafts, in shallow shafts ( "cratering" ), underwater, on barges or vessels on the water, on land, intowers,carried by balloons, shot from cannons, dropped from airplanes with or without parachutes, and shot into aballistic trajectory,into high atmosphere or into near space on rockets. Since 1963 the great majority have been underground due to thePartial Test Ban Treaty.
  • Salvo tests in which several devices are fired simultaneously, as defined by international treaties:

In conformity with treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union,... For nuclear weapon tests, a salvo is defined as two or more underground nuclear explosions conducted at a test site within an area delineated by a circle having a diameter of two kilometers and conducted within a total period of time of 0.1 second.[2]

  • The two nuclear bombs dropped in combat over Japan in 1945. While the primary purpose of these two detonations was military and not experimental, observations were made and the tables would be incomplete without them.
  • Nuclearsafety testsin which the intended nuclear yield was intended to be zero, and which failed to some extent if a nuclear yield was detected. There have been failures, and therefore they are included in the lists, as well as the successes.
  • Fizzles,in which the expected yield was not reached.
  • Tests intended but not completed because of vehicle or other support failures that destroyed the device.
  • Tests that were emplaced and could not be fired for various reasons. Usually, the devices were ultimately destroyed by later conventional or nuclear explosions.

Not included as nuclear tests:

  • Misfires which were corrected and later fired as intended.
  • Hydro-nuclear orSubcritical testingin which the normal fuel material for a nuclear device is below the amount necessary to sustain a chain reaction. The line here is finely drawn, but, among other things, subcritical testing is not prohibited by theComprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,while safety tests are.[3][4]

Tests by country[edit]

The table in this section summarizes all worldwide nuclear testing (including the two bombs dropped in combat which were not tests). The country names are links to summary articles for each country, which may in turn be used to drill down to test series articles which contain details on every known nuclear explosion and test. The notes attached to various table cells detail how the numbers therein are arrived at.

Worldwide nuclear testing totals by country
Country Tests[a] Devicesfired[b] Devicesw/
unknown yields[c] 		Peaceful use tests[d] Non-PTBT tests[e] Yield range(kilotons) Total yield(kilotons) Percentage by tests Percentage by yield
US[2][5] 1,032[f] 1,132 12 27[g]
(Operation Plowshare) 		231 0 to 15,000 196,514[h] 48.7% 36.3%
USSR[2][6] 727[i] 981 248 156[j]
(Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy) 		229 0 to 50,000 296,837 34.4% 54.9%
UK[2] 88[k] 88 31 0 21 0 to 3,000 9,282 4.15% 1.72%
France[2] 215[l] 215 0 4[m] 57 0 to 2,600 13,567 10.2% 2.51%
China[2] 47[n] 48 7 0 23 0 to 4,000 24,409 2.22% 4.51%
India[2] 3 6 0 1[o] 0 0 to 60 70 0.141% 0.013%
Pakistan[2] 2 6[p] 0 0 0 1 to 32 51 0.107% 0.0094%
North Korea[2] 6 6 0 0 0 1 to 250 197.8 0.283% 0.036%
Total 2,121 2,476 294 188 604 0 to 50,000 540,849
  1. ^Including salvo tests counted as a single test.
  2. ^Detonations include zero-yield detonations in safety tests and failed full yield tests, but not those in the accident category listed above.
  3. ^The number of detonations for which the yield is unknown.
  4. ^As declared so by the nation testing; some may have been dual use.
  5. ^Tests which violate the PTBT – atmospheric, surface, barge, space, and underwater tests.
  6. ^Including five tests in which the devices were destroyed before detonation by rocket failures, and the combat bombs dropped on Japan in World War II
  7. ^Includes both application tests and research tests at NTS.
  8. ^When a test yield reads "< number kt" (like "< 20 kt" ) this total scores the yield as half the stated maximum, i.e., 10 kt in this example.
  9. ^Includes the test device left behind in Semipalatinsk and 11 apparent failures not in the official list, but included in list in reference following:[7]
  10. ^124 applications tests and 32 research tests which helped design better PNE charges.
  11. ^Includes the 43Vixentests, which were safety tests.
  12. ^Including 5Pollenplutonium dispersal tests near at Adrar Tikertine near In Ekker, and two possible safety tests in 1978, listed in reference following:[8]
  13. ^Four of the tests at In Ekker were the focus of attention at APEX (Application pacifique des expérimentations nucléaires). They gave the tests different names, causing some confusion.
  14. ^Includes one test destroyed before detonation by a failed parachute, and two which are unlisted in most sources, but are listed in the reference following:[6]
  15. ^Indira Gandhi, in her capacity as India's Minister of Atomic Energy at the time, declared theSmiling Buddhatest to have been a test for the peaceful uses of atomic power.
  16. ^There is some uncertainty as to exactly how many bombs were exploded in each of Pakistan's tests. It could be as low as three altogether or as high as six.

Known tests[edit]

In the following subsections, a selection of significant tests (by no means exhaustive) is listed, representative of the testing effort in each nuclear country.

United States[edit]

Main article:List of United States nuclear weapons tests

The standard official list of tests for American devices is arguably theUnited States Department of EnergyDoE-209 document.[5]The United States conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests (by official count) between 1945 and 1992, including 216 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests.[9]Some significant tests conducted by the United States include:

Shot "Baker" ofOperation Crossroads(1946) was the first underwater nuclear explosion.
  • TheTrinitytest on 16 July 1945, nearSocorro, New Mexico,was the first-ever test of a nuclear weapon (yield of around 20 kilotons).
  • TheOperation Crossroadsseries in July 1946, atBikini Atollin theMarshall Islands,was the first postwar test series and one of the largest military operations in U.S. history.
  • TheOperation Greenhouseshots of May 1951, atEnewetak Atollin the Marshall Islands, included the firstboosted fission weapontest (namedItem) and a scientific test (namedGeorge) which proved the feasibility of thermonuclear weapons.
  • TheIvy Mikeshot of 1 November 1952, atEnewetak Atoll,was the first full test of aTeller-Ulam designstaged hydrogen bomb, with a yield of 10 megatons. This was not a deployable weapon. With its fullcryogenicequipment it weighed about 82 tons.[citation needed]
  • TheCastle Bravoshot of 1 March 1954, atBikini Atoll,was the first test of a deployable (solid fuel) thermonuclear weapon, and also (accidentally)[citation needed]the largest weapon ever tested by the United States (15 megatons). It was also the single largest U.S. radiological accident in connection with nuclear testing.[citation needed]The unanticipated yield, and a change in the weather, resulted innuclear falloutspreading eastward onto the inhabitedRongelapandRongerikatolls, which were soon evacuated.[citation needed]Many of the Marshall Islands natives have since suffered frombirth defectsand have received some compensation from thefederal government of the United States.[citation needed]AJapanesefishing boat, theDaigo Fukuryū Maru,also came into contact with the fallout, which caused many of the crew to grow ill; one eventually died. The crew's exposure was referenced in the filmGodzillaas a criticism of American nuclear tests in the Pacific.[citation needed]
  • TheOperation Plumbbobseries of May - October 1957 is considered the biggest, longest, and most controversial test series that occurred within the continental United States. Rainier Mesa, Frenchman Flat, and Yucca Flat were all used for the 29 different atmospheric explosions.[10]
  • ShotArgus IofOperation Argus,on 27 August 1958, was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon inouter spacewhen a 1.7-kiloton warhead was detonated at 200 kilometers altitude over the SouthAtlantic Oceanduring a series ofhigh-altitude nuclear explosions.
  • ShotFrigate BirdofOperation Dominicon 6 May 1962, was the only U.S. test of an operationalballistic missilewith a live nuclear warhead (yield of 600 kilotons), atJohnston Atollin the Pacific. In general, missile systems were tested without live warheads and warheads were tested separately for safety concerns. In the early 1960s there were mounting questions about how the systems would behave under combat conditions (when they weremated,in military parlance), and this test was meant to dispel these concerns. However, the warhead had to be somewhat modified before its use, and the missile was only aSLBM(and not anICBM), so by itself, it did not satisfy all concerns.[11]
  • ShotSedanofOperation Storaxon 6 July 1962 (yield of 104 kilotons), was an attempt at showing the feasibility of using nuclear weapons for civilian, peaceful purposes as part ofOperation Plowshare.In this instance, a 1280-feet-in-diameter and 320-feet-deepexplosion crater,morphologically similar to animpact crater,was created at the Nevada Test Site.
  • ShotDividerofOperation Julinon 23 September 1992, at the Nevada Test Site, was the last U.S. nuclear test. Described as a "test to ensure safety of deterrent forces", the series was interrupted by the beginning of negotiations over theComprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.[12]

Soviet Union[edit]

The 18,000 km2expanse of theSemipalatinsk Test Site(indicated in red), attached toKurchatov(along theIrtysh river), and nearSemey,as well asKaragandy,andAstana.The site comprised an areathe size of Wales.[13]
Main article:Soviet Union's nuclear testing series
See also:Soviet atomic bomb project

After the fall of the USSR, the American government (as a member of the International ConsortiumInternational Science and Technology Center) hired a number of top scientists inSarov(aka Arzamas-16, the Soviet equivalent of Los Alamos and thus sometimes calledLos Arzamas) to draft a number of documents about the history of the Soviet atomic program.[14]One of the documents was the definitive list of Soviet nuclear tests.[6]Most of the tests have no code names, unlike the American tests, so they are known by their test numbers from this document. Some list compilers have detected discrepancies in that list; one device was abandoned in its cove in a tunnel inSemipalatinskwhen the Soviets abandonedKazakhstan,[15]and one list[16]lists 13 other tests which apparently failed to provide any yield. The source for that was the well respectedRussian Strategic Nuclear Forces[17]which confirms 11 of the 13; those 11 are in the Wikipedia lists.

TheSoviet Unionconducted 715 nuclear tests (by the official count)[18]between 1949 and 1990, including 219 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests. Most of them took place at theSemipalatinsk Test Sitein Kazakhstan and theNorthern Test SiteatNovaya Zemlya.Additional industrial tests were conducted at various locations in Russia and Kazakhstan, while a small number of tests were conducted inUkraine,Uzbekistan,andTurkmenistan.

In addition, thelarge-scale military exercisewas conducted bySoviet armyto explore the possibility of defensive and offensivewarfareoperations on the nuclear battlefield. The exercise, under code name ofSnezhok(Snowball), involved detonation of a nuclear bomb twice as powerful as the one used inNagasakiand approximately 45,000 soldiers coming through theepicenterimmediately after the blast[19]The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under command ofMarshalGeorgy Zhukovto the north ofTotskoyevillage inOrenburg Oblast,Russia.[citation needed]

Some significant Soviet tests include:

  • Operation First Lightning/RDS-1(known as Joe 1 in the West), August 29, 1949: first Soviet nuclear test.
  • RDS-6s(known asJoe 4in the West), August 12, 1953: first Soviet thermonuclear test using a sloyka (layer cake) design. The design proved to be unscalable into megaton yields, but it was air-deployable.
  • RDS-37,November 22, 1955: first Soviet multi-megaton, true hydrogen bomb test usingAndrei Sakharov's third idea, essentially a re-invention of the Teller-Ulam.
  • Tsar Bomba,October 30, 1961: largest nuclear weapon ever detonated, with a design yield of 100 Mt, de-rated to 50 Mt for the test drop.
  • Chagan,January 15, 1965: large cratering experiment as part ofNuclear Explosions for the National Economyprogram, which created an artificial lake.[citation needed]

The last Soviet test took place on October 24, 1990. After the dissolution of the USSR in 1992, Russia inherited the USSR's nuclear stockpile, while Kazakhstan inherited the Semipalatinsk nuclear test area, as well as theBaikonur Cosmodrome,theSary Shaganmissile/radar test area and three ballistic missile fields. Semipalatinsk included at least the one unexploded device, later blown up with conventional explosives by a combined US–Kazakh team. No testing has occurred in the former territory of the USSR since its dissolution.[citation needed]

United Kingdom[edit]

Main article:United Kingdom's nuclear testing series

The United Kingdom has conducted 45 tests (12 in Australian territory, including 3 in theMontebello IslandsofWestern Australiaand 9 in mainlandSouth Australia(7 atMaralingaand 2 atEmu Field); 9 in theLine Islandsof the central Pacific (3 atMalden Islandand 6 atKiritimati/Christmas Island); and 24 in the U.S. as part of joint test series). Often excluded from British totals are the 31 safety tests ofOperation Vixenin Maralinga. British test series include:

Last test:Julin Bristol,November 26, 1991, vertical shaft.

Atmospheric tests involving nuclear material but conventional explosions:[20]

  • Operation Kittens,1953–1961 (initiator tests using conventional explosive)
  • Operation Rats,1956–1960 (conventional explosions to study dispersal of uranium)
  • Operation Tims,1955–1963 (conventional explosions for tamper, plutonium compression trials)
  • Operation Vixen,1959–1963 (effects of accidental fire or explosion on nuclear weapons)

France[edit]

Main articles:France's nuclear testing seriesandFrance and nuclear weapons

France conducted 210 nuclear tests between February 13, 1960 and January 27, 1996.[21]Four were tested atReggane,French Algeria,13 atIn Ekker,Algeria and the rest atMoruroaandFangataufaAtolls inFrench Polynesia.Often skipped in lists are the 5 safety tests at Adrar Tikertine in Algeria.[8]

  • Operation Gerboise bleue,February 13, 1960 (first atomic bomb) and three more:Reggane,Algeria; in the atmosphere; final test reputed to be more intended to prevent the weapon from falling into the hands of generals rebelling against French colonial rule than for testing purposes.[22]
  • Operation Agathe,November 7, 1961 and 12 more: In Ekker, Algeria; underground
  • Operation Aldébaran,July 2, 1966 and 45 more: Moruroa and Fangataufa; in the atmosphere;
    • Canopusfirst hydrogen bomb: August 28, 1968 (Fangataufa)
  • Operation AchilleJune 5, 1975 and 146 more: Moruroa and Fangataufa; underground
    • Operation Xouthoslast test: January 27, 1996 (Fangataufa)

China[edit]

Main article:List of Chinese nuclear tests

The foremost list of Chinese tests compiled by theFederation of American Scientists[23]skips over two Chinese tests listed by others. ThePeople's Republic of Chinaconducted 45 tests (23 atmospheric and 22 underground, all conducted atLop NurNuclear Weapons Test Base, in Malan,Xinjiang)

  • 596First test – October 16, 1964
  • Film is now available of 1966 tests here at time 09:00[24]and another test later in this film.
  • Test No. 6,First hydrogen bomb test – June 17, 1967
  • CHIC-16,200 kt-1 Mt atmospheric test – June 17, 1974[25]
  • #21,Largest hydrogen bomb tested by China (4 megatons) - November 17, 1976
  • #29,Last atmospheric test – October 16, 1980. This is to date the last atmospheric nuclear test by any country[26]
  • #45,Last test – July 29, 1996, underground.[27]

India[edit]

Main article:List of Indian nuclear tests

Indiaannounced it had conducted a test of a single device in 1974 near Pakistan'seastern borderunder the codenameOperation Smiling Buddha.After 24 years, India publicly announced five further nuclear tests on May 11 and May 13, 1998. The official number of Indian nuclear tests is six, conducted under two different code-names and at different times.

Pakistan[edit]

Main article:Pakistan's nuclear testing series

Pakistanconducted 6 official tests, under 2 different code names, in the final week of May 1998. From 1983 to 1994, around 24 nuclear cold tests were carried out by Pakistan; these remained unannounced and classified until 2000. In May 1998, Pakistan responded publicly by testing 6 nuclear devices.[29]

  • March 11, 1983:Kirana-I(type: implosion,non-fissioned (plutonium)and underground). The 24 underground cold tests of nuclear devices were performed near theSargodha Air Force Base.[30]
  • May 28, 1998:Chagai-I(type: implosion,HEUand underground). One underground horizontal-shaft tunnel test (inside a granite mountain) of boosted fission devices at Koh Kambaran in theRas Koh Hillsin Chagai District of Balochistan Province.[29][31]The announced yield of the five devices was a total of 40–45 kilotonnes with the largest having a yield of approximately 30–45 kilotonnes. An independent assessment however put the test yield at no more than 12 kt and the maximum yield of a single device at only 9 kt as opposed to 35 kt as claimed by Pakistani authorities.[32]According toThe Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,the maximum yield was only 2–10 kt as opposed to the claim of 35 kt and the total yield of all tests was no more than 8–15 kt.[33]
  • May 30, 1998:Chagai-II(type: implosion, plutonium device and underground). One underground vertical-shaft tunnel test of a miniaturized fission device having an announced yield of approximately 18–20 kilotonnes, carried out in theKharan DesertinKharan District,Balochistan Province.[31]An independent assessment put the figure of this test at 4–6 kt only.[32]Some Western seismologists put the figure at a mere 2 kt.[33]

North Korea[edit]

Main article:North Korea's nuclear testing series

On October 9, 2006,North Koreaannounced they had conducteda nuclear testinNorth Hamgyong Provinceon the northeast coast at 10:36 AM (11:30 AEST). There was a 3.58 magnitude earthquake reported inSouth Korea,and a 4.2 magnitude tremor was detected 386 km (240 mi) north of P'yongyang. The low estimates on the yield of the test—potentially less than a kiloton in strength—have led to speculation as to whether it was afizzle(unsuccessful test), or not a genuinenucleartest at all.

On May 25, 2009, North Korea announced having conducteda second nuclear test.A tremor, with magnitude reports ranging from 4.7 to 5.3, was detected atMantapsan,375 km (233 mi) northeast ofP'yongyangand within a few kilometers of the 2006 test location. While estimates, as to yield, are still uncertain, with reports ranging from 3 to 20 kilotons, the stronger tremor indicates a significantly larger yield than the 2006 test.

On 12 February 2013,North Koreanstate media announced it had conductedan underground nuclear test,its third in seven years. A tremor that exhibited a nuclear bomb signature with an initialmagnitude4.9 (later revised to 5.1) was detected by bothComprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission(CTBTO)[34]and theUnited States Geological Survey(USGS).[35]The tremor occurred at 11:57 local time (02:57UTC) and the USGS said thehypocenterof the event was only onekilometerdeep.South Korea's defense ministry said the event reading indicated a blast of six to sevenkilotons.[36][37][38][39]However, there are some experts who estimate the yield to be up to 15 kt, since the test site's geology is not well understood.[40]In comparison, the atomic (fission) bombs dropped by theEnola GayonHiroshima(Little Boy,a gun-type atomic bomb) and onNagasakibyBockscar(Fat Man,an implosion-type atomic bomb) had blast yields of the equivalents of 15 and 21 kilotons of TNT, respectively.

On January 5, 2015, North Korean TV news anchors announced that they had successfully tested a miniaturized atomic bomb, about 8 km (5 mi) from thePunggye-ri nuclear sitewhere a test was conducted in 2013.

On January 6, 2016, North Korea announced that it conducted a successful test of a hydrogen bomb. The seismic event, at a magnitude of 5.1, occurred 19 kilometers (12 miles) east-northeast of Sungjibaegam.[41]

On September 9, 2016, North Korea announced another successful nuclear weapon test at the Punggye-ri Test Site. This is the first warhead the state claims to be able to mount to a missile or long-range rocket previously tested in June 2016.[42]Estimates for the explosive yield range from 20 to 30 kt and coincided with a 5.3 magnitude earthquake in the region.[43]

On September 3, 2017, North Korea successfully detonated its first weapon self-designated as a hydrogen bomb.[44]Initial yield estimates place it at 100 kt. Reports indicate that the test blast caused a magnitude 6.3 earthquake,[45]and possibly resulted in a cave-in at the test site.[46]

Alleged tests[edit]

There have been a number of significant alleged, disputed or unacknowledged accounts of countries testing nuclear explosives. Their status is either not certain or entirely disputed by most mainstream experts.

China[edit]

On April 15, 2020U.S.officials said China may have conductedlow-yield nuclear weapontests in itsLop Nurtest site.[47]

Israel[edit]

Israel was alleged by aBundeswehrreport to have made an underground test in 1963.[48][full citation needed]Historian Taysir Nashif reported azero yieldimplosion test in 1966.[49][full citation needed]Scientists from Israel participated in the earliest French nuclear tests before DeGaulle cut off further cooperation.[50][full citation needed]

North Korea[edit]

Main article:Ryanggang explosion

On September 9, 2004,South Korean mediareported that there had been a large explosion at the Chinese/North Korean border. This explosion left a crater visible by satellite and precipitated a large (3-km diameter)mushroom cloud.The United States and South Korea quickly downplayed this, explaining it as a forest fire that had nothing to do with the DPRK's nuclear weapons program.

Pakistan[edit]

Because Pakistan's nuclear program was conducted under extreme secrecy, it raised concerns in the Soviet Union and India, who suspected that since the 1974 test it was inevitable that Pakistan would further develop its program. The pro-Soviet newspaper,The Patriot,reported that "Pakistan has exploded a nuclear device in the range of 20 to 50 kilotons" in 1983.[51]But it was widely dismissed by Western diplomats as it was pointed out thatThe Patriothad previously engaged in spreading disinformation on several occasions. In 1983, India and the Soviet Union both investigated secret tests but, due to lack of any scientific data, these statements were widely dismissed.[52]

In their book,The Nuclear Express,authorsThomas Reedand Danny Stillman also allege that the People's Republic of China allowed Pakistan to detonate a nuclear weapon at itsLop Nurtest site in 1990, eight years before Pakistan held its first official weapons test.[53]

However, senior scientistAbdul Qadeer Khanstrongly rejected the claim in May 1998.[54]According to Khan, due to its sensitivity, no country allows another country to use their test site to explode the devices.[54]Such an agreement only existed between the United States and the United Kingdom since the1958 US–UK Mutual Defense Agreementwhich among other things allows Britain access to the AmericanNevada National Security Sitefor testing.[55]Dr.Samar Mubarakmand,another senior scientist, also confirmed Dr. Khan's statement and acknowledged that cold tests were carried out, under codenameKirana-I,in a test site which was built by theCorps of Engineersunder the guidance of thePAEC.[56] Additionally, the UK conductednuclear tests in Australiain the 1950s.

Russia[edit]

TheYekaterinburg Fireballof November 14, 2014, is alleged by some[57]to have been a nuclear test in space, which would not have been detected by theCTBTObecause the CTBTO does not have autonomous ways to monitor space nuclear tests (i.e. satellites) and relies thus on information that member States would accept to provide. The fireball happened a few days before a conference inYekaterinburgon the theme of air/missile defense.[58]The affirmation, however, is disputed as theRussian Ministry of Emergency Situationsclaimed it was an "on-ground" explosion.[59]The Siberian Times,a local newspaper, noted that "the light was not accompanied by any sound".[59]

Vela incident[edit]

TheVela incidentwas an unidentifieddouble flashof light detected by a partly functional, decommissioned AmericanVela Satelliteon September 22, 1979, in theIndian Ocean(near thePrince Edward IslandsoffAntarctica). Sensors which could have recorded proof of a nuclear test were not functioning on this satellite. It is possible that this was produced by a nuclear device. If this flash detection was actually a nuclear test, a popular theory favored in the diary of then sitting American PresidentJimmy Carter,is that it resulted from a covert jointSouth AfricanandIsraelinuclear test of an advanced highly miniaturized Israeli artillery shell sized device which was unintentionally detectable by satellite optical sensor due to a break in the cloud cover of a typhoon.[60]Analysis of theSouth African nuclear programlater showed only six of the crudest and heavy designs weighing well over 340 kg had been built when they finally declared and disarmed their nuclear arsenal.[61]The 1986Vanunuleaks analyzed by nuclear weapon miniaturization pioneerTed Taylorrevealed very sophisticated miniaturized Israeli designs among the evidence presented.[62]Also suspected were France testing aneutron bombnear theirKerguelen Islandsterritory,[63]the Soviet Union making a prohibited atmospheric test,[64][65]as well as India or Pakistan doing initial proof of concept tests of early weaponized nuclear bombs.[66]

Tests of live warheads on rockets[edit]

The Frigate Bird explosion seen through theperiscopeofUSSCarbonero(SS-337).

Missiles and nuclear warheads have usually been tested separately because testing them together is considered highly dangerous; they are certainly the most extreme type oflive fire exercise.The only US live test of an operational missile was the following:

  • Frigate Bird:on May 6, 1962, aUGM-27 PolarisA-2 missile with a live 600 ktW47 warheadwas launched from theUSSEthan Allen;it flew 1,800 km (1,100 mi), re-entered the atmosphere, and detonated at an altitude of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) over the South Pacific.

Other live tests with the nuclear explosive delivered by rocket by the USA include:

The USA also conducted two live weapons test involvingnuclear artilleryincluding:

The USA also conducted one live weapons test involving a missile launchednuclear depth charge:

The Soviet Union tested nuclear explosives on rockets as part of their development of a localizedanti-ballistic missilesystem in the 1960s. Some of the Soviet nuclear tests with warheads delivered by rocket include:

  • Baikal (USSR Test #25, February 2, 1956, atAralsk) – one test, with aR-5Mrocket launch from Kapustin Yar.
  • ZUR-215 (#34, January 19, 1957, atKapustin Yar) – one test, with a rocket launch from Kapustin Yar.
  • (#82 and 83, early November 1958) two tests, done after declared cease-fire for test moratorium negotiations, from Kapustin Yar.
  • Groza (#88, September 6, 1961, at Kapustin Yar) – one test, with a rocket launch from Kapustin Yar.
  • Grom (#115, October 6, 1961, at Kapustin Yar) – one test, with a rocket launch from Kapustin Yar.
  • Volga (#106 and 108, September 20–22, 1961, atNovaya Zemlya) – two tests, withR-11Mrockets launch fromRogachevo.
  • Roza (#94 and 99, September 12–16, 1961, at Novaya Zemlya) – two tests, withR-12rockets launch fromVorkuta.
  • Raduga(#121, October 20, 1961, at Novaya Zemlya) – one test, with aR-13rocket launch.
  • Tyulpan (#164, September 8, 1962, at Novaya Zemlya) – one test, withR-14rockets launched fromChita.
  • Operation K(1961 and 1962, atSary-Shagan) – five tests, at high altitude, with rockets launched from Kapustin Yar.

The Soviet Union also conducted three livenuclear torpedotests including:

  • Test of the T-5 torpedo on September 21, 1955 at Novaya Zemlya.
  • Test of the T-5 torpedo on October 10, 1957 at Novaya Zemlya.
  • Test of the T-5 torpedo on October 23, 1961 at Novaya Zemlya.

The People's Republic of China conducted CHIC-4 with aDongfeng-2rocket launch on October 25, 1966. The warhead exploded with a yield of 12 kt.

Most powerful tests[edit]

The following is a list of the most powerful nuclear weapon tests. All tests on the first chart were multi-stage thermonuclear weapons.

Worldwide nuclear test with a yield of 1.4 Mt TNT equivalent and more
Date (GMT) Yield (megatons) Deployment Country Test Site Name or Number
October 30, 1961 50 parachute air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Tsar Bomba,Test #130
December 24, 1962 24.2 missile warhead Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #219
August 5, 1962 21.1 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #147
September 27, 1962 20.0 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #174
September 25, 1962 19.1 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #173
March 1, 1954 15 ground USA Bikini Atoll Castle Bravo
May 5, 1954 13.5 barge USA Bikini Atoll Castle Yankee
October 23, 1961 12.5 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #123
March 26, 1954 11.0 barge USA Bikini Atoll Castle Romeo
October 31, 1952 10.4 ground USA Enewetak Atoll Ivy Mike
August 25, 1962 10.0 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #158
September 19, 1962 10.0 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #168
July 11, 1958 9.3 barge USA Bikini Atoll Poplar
June 28, 1958 8.9 barge USA Enewetak Atoll Oak
October 30, 1962 8.3 air drop USA Johnston Atoll Housatonic
October 22, 1962 8.2 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #183
June 27, 1962 7.7 air drop USA Kiritimati Bighorn
April 25, 1954 6.9 barge USA Bikini Atoll Castle Union
July 20, 1956 5.0 barge USA Bikini Atoll Tewa
October 31, 1961 5.0 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #131
November 6, 1971 4.8 underground shaft USA Amchitka Cannikin
July 10, 1956 4.5 barge USA Bikini Atoll Navajo
August 27, 1962 4.2 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #160
October 6, 1961 4.0 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #114
October 27, 1973 4.0 underground shaft Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #392
November 17, 1976 4.0 air drop China Lop Nur Test (21)
July 11, 1962 3.9 parachuted USA Kiritimati Pamlico
May 20, 1956 3.8 free air drop USA Bikini Atoll Cherokee
August 1, 1958 3.8 high alt rocket USA Johnston Atoll Teak
August 12, 1958 3.8 high alt rocket USA Johnston Atoll Orange
September 12, 1973 3.8 tunnel Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #385 - 1
May 27, 1956 3.5 dry surface USA Bikini Atoll Zuni
October 14, 1970 3.4 air drop China Lop Nur CHIC-11
September 16, 1962 3.3 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #166
June 17, 1967 3.3 parachuted China Lop Nur CHIC-6
September 15, 1962 3.1 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #165
December 25, 1962 3.1 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #220
April 28, 1958 3.0 air drop UK Kiritimati Grapple Y
October 4, 1961 3.0 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #113
June 10, 1962 3.0 free air drop USA Kiritimati Yeso
December 27, 1968 3.0 air drop China Lop Nur CHIC-8
September 29, 1969 3.0 air drop China Lop Nur CHIC-10
June 27, 1973 3.0 air drop China Lop Nur Test (15)
October 6, 1957 2.9 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #47
October 18, 1958 2.9 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #73
October 22, 1958 2.8 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #78
August 20, 1962 2.8 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #152
September 10, 1961 2.7 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya 90 Vozduj
August 24, 1968 2.6 balloon France Fangataufa Canopus
September 27, 1971 2.5 tunnel Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #345 - 1
September 21, 1962 2.4 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #169
November 2, 1974 2.3 underground shaft Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #411
October 14, 1970 2.2 tunnel Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #327 - 1
July 26, 1958 2.0 barge USA Enewetak Atoll Pine
July 8, 1956 1.9 barge USA Enewetak Atoll Apache
September 8, 1962 1.9 high alt rocket Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya 164 Tyulpan
March 26, 1970 1.9 underground shaft USA Nevada Handley
November 8, 1957 1.8 air drop UK Kiritimati Grapple X
May 13, 1954 1.7 barge USA Enewetak Atoll Nectar
November 22, 1955 1.6 air drop Soviet Union Semipalatinsk 24 Binarnaya
September 24, 1957 1.6 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #45
August 22, 1962 1.6 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #154
October 18, 1962 1.6 parachuted USA Johnston Atoll Chama
February 27, 1958 1.5 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #54
June 14, 1958 1.5 barge USA Enewetak Atoll Walnut
October 12, 1958 1.5 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #71
October 15, 1958 1.5 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #72
September 20, 1961 1.5 high alt rocket Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya 106 Volga1
October 20, 1961 1.5 high alt rocket Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya 121 Raduga
November 4, 1961 1.5 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #140
May 11, 1958 1.4 barge USA Bikini Atoll Fir
May 12, 1958 1.4 dry surface USA Enewetak Atoll Koa
July 9, 1962 1.4 space rocket USA Johnston Atoll Starfish Prime
September 18, 1962 1.4 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #167
April 26, 1968 1.3 underground shaft USA Nevada Test Site Boxcar
October 21, 1975 1.3 tunnel Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #432-1
September 8, 1968 1.3 balloon France Moruroa Procyon
June 30, 1962 1.27 parachuted USA Kiritimati Bluestone
June 12, 1962 1.2 parachuted USA Kiritimati Harlem
September 12, 1961 1.2 space rocket Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #94 Roza1
September 14, 1961 1.2 space rocket Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #98
August 29, 1974 1.2 tunnel Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #407-1
December 19. 1968 1.2 underground shaft USA Nevada Test Site Benham
June 25, 1956 1.1 barge USA Bikini Dakota
May 2, 1962 1.1 parachuted USA Kiritimati Arkansas
December 24, 1962 1.1 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #218
August 28, 1972 1.1 tunnel Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #368-1
August 23, 1975 1.1 tunnel Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #427-1
July 10, 1962 1.0 air drop USA Kiritimati Sunset
January 19, 1968 1.0 underground shaft USA Nevada Faultless
October 2, 1969 1.0 underground shaft USA Alaska Milrow
October 28, 1975 1.0 underground shaft USA Nevada Test Site Kasseri
October 24, 1958 1.0 air drop Soviet Union Novaya Zemlya Test #79
Largest fission bomb tests
Date (GMT) Yield (kilotons) Deployment Country Test Site Name or Number
May 31, 1957 720 air drop United Kingdom Malden Island Orange Herald(boosted)
November 16, 1952 540 air drop United States Runit Island Ivy King(pure fission)[67]
July 15, 1968 450 air drop France Moruroa Atoll Castor(boosted)
July 12, 1971 440 air drop France Moruroa Atoll Encelade(boosted)
August 12, 1953 400 tower shot Soviet Union Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan Joe 4(boosted)
August 12, 1953 250 tower shot Soviet Union Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan Joe 18(boosted)
May 8, 1951 225 air drop United States Enewetak Atoll Operation GreenhouseGeorge(boosted)
October 4, 1966 205 air drop France Moruroa Atoll Sirius(unknown)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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