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List of slaves

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One of four statues of chained slaves at the base of theMonument of the Four MoorsinLivorno,Italy, whose models may have been actual slaves

Slaveryis a social-economic system under which people are enslaved: deprived of personal freedom and forced to perform labor or services without compensation. These people are referred to as slaves, or as enslaved people.

The following is alist of historical people who were enslavedat some point during their lives, in alphabetical order byfirst name.Several names have been added under the letter representing the person's last name.

A

[edit]
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Aesopin aHellenisticstatue claimed to be him, Art Collection ofVilla Albani,Rome
Portrait ofAndrey Voronikhin.Engraving by V. A. Bobrov from the beginning of the 19th century.
Abram Petrovich Gannibal,bust inPetrovskoe,Russia
  • Archibald Grimké(1849–1930), born into slavery, the son of a white father, became an American lawyer, intellectual, journalist, diplomat and community leader.
  • Aristocleia,a woman in ancient Greece described inAgainst Neaeraas the property of Nicarete, who prostituted her c. 340 BC.
  • Arkil,a slave inAnglo-SaxonEngland freed by Geatflæd "for the love of God and the good of her soul".[11]
  • Arthur Crumpler(c. 1835–1910), escaped slavery inVirginia,second husband ofDr. Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler.
  • Aster Ganno(c.1872–1964), a young Ethiopian woman was rescued by the Italian Navy from a slave ship crossing to Yemen. She went on to translate the Bible into theOromo language.Also she prepared literacy materials and went on to spend the rest of her life as a school teacher.
  • Augustine Tolton(1854–1897), the first black priest in the United States.[28]
  • Aurelia Philematium,afreedwomanwhose tombstone glorifies her marriage with her fellowfreedman,Lucius Aurelius Hermia.[29]
Portrait ofAyuba Suleiman DiallobyWilliam Hoare(1733)

B

[edit]
Baibars
SaintBrigid of Kildareas depicted in Saint Non's chapel,St Davids,Wales
  • Billy,a 7-year-old black boy captured byCreekraiders in 1788; he passed through several hands before being sold at auction inHavana,Spanish Cuba.[32]
  • Billy(born c. 1754), a man who escapedJohn Tayloe II's plantation and was charged withtreasonagainst Virginia during theAmerican Revolutionary War.He waspardonedafter arguing that, as a slave, he was not a citizen and thus could not commit treason against a government to which he owed no allegiance.
  • Bissula(fl. 368) enslaved Alemannic woman, and muse of the Roman poet Ausonius.
  • BlaesusandBlaesia,whose lateRepublican Rometomb inscription names them as thefreedmanof Caius and the freedwoman of Aulus.[33]
  • Blandina(c. 162–177), a slave and Christianmartyrin RomanGaul.[34]
  • Boga,a man enslaved inAnglo-SaxonEngland who, along with all his family, was freed by his owner Æthelgifu's will.[11]
  • Maria Boguslavka(17th century),Ukrainianwoman enslaved in aharem,and became a heroine of assisting the escape of 30Cossacksfrom slavery.
  • TheBodmin manumissions,a manuscript now in theBritish Library[35]preserves the names and details of slaves freed inBodmin(the then-principal town ofCornwall) during the 9th or 10th centuries.[36][37]
  • Booker T. Washington(1856–1915), born into slavery, became an American educator, author and leader of the African-American community after theCivil War.
  • Nathaniel Booth(1826–1901), escaped slavery inVirginiaand settled in Lowell,Massachusetts.In 1851, the citizens of Lowell purchased his freedom from slave hunters.
  • John Boston(c. 1832–after 1880) a formerly-enslaved man who representedDarlington Countyfor theSouth Carolina House of Representativesduring theReconstruction era.He was involved in community endeavors and, as a minister, established the Lamar Colored Methodist Church in 1865. By 1880, he was a farmer.
  • SaintBrigid of Kildare,a majorIrishSaint. According to tradition, Brigid was born in the year 451 AD inFaughart,[38]just north ofDundalk[39][40]inCounty Louth,Ireland.Her mother was Brocca, a ChristianPictslave who had been baptized bySaint Patrick.They name her father as Dubhthach, a chieftain ofLeinster.[41]Dubthach's wife forced him to sell Brigid's mother to a druid when she became pregnant. Brigid herself was born into slavery. The child Brigid was said to have performed miracles, including healing and feeding the poor.[42]Around the age of ten, she was returned as a household servant to her father, where her habit of charity led her to donate his belongings to anyone who asked. In twoLives,Dubthach was so annoyed with her that he took her in a chariot tothe King of Leinsterto sell her. While Dubthach was talking to the king, Brigid gave away his jewelled sword to a beggar to barter it for food to feed his family. The king recognized her holiness and convinced Dubthach to grant his daughter her freedom, after which she started her career as a well-known nun.[43]
  • Brigitta Scherzenfeldt(1698–1733),Swedishmemoirist and weaving teacher who was captured during theGreat Northern Warand lived as a slave in the kingdom of theKalmykin Central Asia.
  • Bussa,born a free man inWest Africaof possibleIgbodescent and was captured byAfrican slave merchants,sold to the British, and transported toBarbados(whereslavery had been legalsince 1661) in the late 18th century as a slave.[44]

C

[edit]
Charlotte Aïssé
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pashabust atMersin Naval Museum

D

[edit]
Dred Scott,who lost a legal suit for his freedom in the United States Supreme Court in 1857
  • Dabitum,slave inOld Babyloniaknown for her letter concerning a miscarriage.[54][55]
  • Danae,"the new maidservant of Capito", named in lead curse tablet fromRepublican Rome,which aimed to destroy Danae.[56]
  • Daniel Bell(c. 1802–1877) who tried for decades to obtain lasting freedom for himself, his wife, and his children. He helped organize what was called "the single largest known escape attempt by enslaved Americans", called thePearlincidentin Washington, D.C., in 1848.
  • Dada Masiti(c. 1810s–15 July 1919) poet, mystic and Islamic scholar.
  • Dave Drake(c. 1801–1876), also known as Dave the Potter.
  • David George,a black man who fled a cruelVirginiamaster and was captured byCreeksand enslaved by Chief Blue Salt.[57]
  • Deborah Squash,with her husband Harvey escaped fromGeorge Washington's Mount Vernon, joined the British in New York during theAmerican Revolutionary War,and were evacuated in 1783 asfreedmen.[58]
  • Denmark Vesey(c. 1767–1822), an enslaved African-American man and later a freeman who planned what would have been one of the largestslave rebellionsin the United States had word of the plans not been leaked.[59]
  • Dido Elizabeth Belle(1761–1804), born into slavery as the natural daughter of Maria Belle, an enslaved African woman in theWest Indies,andSir John Lindsay,a careerRoyal Navyofficer. Lindsay took Belle with him when he returned to England in 1765, entrusting her raising to his uncleWilliam Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield,and his wife Elizabeth Murray, Countess of Mansfield. The Murrays educated Belle, bringing her up as a freegentlewomanat theirKenwood House,together with their niece,Lady Elizabeth Murray.Belle lived there for 30 years. In his will of 1793, Lord Mansfield confirmed her freedom and provided an outright sum and anannuityto her, making her an heiress.
  • Diegowas a formerly-enslaved freedman closely associated with theElizabethan EnglishnavigatorFrancis Drake.In March 1573, Drake raidedDarien(in modernPanama), in which he was greatly aided byMaroons– Africans who had escaped from Spanish slave owners and were glad to help their English enemies. One of them was Diego, who proved a capable ship builder and accompanied Drake back to England. In 1577, whenQueen Elizabethsent Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas – which eventually developed intoDrake circumnavigating the world– Diego was once again employed under Drake; his fluency inSpanishandEnglishwould make him a useful interpreter when Spaniards or Spanish-speaking Portuguese were captured. He was employed as Drake's servant and was paid wages, just like the rest of the crew. Diego died while Drake's ship was crossing the Pacific, of wounds sustained earlier in the voyage. Drake was saddened at his death, Diego having become a good friend.[60]
  • Diogenes of Sinope(c. 412–323 BCE), Greek philosopher kidnapped by pirates and sold inCorinth.
  • Dincă,half-Romaman enslaved by his father, aCantacuzinoboyar in the 19th-centuryDanubian Principalities(present-dayRomania). Well-educated, working as a cook but not allowed to marry his French mistress and go free, which had led him to murder his lover and kill himself. The affair shocked public opinion and was one of the factors contributing to the abolition ofslavery in Romania.[61]
  • Diocletian(244–312),Emperor of Rome,was by some sources born as the slave of Senator Anullinus. By other sources, it was Diocletian's father (whose own name is unknown) who was a slave, and was freed prior to the birth of his son, the future emperor.[62]
  • Dionysius I(? – 1492),Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople,previously enslaved by the Ottomans after theFall of Constantinoplein 1453.
  • Dolly Johnson(born late 1820s, died after 1887), African-American woman from Tennessee, enslaved by PresidentAndrew Johnson,later a small small-business owner.[63]
  • Dorota Sitańska(diedafter1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[64]
  • Dragut(1485–1565) Ottoman commander, gally slave during his Italian captivity.
  • Dred Scott(c. 1799–1858), an enslaved African-American man inMissouriwho sued for his freedom in a nationally publicized trial,Scott v. Sandford,that reached theUnited States Supreme Courtin 1857.
  • Dufe the Old,a man enslaved inAnglo-SaxonEngland who was freed by his mistress Æthelgifu's will.[65]

E

[edit]
Florence, Lady Bakerc. 1875. A Romanian enslaved as an orphan, was bought bySamuel Baker,who married her.
  • Ecceard the Smith,a slave inAnglo-SaxonEngland freed by Geatflæd "for the love of God and the good of her soul".[65]
  • Ecgferð Aldun's daughter,a slave inAnglo-SaxonEngland freed by Geatflæd "for the love of God and the good of her soul".[65]
  • Edmond Flint,a black person enslaved by theChoctawNation who later described it as very like slavery among the whites.[66]
  • Ediþ,an enslaved woman inAnglo-SaxonEngland who bought her freedom and that of her children.[67]
  • Edward Mozingo, Sr.,(c. 1649 – 1712), kidnapped from Africa when about 10 years old, sold into slavery inJamestown, Virginia.After his owner died, he sued for his freedom and won it. He married an impoverished white woman, Margaret Pierce Bayley (1645–1711) and together they, essentially, founded the Mozingo family line in North America.[68]
  • Elijah Abel(1808–1884), born enslaved inMarylandand believed to have escaped slavery on theUnderground Railroadinto Canada. He joinedthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsin its early days, was among the firstblacksto receive itspriesthoodand the first black person to rise to the ranks of anelderandseventy.
  • Elizabeth Marsh(1735–1785) was an Englishwoman who was captured by corsairs and held in slavery in Morocco.
  • Edith Hern Fossett,a woman enslaved by U.S. PresidentThomas Jefferson,was taught to cook by a French chef and createdFrench cuisineat theWhite Houseand atMonticello.
  • Elias Polk(1806–1886), a conservative political activist of the 19th century.
  • Eliezer of Damascus,Abraham's slave and trusted manager of the Patriarch's household in the Hebrew Bible.
  • Elieserwas a man enslaved by the family of Paulo de Pina,Portuguese Jewswho moved to the Netherlands in 1610 to escape persecution and forced conversion in Portugal. He lived with the family in Amsterdam until his death in 1629 and was buried in the Beth Haim cemetery, oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. He appears to have been set free, eitherde jureor in practice, and to have been on near equal footing with the family that owned him back in Portugal – indicated by the fact that he attended the funeral of the wife of his master, Sara de Pina, and contributed to that occasion sixstuivers,and that he was buried alongside his (former) owners and alongside Jacob Israel Belmonte, the community's richest businessman. Elieser must have been converted to Judaism and widely accepted as Jewish, otherwise he would not have been buried inside the Jewish cemetery; the name "Elieser" was likely bestowed on him at conversion, recallingEliezer of Damascus.In recent years, Elieser's memory was taken up by members of theSurinamesecommunity in the Netherlands, who erected a statue of him and hold an annual pilgrimage to his grave on what came to be known asElieser Day.[69]
  • Elisenda de Sant Climent(1220–1275), enslaved during a slave raid on Mallorca and placed in the harem of the emir in Tunis.
  • Eliza Hopewell,a woman enslaved by Confederate spyIsabella Maria Boyd( "Belle Boyd"). In 1862 she aided her owner's espionage activities, carrying messages to theConfederate Armyin a hollowed-out watch case.
  • Eliza Moore(1843–1948), one of the last proven African-American former slaves living in the United States.
  • Elizabeth Johnson Forby,mixed-race American woman enslaved by President Andrew Johnson, daughter ofDolly Johnson.[70]
  • Elizabeth Key Grinstead(1630–after 1665), the first woman of African ancestry in the North American colonies to sue for her freedom and win. Key and her infant son, John Grinstead, were freed on July 21, 1656, in the colony ofVirginia,based on the fact that her father was an Englishman and that she was a baptized Christian.
  • Elizabeth Freeman(c. 1742 – 1829), known asBettand laterMum Bett,was among the first enslaved black people in Massachusetts to file afreedom suitand win in court under the1780 constitution,with a ruling that slavery was illegal.
  • Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley(1818–1907), best known as the personalmodisteandconfidanteofMary Todd Lincoln,theFirst Ladyof the United States. Keckley wrote and published an autobiography,Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House(1868).
  • Ellen Craft(1826–1891), light-skinned wife of William Craft, who escaped with him from Georgia toPhiladelphia,by posing as a white woman and her slave, in a case that became famous.
  • Ellen More,an enslaved woman brought to the royal Scottish court
  • Elsey Thompson,a white captive enslaved by a Creek. When trader John O'Reilly attempted to ransom her and Nancy Caffrey, he was told they were not taken captive to be allowed to go back, but to work.[71]
  • Emilia Soares de Patrocinio(1805–1886) was a Brazilian slave, slave owner and businesswoman.
  • Emiline(age 23);Nancy(20);Lewis,brother of Nancy (16);Edward,brother of Emiline (13);LewisandEdward,sons of Nancy (7);Ann,daughter of Nancy (5); andAmanda,daughter of Emiline (2), were freed in the 1852Lemmon v. New Yorkcourt case after they were brought to New York by their Virginia owners.
  • Emily Edmonson(1835–1895), along with her sister Mary, joined an unsuccessful 1848 escape attempt known as thePearl incident,butHenry Ward Beecherand his church raised the funds to free them.
  • Enrique of Malacca,also known asHenry the Black,slave and interpreter ofFerdinand Magellanand possibly the first man to circumnavigate the globe in Magellan's voyage of 1519–1521.
  • Epictetus(55 – c. 135),ancient Greekstoic philosopher.
  • Epunuel,a native ofChappaquiddickwho was taken captive by English explorers in the 1610s with twenty-nine others, and taken to London as a slave.[72]
  • Estevanico(1500–1539), also known asEsteban the Moor.In principle he was a slave of the Portuguese to, later, be a servant of the Spaniards. He was one of only four survivors of the ill-fatedNarváez expedition,later a guide in search of the fabledSeven Cities of Goldand possibly the first African person to arrive in what is nowArizonaandNew Mexico.
  • Eston Hemings(1808–1856), son ofSally HemingsandThomas Jefferson.
  • Eucharis,a Greek bornfreedwomanof Roman Licinia, described in her epitaph in the 1st century AD as fourteen when she died, a child actress and a professional dancer.[73]
  • Eunus(died 132 BC), a Roman slave fromApameain Syria, the leader of the slave uprising in theFirst Servile Warin theRoman province of Sicily.Eunus rose to prominence in the movement through his reputation as a prophet and wonder-worker. He claimed to receive visions and communications from the goddessAtargatis,a prominent goddess in his homeland; he identified her with the SicilianDemeter.Some of his prophecies were that the rebel slaves would successfully capture the city ofEnnaand that he would be a king some day.
  • Euphemia(died 520s), Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Justin I, originally a slave.
  • Euphraios,anAthenianslave and banker.[46]
  • Exuperius and Zoe(died 127), 2nd-centuryChristian martyrs.They were a married couple who were enslaved by a pagan inPamphylia.They were killed along with their sons, Cyriacus and Theodolus, for refusing to participate in pagan rites when their son was born.[74]

F

[edit]
Frederick Douglass,the foremost African-American abolitionist of the 19th century
Self-portrait byFyodor Slavyansky(1850s, Russian museum)

G

[edit]
Medical examination photo ofGordonshowing his scourged back, widely distributed by abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery
Portrait ofGülnuş Sultan

H

[edit]
Hurrem Sultan,an Eastern European slave girl bought by Ottoman sultanSüleyman the Magnificent,who married her.

I

[edit]
İbrahim Pasha
Ivan Argunov.Self-portrait (late 1750s).

J

[edit]
Jean Parisot de Valette
St. Josephine Margaret Bakhita,F.D.C.C.

K

[edit]
Kösem Sultan(1589–1651), slave concubine like all other inmates of theImperial Harem
  • KingJaja of Opobo(1821–1891), sold at about the age of 12 into slavery in theKingdom of Bonnyin present-dayNigeria.Proving at an early age his aptitude for business, he not only earned his way out of slavery but also became a rich and powerful merchant prince and the founder of theOpobocity-state, his career eventually ended by the British colonizers whom he tried to defy.
  • Anna Kingsley(1793–1870), enslaved woman and then a planter and slave owner herself.
  • Kunta Kinte(c. 1750 – c. 1822), a character from the 1976 novelRoots: The Saga of an American Familywhom authorAlex Haleywas based on one of his actual ancestors. Kinte was a man of theMandinka peoplewho grew up in a small village calledJuffurein what is nowThe Gambiaand was raised as aMuslimbefore being captured and enslaved in Virginia.[122]The historical accuracy of Haley's story is disputed.[123]
  • Kodjo(c. 1803–1833), a Surinamese slave who was burnt alive for starting the 1832 fire inParamaribo,Dutch Suriname,possibly as an act of resistance.
  • Kösem Sultan(1589–1651), an Ottoman enslaved woman, later extremely powerful as wife, then mother and later grandmother of the Ottoman sultan during the 130-year period known as theSultanate of Women.

L

[edit]
Laurens de Graaf
  • Lalla Balqis(1670 – after 1721), an Englishwoman captured and enslaved by Corsairs and included in the harem of the Sultan of Morocco.
  • Lamhatty,aTawasaIndian captured and enslaved byCreek;he escaped.[124]
  • Lampegia(died after 730),Aquitaniannoblewoman, captured byAbd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi,who in 730 took the Llivia Fortress, executed her spouseMunuzaand sent her as a slave to the harem ofHisham ibn Abd al-Malikin Damascus.[125]
  • La Mulâtresse Solitude(1772–1802), a slave on the island ofGuadeloupefreed in 1794 by the abolition of slavery during theFrench Revolution.She was executed after having fought for freedom when slavery was reintroduced byNapoleonin 1802.
  • Laurens de Graaf(c. 1653–1704), a Dutch pirate, mercenary, and naval officer, enslaved by Spanish slave traders when captured in what is now the Netherlands and transported to theCanary Islandsto work on a plantation, prior to 1674.
  • Lear Green(c. 1839—1860), an African-American woman from Maryland who escaped to freedom in New York by mailing herself in a box.
  • Leo Africanus,(1494–1554), aMoorborn inGranadawho was taken by his family in 1498 to Morocco when expelled from Spain. As an adult he served on diplomatic missions. Captured byCrusaderswhile in the Middle East, he was enslaved in Rome and forced to convert to Christianity. He eventually regained his freedom and lived out his life inTunis.
  • Leofgifu the dairy maid,an enslaved woman in Anglo-Saxon England, named in her manumission.[126]
  • Leoflaed,an enslaved woman in Anglo-Saxon England, whose freedom was bought by a man who described her as a "kinswoman."[127]
  • Leonor de Mendoza,an enslaved woman incolonial Mexicowho tried to marry Tomás Ortega, a man enslaved by another master; when her master imprisoned Tomás she appealed to a church court for assistance, which threatened excommunication if he did not free Tomás.[128]
  • Letitia Munson(c. 1820– after 1882), midwife and formerly enslaved, she was acquitted of performing an illegal abortion in Canada.
  • Lewis Adams(1842–1905), a formerly-enslaved man who co-founded the Tuskegee Institute, nowTuskegee University,inAlabama.
  • Lewis Hayden(1811–1889), African-American man born in Kentucky, later elected to theMassachusetts General Court.[129]
  • Lilliam Williams,aTennesseesettler who was captured by the Creek while pregnant. The Creek adopted her daughter (whom she named Molly and they namedEsnahatchee,); they kept the girl when Williams' freedom was arranged.[130]
  • Liol,a Chinese man enslaved by Mongol bannerman Soosar. He was rewarded with semi-independent status, as a separate register dependent. In 1735, his son Fuji tried to claim that he and his brother were in fact Manchus and detached household bannermen, but failed.[131]
  • Lott Cary(c. 1780 – November 10, 1828), born an African-American slave in Virginia, bought his freedom c. 1813, emigrated to Liberia in 1822, where he later served as colonial administrator.[132]
  • Louis Hughes(1832–1913), African-American man who escaped slavery, author, and businessman[133]
  • Lovisa von Burghausen(1698–1733), Swedish writer who published an account of being enslaved in Russia after being taken prisoner during theGreat Northern War.
  • Lucius Agermus,freedman ofAgrippina the Elder.[134]
  • Lucius Aurelius Hermia,a freedman butcher whose tombstone glorifies his marriage with his fellow freedwoman Aurelia Philematium.[135]
  • Lucius Cancrius Primigenius,a freedman of Clemens in an inscription praising him for breaking spells against the city.[136]
  • Lucius of Campione,who lost a lawsuit in the 8th century over a man Toto's claimed ownership of him.[137]
  • Lucy,the black woman enslaved by John Lang. She was taken captive by theCreekwhen 12 years old and kept in slavery in Creek territory, where she had slave children and grandchildren.[138]
  • Lucy Ann (Berry) Delaney(1830–1891), formerly-enslaved woman, daughter of Polly Berry.
  • Lucy Higgs Nichols(1838–1915), escaped slavery, served as a nurse in the Civil War, member of theGrand Army of the Republic.
  • Luís Gama(1830–1882), born free in Brazil, illegally sold into slavery as a child, he regained liberty as an adult and became a lawyer who freed hundreds from slavery without asking for recompense, notably in theNetto Case.
  • Lunsford Lane(1803 – after 1870), an enslaved African-American man and entrepreneur from North Carolina who bought freedom for himself and his family. He also wrote aslave narrative.
  • Lyde,an enslaved woman freed by Roman empress Livia.[139]
  • Lydia,an enslaved woman who was shot and wounded by her captor when she struggled to escape a whipping. The action was ruled legal by theSupreme Court of North Carolinain 1830 (seeNorth Carolina v. Mann).
  • Lydia Carter,the "Little Osage Captive," captured and enslaved among the Cherokee. She was ransomed by Lydia Carter, who made her her namesake. The Osage attempted to reclaim her, but she took ill and died.[140]
  • Lydia Polite,mother ofRobert Smalls.

M

[edit]
Mikhail Shchepkin
  • Madison Hemings(1805–1877), son ofSally HemingsandThomas Jefferson.
  • Mae Louise Miller(1943–2014), American woman kept in modern-day slavery (peonage) until 1961.
  • Malik Ambar,born in 1548 asChapu,a birth-name in Harar,Adal SultanateinSomalia.He was from the now extinctMayaethnic group. As a child he was sold in slavery by his parents[141]Mir Qasim Al Baghdadi, one of his slave owners, eventually converted Chapu to Islam and gave him the name Ambar, after recognizing his superior intellectual qualities.[142][143]Malik was brought to India as a slave. While in India he created a mercenary force numbering up to 1500 men. It was based in the Deccan region and was hired by local kings. Malik became a popular Prime Minister of theAhmadnagar Sultanate,showing administrative acumen. He is also regarded as a pioneer inguerilla warfarein the region. He is credited with carrying out arevenue settlementof much of the Deccan, which formed the basis for subsequent settlements. He is a figure of veneration to theSiddisofGujarat.He humbled the might of theMughalsandAdil Shah of Bijapurand raised the low status of the Nizam Shah.[144][145]
  • La Malinche(c. 1496 or c. 1501 – c. 1529), aNahuawoman given as a slave to Spanish conquistadorHernán Cortés.She became his personal interpreter, advisor, and mistress during theSpanish conquest of Mexico.
  • Mammy Lou(1804 – after 1918), a formerly-enslaved woman who lived to extreme old age and acted in the 1918silent filmThe Glorious Adventure.
  • Manes,a man enslaved byDiogenes of Sinope.He ran away shortly after his owner arrived in Athens, and Diogenes failed to pursue him on the grounds that if Manes could live without him, it would be disgraceful if he could not equally live without Manes.
  • Manjeok,enslaved Korean person and leader of an abortive slave uprising.
  • Manjutakin(died 1007), a Turkish-born enslaved soldier (ghulam) and general of theFatimids.
  • Mann,either of two men enslaved by Æthelgifu in Anglo-Saxon England and freed by the terms of her will. One was a goldsmith and the other's wife was freed at the same time.[65]
  • Marcos Xiorro,a man enslaved inPuerto Ricowho, in 1821, planned a revolt against the sugar plantation owners and the Spanish colonial government. Though the conspiracy was unsuccessful, he became a part of island's folklore.[146]
  • Marcia,mistress of Roman emperorCommodus.
  • Marcius Agrippa(late 2nd and early 3rd century), an enslaved man who was not only freed but eventually elevated to senatorial rank by Roman emperorMacrinus.
  • Marcus Tullius Tiro(c. 103 – 4 BCE), Roman author, slave, and secretary of the Roman politicianCicero,later freed. He invented a long-lasting system of shorthand and wrote books that are now lost.
  • Margaret Garner(1835–1858), an enslaved woman in antebellum America infamous for killing her own daughter rather than see the child returned to slavery.
  • Margaret Himfi(before 1380 – after 1408), aHungariannoblewoman who was abducted and enslaved by Ottoman marauders in the late 14th century. She later became an enslaved mistress of a wealthy Venetian citizen ofCrete,with whom she had two daughters. Margaret returned to Hungary in 1405.
  • Marguerite Duplessis(c. 1718– after 1740), aPawneewoman enslaved inMontrealwho, in 1740, unsuccessfully sued for her freedom.
  • Maria ter Meetelen(1704 – fl. 1751), Dutch writer of a slave narrative, enslaved by pirates and sold to the Sultan of Morocco. Her 1748 biography is considered to be a valuable witness statement of the life of a former slave.
  • Marie(died 1759), an enslavedCreewoman sentenced to death inTrois-Rivières,New France.
  • Margaret Morgan,involved in thePrigg v. PennsylvaniaUnited States Supreme Courtcase in which the court held that the federalFugitive Slave Actprecluded a Pennsylvania state law that prohibited blacks from being taken out of Pennsylvania into slavery, and overturned the conviction of Edward Prigg as a result.
  • Marguerite Scypion(c. 1770s – after 1836), an African-Natchez woman born into slavery inSt. Louiswho sued for and eventually won her freedom.
  • Maria al-Qibtiyya(died 637), also known as "Maria the Copt" (Arabic:مارية القبطية) or, alternatively,Maria Qupthiya,an enslavedCoptwho was sent as a gift fromMuqawqis,aByzantineofficial, to theIslamicprophetMuhammadin 628, and became Muhammad's wife. She was the mother of Muhammad's sonIbrahim,who died in infancy. Her sister,Sirin,was also sent to Muhammad. Muhammad gave her to his followerHassan ibn Thabit.Maria never remarried after Muhammad's death in 632, and died five years later.
  • Maria,(died 1716), the leader of a slave rebellion onCuraçao.
  • Maria Perkins,an enslaved woman from Virginia who wrote a letter to her husband in 1852 about their son being sold away.[147]
  • Mariah Bell Winder McGavock Otey Reddick(died 1922), as a girl she was given as a wedding gift to Carrie Winder when she married John McGavock in 1848 inTerrebonne Parish, Louisiana.Mariah, born enslaved in Mississippi, was taken toFranklin, Tennessee,where she lived for most of the remainder of her life. She was matched with Harvey Otey after his first wife Phebe died. They had several children, including two sets of twins, born into slavery. During the Civil War, she was sent to Montgomery to be far from Union lines and possible freedom. She has been featured in three novels:Widow of the SouthandOrphan Motherboth by Robert Hicks and in a book by her great-grandson William 'Damani' Keene and his wife Carole 'Ife' Keene entitledClandestine: The Times and Secret Life of Mariah Otey Reddick.[148]
  • Marianna Malińska(diedafter1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[149]
  • Marie-Cessette Dumas,a woman enslaved by MarquisAntoine de la Pailleterie,mother of GeneralThomas-Alexandre Dumas,and grandmother of famous authorAlexandre Dumas, père.
  • Marie-Josèphe dite Angélique(died 1734), ablack Portugueseenslaved woman who was tried and convicted, beaten and hanged for setting fire to her female owner's home, burning much of what is now referred to asOld Montreal.
  • Marie Thérèse Metoyer,a planter, and businesswoman at thecolonial Louisianaoutpost ofNatchitochesafter being freed.
  • Mark,Massachusetts man enslaved by Captain John Codman.[150]Mark's body was displayed in chains publicly nearCharlestown, Massachusettsfor twenty years. The gruesome display of his body was so well known at the time, the site where Mark's body was displayed is mentioned byPaul Revereas a landmark, in his 1798 account of Revere's 1775 midnight ride.[151]
  • Martha Ann Erskine Ricks(1817–1901), an African-American born enslaved in Tennessee, later an Americo-Liberian quilter[152]
  • Marthe Franceschini(1755–1799), an Italian captured and enslaved by Corsairs and included in the harem of the Sultan of Morocco.
  • Mary,mother ofGeorge Washington Carver.
  • Mary(died 1838), teenager hanged for the murder of Vienna Brinker, a two-year-old girl she was babysitting
  • Mary Black,one of three enslaved women charged withwitchcraftduring theSalem witch trialsof 1692.
  • Mary Calhoun,white woman and cousin ofJohn C. Calhounwho was kidnapped by Cherokee. She never returned home.[1]
  • Mary Edmonson(1832–1853), along with her sister Emily, joined an unsuccessful 1848 escape attempt known as thePearl incident,butHenry Ward Beecherand his church raised the funds to free them.
  • Mary Eliza Smith,described in various records as "slave" or "former slave," common-law wife of Michael Morris Healy and mother of his children, includingJames Augustine Healy,Patrick Francis Healy,Michael A. Healy,andEliza Healy.
  • Mary Fields(c. 1832–1914): the first African-American female star route mail carrier in the United States.
  • Mary Mildred Williams,Nee Botts (born 1847), the original 'Poster Child' whose image was used to advance the abolitionist cause by propagandising 'White Slavery' in 1855.
  • Mary Prince(c. 1788 – after 1833), the account of her life galvanized theanti-slavery movementin England.
  • TheMaster of Mortonand theeldest son of the Chief ofClan Oliphant,two Scottish nobles who were exiled fromScotlandafter being implicated in the 1582Raid of Ruthven.The ship in which they sailed was lost at sea, and it was rumoured that they had been caught by a Dutch ship. The last report was that they were slaves on a Turkish ship in the Mediterranean. A plaque to their memory was raised in the church in Algiers.
  • Masúd,initiallypurchased as a youthby Khál-i Akbar, an uncle of theBáb,Masúd would serveBahá'u'lláhinAcre.[153]
  • Matilda McCrear(c. 1857 – 1940), the last surviving victim in the United States of theTransatlantic slave trade.Transported upon the slave shipClotilda.
  • Mende Nazer(born c. 1982), aNubawoman captured inDarfurand transported fromSudanto London, where she eventually won refugee status and wrote the memoirSlave: My True Story(2002).
  • Menecrates of Trallesa Greek physician during the 1st century BC.
  • Hans Mergest,a participant in theCrusade of Varnawho was captured by theOttomansin theBattle of Varna(1444) and spent 16 years in captivity. He was the protagonist of a song byminnesingerMichael Beheim.
  • Metaneira,a woman in ancient Greece described inAgainst Neaeraas the property of Nicarete, who prostituted her.
  • Shadrach Minkins(1814–1875), a fugitive from slavery saved byabolitionistsat Boston in 1850.
  • Michael Shiner(1805–1880), enslaved laborer, painter entrepreneur, civic leader and diarist at the Washington Navy Yard.
  • Miguel de Buría(c.1510 –c.1555), slave and rebel.[154]
  • Miguel Perezwas the Spanish name of a boy of theYojuanepeople who was among 149 Yojuane women and children taken captive in 1759 duringan attack on their campby an expedition of Spaniards andApachesalong theRed Riverin what is now northernTexas.[155]Many of the captives died ofsmallpoxwhile those who survived were enslaved.[156]The boy was sold to a Spanish soldier who bestowed the Spanish name on him. Perez became an Hispanicized Indian ofSan Antoniobut he continued to maintain contact with the Yojuanes. In 1786, Perez was recruited to convince the Yojuanes and theirTonkawaallies to go to war with theLipan Apache,which he did successfully.[155]
  • Mikhail Matinsky(1750–1820), Russian serf scientist, dramatist, librettist and opera composer.
  • Michał Rymiński(diedafter1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[157]
  • Mikhail Shchepkin(1788–1863), Russian serf actor.
  • Mikhail Shibanov,Russian serf painter active during the 1780s.
  • Mikhail Tikhanov(1789–1862), Russian serf artist.
  • Mina Kolokolnikov(1708?–1775?), Russian serf painter and teacher.
  • Mingo,the 15–16 years old boy enslaved by the Titsworth family in Tennessee, who was captured in 1794 by Creeks in a raid on the house and kept as a slave by them.[158][159]
  • Minerva (Anderson) Breedlove,mother ofMadam C.J. Walker.
  • Moses A. Hopkins(1846–1886), African-American diplomat, U.S. minister to Liberia.[160]
  • Hájí Mubárak,purchasedat the age of 5 years old by Hájí Mírzá Abú'l-Qásím, the great-grandfather ofShoghi Effendiand brother-in-law of theBáb,Hájí Mubárak was sold to the Báb in 1842 at the age of 19 for fourteentomans.[161]Hájí Mubárak died at about the age of 40 and is buried in the grounds of theImam Husayn ShrineinKarbala, Iraq.
  • Mustapha Khaznadar(1817–1878), bornGeorgios Kalkias Stravelakis,a Christian Greek on the island of Chios, captured by Ottoman troops during the 1822Massacre of Chios,converted to Islam and given the name Mustapha, sold in Constantinople to an envoy of theHusainid Dynasty.He was raised by the family ofMustapha Bey,then by his sonAhmad I Bey[162]while he was still crown prince. Initially, he worked as the prince's privatetreasurerbefore becoming Ahmad's state treasurer (khaznadar).[162]He managed to climb to the highest offices of the Tunisian state, married Princess Lalla Kalthoum in 1839 and was promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, madebeyin 1840 and thenpresidentof the Grand Council from 1862 to 1878.
  • Muyahid ibn Yusuf ibn Ali,11th-century leader of theSaqaliba(slaves of supposed Slavic origin) inDénia,Spain (then part of MuslimAl Andalus). Taking advantage of the crumbling of theCaliphate of Córdoba,he and his followers rebelled, freed themselves, seized control of the city and established theTaifa of Dénia,a city-state which at its peak extended its reach as far as the island ofMajorca.

N

[edit]

O

[edit]
Omar ibn Said,a Senegalese Islamic scholar enslaved in North Carolina for more than 50 years, c. 1850

P

[edit]
Portrait of Juan de ParejabyDiego Velázquez(c. 1650)
  • Harriet Evans Paine,(c. 1822–1917), Texas enslaved woman and later oral historian and storyteller.
  • Pallas,secretary to Roman emperorClaudius.
  • Juan de Pareja(1606–1670), man enslaved by Spanish artistDiego Velázquez.Velázquez trained him as a painter and freed him in 1650.
  • Pasion,an enslaved Athenian man and banker.[46]Late in life, he received the rare honor for a freedman of citizenship.[167]
  • Saint Patrick,abducted fromBritain,enslaved in Ireland, escaped to Britain, returned to Ireland as a missionary.[168]
  • Patsey(born c. 1830), an enslaved African-American person who lived in the mid-1800s in South Carolina.
  • Paul Jennings(1799–1874), personal servant enslaved by PresidentJames Madisonduring and after his White House years, bought his freedom in 1845 fromDaniel Webster.Noted for publishing the firstWhite Housememoir, 1865'sA Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.[169]
  • Paul Smith,a free black who accused the Cherokee headman Doublehead of kidnapping him and forcing him into bondage.[170]
  • Pedro Camejo(1790-1821), Venezuelan soldier in theVenezuelan War of Independence.[171]
  • Peggy Margaret Titsworth,enslaved at 13 years for three years, after aCreekraid in 1794 on her Tennessee home.[158][172]
  • Pete and Hannah Byrne,freed slaves of the Napoleon Bonaparte Byrne family which traveled from Missouri to California overland (a six-month journey) in 1859, leaving the farm in Missouri and bringing six adults (including Pete & Hannah), the four Byrne children and a herd of cattle and settling inBerkeley, California.Pete and Hannah are considered the first blacks living in Berkeley and among the first African-Americans in California.[173][174]
  • Peter Salem(c. 1750–1816), African American born into slavery in Massachusetts, served as a soldier in theAmerican Revolutionary War
  • Petronia Justa,a woman inHerculaneumwho sued her owner claiming to have been born after her mother's emancipation; the records of the lawsuit were preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius.[175]
  • Phaedo of Elis,captured in war, enslaved inAthensand forced into prostitution,[176]became a pupil ofSocrateswho had him freed, gave his name to one of Plato's dialogues,Phaedoand became a famous philosopher in his own right.
  • Phaedrus(c. 15 BCE – c. 50 CE), Roman fabulist.
Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugovain a scenic costume forLes mariages samnitesbyAndré Ernest Modeste Grétry
  • Phillis,a Massachusetts woman enslaved by Captain John Codman. Convicted in the successful plot to poison her owner as she and her fellow enslaved "found the rigid discipline of their master unendurable",[150]Phillis was burned to death in 1755.
  • Phillis Wheatley(1753–1784?),Colonial Americanpoet, the second publishedAfrican-Americanpoetandfirst published African-American woman.
  • Phoebe,an enslaved woman who sued for her freedom in Tennessee, along with her sons Davy and Tom, claiming to be the descendants of an enslaved Indian woman whose sister and other relatives had proven that they were wrongly enslaved.[177]
  • Philocrates,enslaved by 2nd-century BCE Roman reformerGaius Gracchus.He remained at his master's side when Gracchus was fleeing from his enemies, forsaken by everybody else. Arriving at a grove sacred to theFuries,Philocrates first assisted Gracchus in his suicide before taking his own life, though some rumors held that Philocrates was only killed after he refused to let go of his master's body.
  • Phormion,an enslaved Athenian man and banker.[46]Late in life, he received the rare honor for a freedman of citizenship.[167]
  • Pierre d'Espagnac,sometimes Pierre d'Espagnal (1650–1689) was a FrenchJesuitmissionary, enslaved by the Siamese.
  • Maria Guyomar de Pinha(1664–1728),Siameseroyal chef of Japanese-Portuguese ancestry.
  • Pope Pius I,theBishop of Romefrom about 140 to about 154, during the reign of Roman emperorAntoninus Pius.He was the brother of the freedmanHermasand therefore likely to have been a former slave himself, though that is not mentioned explicitly in the scant records of his life.
  • Polly,the subject of the 1820 Indiana Supreme Court casePolly v. Lasselle,which resulted in all slaves held within Indiana to be freed.
  • Polly Berry,also known asPolly CrockettandPolly Wash,won an 1843freedom suitinSt. Louis, Missouriand also gained the freedom of her daughterLucy Ann Berry.
  • Politoria,the subject of a lead curse tablet in ancient Rome; it was a curse on Clodia Valeria Sophrone, that she should not get Politoria into her power. She appears to have been a slave-courtesan who feared being sent to the brothel.[178]
  • Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova(1768–1803) was a Russian serf actress and soprano opera singer.
  • Primus(1700–1791), enslaved by Daniel Fowle ofPortsmouth, New Hampshire.Primus operated the press for theNew Hampshire Gazettewhich is the American newspaper in longest continuous print.
  • Princewas the slave of aChoctawman named Richard Harkins. Angered that his owner failed to give his slaves a Christmas celebration, Prince brutally murdered him and then unceremoniously dumped the body into the river in 1858.[179][180]
  • Prince Boston(born 1750), sued for and won his freedom in a 1773 U.S. jury trial
  • Prince Estabrook(1741–1830), enslaved by Benjamin Estabrook; fought in the Continental Army and was wounded at theBattle of Lexington and Concord
  • Prince Whipple(1750–1796), enslaved by American GeneralWilliam Whipple
  • Prosper,a slave murdered in 1807 inVirgin Islandsby his ownerArthur William Hodge,for which Hodge was tried and executed in 1811, the first (and virtually only) such case ever recorded.
  • A pregnantThrallwhose name is not preserved, who was fleeing for her life in 11th-century Oslo, was given refuge on the boat ofHallvard Vebjørnsson,who tried to shield her but was killed together with her by the attackers' arrows, for which he was canonised and became thepatron saintofOslo.[181]
  • Publilius Syrus(fl. 85 – 43 BCE), a Latin writer best known for hissententiae.He was a Syrian who was brought as a slave to Italy.

Q

[edit]

R

[edit]
  • Rachel,the subject of the 1834Rachel v. Walkercase in theSupreme Court of Missouriwhich ruled that aU.S. Armyofficer forfeited his slave if he took the person to territory where slavery is prohibited.[182]This ruling was cited as precedent in 1856 in theDred Scott v. Sandfordcase before theSupreme Court of the United States.
  • Rachel of Kittery, Maine(died 1695), enslaved woman murdered by her owner whose case set a legal precedent in New England.
  • Rachel Knight(died 1889), initially enslaved by the grandfather ofNewton Knight,the well-known Southern Unionist who during theAmerican Civil Wardefied the Confederacy in the rebellion known as theFree State of Jones.After the war, Rachel was emancipated along with the other slaves. By the mid-1870s, Knight had separated from his wife, Serena, and married Rachel. In this period, Knight's grown son, Mat (from his first wife), married Rachel's grown daughter, Fannie, from a previous union. Knight's daughter, Molly, married Rachel's son, Jeff, making three interracial families in the community. Newton and Rachel Knight had several children before her death in 1889.
  • Rebecca Huger,an enslaved woman who was freed by GeneralBenjamin F. ButlerinNew Orleans,and described in aHarper's Weeklyarticle as being to all appearance white, and having come to a school for emancipated slaves in Philadelphia.[49]
  • Redoshi(c. 1848 – 1937), also known asSally Smith,the next-to-last surviving victim in the United States of theTransatlantic slave trade.Transported upon the slave shipClotilda.
  • Rei Amador,leader of a slave rebellion in 1595 inPortuguese São Tomé and Príncipe.[183]
  • Remigio Herrera(c. 1810s – 1905), an enslavedCubanperson who became a revered priest inRegla.
Portrait ofRoustam Raza,the mamluck of NapoleonbyHorace Vernet(1810)

S

[edit]
Solomon NorthupfromTwelve Years a Slave
  • Sabuktigin(c. 942 – 997), full nameAbu Mansur Sabuktigin,captured and sold into slavery at a young age, rose to become a general and eventually a king and the founder of theGhaznavid Empirein medieval Iran.
  • Safiye Sultan(c. 1550 – c. 1619), an enslaved Albanian woman who was placed in the harem of the Ottoman sultanMurad IIIand became the mother of sultanMehmed III.
  • Salem Poor(1747–1802), an enslaved African-American man who purchased his freedom, and a war hero during theAmerican Revolutionary War.
  • Sally Hemings(1773–1835), a mixed-race woman enslaved byThomas Jeffersonbelieved by many to have had six children with him, four of whom survived to adulthood.
  • Sally MillerorSalomé Müller(born c. 1814), an enslaved American woman whose freedom suit in Louisiana was based on her claimed status as a free German immigrant and indentured servant.[184]
  • Sally Seymour(died 1824), American pastry chef and restaurateur, an enslaved woman who was manumitted and became a slave owner herself.
  • Saloniathe second wife ofCato the Elder
  • Salvius,also known asTryphon,leader of the 104 BCE slave rebellion inSicilyknown as theSecond Servile War.
  • Sambo (died 1736), an enslaved boy who arrived at Sunderland Point, near Lancaster, England, around 1736 from the West Indies in the capacity of a servant a ship's captain. He is buried in an unconsecrated grave in a field near the small village ofSunderland Point,Lancashire,England.
  • Sambo,a black captive of Tiger King, aLower Creek,who told the travelerWilliam Bartramthat Sambo was his family property.[185]
  • Samuel Benedict(1792–1854), born an African-American slave, later became free and emigrated to Liberia, where he became a politician and judge.[186]
  • Samuel Green(c. 1802 – 1877), an enslaved man who bought his freedom and freedom for his loved ones, was involved with theUnderground Railroad,and was jailed in 1857 for carrying a copy ofUncle Tom's Cabin.
  • Samuel Ringgold Ward(1817–c. 1866), African-American abolitionist and journalist.[187]
  • Sandy Jenkins,a slave mentioned byFrederick Douglassin his first autobiography.
  • Sanker,the enslaved manservant ofSamuel R. Watkins,author of "Co. Aytch" (1882), which recounts Watkins’ life as a soldier in the1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment.
  • Sara Forbes Bonetta(1843–1880), anEgbadoprincess of theYorubawho was orphaned in intertribal warfare, sold into slavery as a child, was rescued by Captain Frederick E. Forbes of theRoyal Navyand taken to the United Kingdom where she became a goddaughter toQueen Victoria.
  • Sarah Johnson(1844–1920) whose life at the first president's plantation was published in the bookSarah Johnson's Mount Vernon.
  • Satrelanus,from Gaul, sold by Ermedruda to Toto in Milan in 725.[188]
Silas Chandler(right) and his owner, Sergeant A.M. Chandler of the 44th Mississippi Infantry Regiment
  • Scipio Africanus(c. 1702 – 1720).
  • Scipio Moorhead,enslaved artist.
  • Scipio Vaughan(c. 1784 – c. 1840), was captured from his homeland in Africa at a young age and sold into slavery in the United States. He became a skilled artisan inCamden, South Carolina;gained his freedom and inspired a movement among some of his descendants.
  • Septimus Clarke(1787–1859), formerly enslaved, he became a successful farmer and community leader in Nova Scotia.
  • Servius Tullius,ancientKing of Romesaid to have started life enslaved (though this was disputed, among both Romans and modern historians).
  • Seymour Burr(1754/1762–1837), fought for theContinental Armyin theAmerican Revolution.
  • Shaghab(died 933), mother and co-ruler of the eighteenth Abbasid Caliphal-Muqtadir.
  • Silas Chandler(1838–1919), man who accompanied his enslavers in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.[189]
  • Sojourner Truth(c. 1797 – 1883), anabolitionistand women's rights activist.
  • Solomon Bayley(1771–1839), wrote a book in 1825 about his life as a slave.
  • Solomon Northup(1807 –c. 1863),[190][191]a farmer, professional violinist, and free-born black man from New York who was lured toWashington, D.C.,where slavery was legal, kidnapped, and sold in the South. He remained enslaved in Louisiana from 1841 until he was rescued and liberated in 1853. Author ofTwelve Years a Slave.
  • Solomon Flores,enslaved man from northernAlabama.
  • Sosias the Thracian,an enslaved Athenian man, and later freedman, enslaved by Nicias, who later leased him a thousand slaves for his mining operation.[46]
  • Spartacus(c. 111 – 71 BCE), a gladiator and rebel leader during theServile Revolt.
The Death of SpartacusbyHermann Vogel(1882)
  • SpendiusaCampanianwho escaped slavery and served as a Carthaginian mercenary during theFirst Punic Warand then as a general in theMercenary WaragainstCarthage.[192]
  • Stefan Holnicki(diedafter1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[193]
  • Stephen Bishop(c. 1821 – 1857), an enslaved mixed-race man in Kentucky known for being one of the first explorers and guides ofMammoth Cave.
  • Sue,a black woman enslaved by James Brown, who was captured along with several members of the Brown family and other slaves byChickamaugas.When the warrior who had captured her threatened another captive, the other captor threatened to kill Sue in retribution.[194]James' son Joseph later kidnapped Sue and her children and grandchildren—eight in all—in retribution for his captivity.[195]
  • Suhayb ar-Rumi(born c. 587), also known asSuhayb ibn Sinan,enslaved in childhood in theByzantine Empire,escaped as a young man toMeccaand went on to become anesteemed companionofMuhammadand revered member of the earlyMuslimcommunity.
  • Sumayyah bint Khayyat(550–615), a woman enslaved inMeccaand one of the first seven converts toIslammade by the ProphetMuhammadin his early career. She was tortured and killed by enemies of the new faith, becoming the first MuslimShahid.
  • Squanto(1585–1622), also known asTisquantum,a Native American of what is now coastal Massachusetts who was captured by English pirates and sold as a slave. He was later freed and returned toNew England,where he met thePilgrimsof theMayflowerin 1621.
  • Subh of Cordoba(940–999), an enslaved concubine of a Caliph and mother and regent of the next Caliph of Cordoba in the 10th century.
  • Suk-bin Choe(1670–1718), consort ofSukjong of Joseonand mother ofYeongjo of Joseon.
  • Surya Devi(died 715), Indian princess, enslaved by CaliphSulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

T

[edit]
Taras Shevchenko
Tatyana Shlykova
Alleged portrait ofTerence,fromCodex Vaticanus Latinus 3868.Possibly copied from 3rd-century original.
  • Taras Shevchenko(1814–1861): The most prominent Ukrainian poet, artist and illustrator was born in a family of serfs. His artist friends bought his freedom in 1838.
  • Tatyana Shlykova(1773–1863), Russian serf ballerina and opera singer.
  • Thanadelthur(c. 1697–1717), a woman of theChipewyanDënesųłı̨ne nation who served as a guide and interpreter for theHudson's Bay Company.
  • Thomas Fuller,African American man enslaved in Viriginia, renowned for his mathematical abilities.[196]
  • Thomas Pellow(1704–1745), enslaved byBarbary pirates,taken toMoroccothe selected and tortured byIsmail Ibn Sharif.Escaped after 23 years and returned home to Cornwall.
  • Thomas Peters(1738–1792), bornThomas Potters,one of the founding fathers ofSierra Leone.Formerly enslaved, he fledNorth Carolinaduring theAmerican Revolutionary War.Peters was a Black Loyalist member of the BritishBlack Company of Pioneers,became a sergeant, and settled and married inNova Scotia.He recruited African settlers in Nova Scotia for the colonization of Sierra Leone and later became a leader inFreetown.
  • Thomas Sims(born 1834), an enslavedAfrican Americanman who escaped slavery inGeorgiatoBoston,Massachusetts,only to be recaptured under theFugitive Slave Act of 1850and to escape to Boston once more.
  • Thomas-Alexandre Dumas(1762–1806), a French general and father ofAlexandre Dumas.
  • Thumal,administrator of justice to the eighteenth Abbasid Caliphal-Muqtadir.
  • T. Aelius Dionysius,a freedman of the late Roman Empire, who created a stela for himself, his wife, and Aelius Perseus, his fellow freedman, and their freedman and those who came after them.[197]
  • T. Claudius Dionysius,a freedman whose freedwoman wife Claudia Prepontis erected a funerary altar to him. Their clasped hands, depicted on it, show the legitimacy of their marriage, possible only once they obtained their freedom.[50]
  • Terence(c. 195/185 – c. 159 BCE), full namePublius Terentius Afer,Roman playwright and comic poet who wrote before and possibly after his freedom.
  • Tiberius Claudius Narcissus,freedman who was secretary to Roman emperorClaudiusin the 1st century.
  • Tituba,a 17th-century Native American woman who was enslaved bySamuel ParrisofDanvers, Massachusetts.She was the first person accused of practicing witchcraft during the 1692Salem witch trials.[198]
  • Tomás Ortega,an enslaved man in colonial Mexico who attempted to marry Leonor de Mendoza, a woman enslaved by another master. When that man imprisoned Tomás, Leonor appealed to a church court for assistance, and it threatened excommunication if he did not free Tomás.[128]
  • Titus Kent(1733–18??), enslaved by the Samuel Kent family inSuffieldConnecticut. He was owned by Samuel Kent, who lived 1698–1772; Samuel Kent's 1772 probate recorded that Titus was bequeathed Samuel Kent's son, Elihu Kent.Revolutionary Warrecords indicate that Titus served in different regiments from 1775–1783.
  • Toussaint L'Ouverture(1743–1803), a freedman who led the slave revolt that led to the independence ofHaiti.
  • Tula(died 1795), a leader of theCuraçao Slave Revolt of 1795.
  • Turgut Reis(1485–1565), also known asDragut,a well-known admiral of theOttomanNavy of the 16th century who was captured by theGenoeseatCorsicaand forced to work as agalley slavefor nearly four years. He was finally rescued by his fellow admiralBarbarossa,who laid siege to Genoa and secured Turgut Reis' release for the prodigious ransom of 3,500 gold ducats. Thereupon, Turgut Reis resumed his naval career (which included the enslavement of various other people).
  • Turhan Hatice Sultan(c. 1627 – 4 August 1683) wasHaseki Sultanof theOttomansultanIbrahim(reign 1640–1648) andValide sultanas the mother ofMehmed IV(reign 1648–1687).

U

[edit]
  • Ukawsaw Gronniosaw(1705–1775), also known asJames Albert,a freedman turned writer whose autobiography is considered the first published by an African in Britain.
  • Ursula Granger(1738–1800), a woman enslaved byThomas Jeffersonwho worked as a cook, dairymaid, laundress, and wet nurse, and has been referred to as the "Queen ofMonticello"[199][200]

V

[edit]
Vasily Tropinin
Vincent de Paul
  • Vasily Tropinin(1776–1857), Russian serf painter.
  • Venture Smith(1729–1805), an African captured as a child and transported to theAmerican coloniesas a slave. When an adult, he purchased his freedom and that of his family – his wife Meg and their children Hannah, Solomon and Cuff. His history was documented and published by a schoolteacher, to whom he talked in his old age.
  • TheVestmenn( "West Men" inOld Norse,referring to the Irish) were a group of Irish slaves brought toIcelandbyHjörleifr Hróðmarsson,one of the early Norse settlers there. He treated them badly, and they killed him and escaped to a group of offshore islands.Ingólfur Arnarson,Hjörleifur'sblood brother,tracked the escaped slaves and killed them all. Though their individual names are unknown, their memory lives on in Icelandic geography, the islands where they sought refuge being known up to the present as "Vestmannaeyjar":"Islands of the West Men "(i.e. of the Irish).
  • Vincent de Paul(1581–1660), a French priest who is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. He was taken captive by Turkish pirates, sold into slavery, and freed in 1607.[201]
  • Vindicius,an ancient Roman slave who discovered Tarquin's plot to regain power.
  • Vibia Calybeni,afreedwomanof the late Roman Empire who unusually named herself as a madam on her tombstone.[202]
  • Virginia Boyd,an enslaved American woman whose letter to R.C. Ballard, pleading not to be sold with her children among strangers, has been preserved. Ballard had undertaken to have her sold at the request of Judge Samuel Boyd, the children's father, to hide her existence from his family.
  • Violet Ludlow,an American woman sold into slavery several times despite her claims to be a free white woman.[49]
  • Virginia Demetricia(1842–after 1867), an enslavedArubanknown as a heroin of resistance against enslavement.
  • Vitalis,ancient Roman slave. An epigraph describes an enslaved boy, Iucundus, as the son of Gryphus and Vitalis.[82]
  • Volumnia Cytheris,an enslaved and laterfreedwomanin ancient Rome. An actress and courtesan, her lovers includedBrutus,Mark Antony,andCornelius Gallus;her rejection of Gallus provided the theme forVirgil's tenthEclogue.[203]

W

[edit]
Photograph of Wes Brady, ex-slave, taken in Marshall, Texas, in 1937 as part of theFederal Writers' ProjectSlave Narrative Collection

X

[edit]
  • Xenon,an enslaved Athenian man and banker.[46]
  • Xingwas the primary primary spouse ofGaozong,the brother ofQinzong,Chinese Emperor of theSong Dynasty.In 1127, the capital ofKaifengwas captured by theJurchenduring theJin–Song Wars,and Xing was among more than 3000 people captured and exiled to Manchuria in what was called theJingkang Incident.Xing was among The Imperial consorts, concubines, palace women and eunuchs who were captured, and distributed among the Jurchen as slaves.[211]Xing's husband Gaozong, who avoided capture, became the new Emperor and declared Xing Empress in absentia, but was unable to get her free. She remained in captivity where she was coveted by her captors, attempted suicide to escape abuse but failed, and she died in captivity in 1139.[212]

Y

[edit]
  • Yaqut al-Hamawi(1179–1229), an Arab biographer and geographer known for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world. He was sold into slavery in 12th-centurySyriaand taken toBaghdad,but was provided with a good education and later freed.
  • Yasār,a 7th-century Christian man who had been captured in a campaign ofKhalid ibn al-Walid,a companion of Muhammad. Yasār was taken toMedinaand became the slave of Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. He accepted Islam, was manumitted and became his mawlā, thus acquiring thenisbatal-Muṭṭalibī. He had three sons – Mūsā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Isḥāq. His grandson,Ibn Ishaq,became an important early Arab historian.
  • Yasuke,a 16th century African man who travelled to Japan in the service of Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano. Given toOda Nobunaga,Yasuke became a confident of the daimyō and given official status as a trusted retainer.
  • York(1770–before 1832), an African-American man enslaved byWilliam Clark,who was part of theLewis and Clark Expedition.

Z

[edit]
Zofia Potocka
  • Zalmoxis,aDacianwho was enslaved byPythagorason the island ofSamos,according toHerodotus.Zalmoxis learned philosophy from his owner and other wise Greeks. Eventually he was liberated, gathered huge wealth and went back to his homeland, where he converted theThraciansto his beliefs, was greatly venerated for his wisdom and in later generations became worshiped as a god.[213]
  • Zayd ibn Haritha(c. 581–629), given to Muhammad's wifeKhadijah,freed, adopted, and became known as Zayd ibn Muhammad.
  • Ziryab(789–857), also known asAbul-Hasan Alí Ibn Nafí,a Muslim singer, musician, and polymath known for introducing the cropasparagusto Europe.
  • Zoe,a Christian martyr.
  • Zofia Potocka(1760–1822), a Greek-Ottoman enslaved courtesan who ended up as a Polish countess by marriage.
  • Zumbi(1655–1695), enslaved inPortuguese Brazil,he escaped and joined theQuilombo dos Palmares,the largest ever settlement of escaped slaves in colonial Brazil, becoming its last and most famous leader.
  • Zunairah al-Rumiya(Arabic:زنيرة الرومية,Zaneerah theRoman) (other transliterations include Zaneera, Zannirah, Zanira or in some sources Zinra or Zinnirah) was acompanionof the ProphetMuhammad.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  169. ^Swarns, Rachel L. (August 15, 2009),"Madison and the White House, Through the Memoir of a Slave",The New York Times,retrievedAugust 24,2009
  170. ^Christina Snyder,Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America,p. 189,ISBN978-0-674-04890-4
  171. ^Ross, Catherine (2009),"Camejo, Pedro or Negro Primero (1790–1821)",The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest,American Cancer Society, p. 1,doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0286,ISBN978-1-4051-9807-3,retrievedJuly 13,2021
  172. ^"Re: Nancy Titsworth-1800-Livin - Genealogy.com".genealogy.com.RetrievedMay 13,2019.
  173. ^Pettitt, George A.Berkeley: The Town and Gown of It.P. 34, 37.
  174. ^Wollenberg, Charles (2002)."Berkeley, A City in History".berkeleypubliclibrary.org.Archived fromthe originalon September 11, 2015.RetrievedNovember 6,2015.Berkeley's black heritage goes back to the arrival of Pete and Hannah Byrne in 1859, but the African American population remained small for the rest of the nineteenth century.
  175. ^Sarah B. Pomeroy,Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves,p. 197,ISBN0-8052-1030-X
  176. ^Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 105
  177. ^Ariela J. Gross,What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America,pp. 25–6,ISBN978-0-674-03130-2
  178. ^Daniel Ogden "Binding Spells" pp 67–8Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome,edited by Bengt Ankarloo and Stuart ClarkISBN0-8122-1705-5
  179. ^"Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South, by Barbara Krauthamer (2013) – Not Even Past".notevenpast.org.March 26, 2014.RetrievedMay 6,2019.
  180. ^Jeltz, Wyatt F. (1948). "The Relations of Negroes and Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians".The Journal of Negro History.33(1): 24–37.doi:10.2307/2714985.ISSN0022-2992.JSTOR2714985.S2CID149472463.
  181. ^Hallvard Den Hellige – utdypning(Store norske leksikon)
  182. ^"Timeline of Missouri's African American History",Missouri State Archives,Missouri Digital History, accessed 18 February 2011
  183. ^Medeiros, Óscar (January 4, 2021)."São Tomé e Príncipe recorda o Rei Amador".Voice of America.RetrievedAugust 9,2022.(in Portuguese)
  184. ^Ariela J. Gross,What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America,p. 59,ISBN978-0-674-03130-2
  185. ^Christina Snyder,Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America,p. 129,ISBN978-0-674-04890-4
  186. ^Burrowes, Carl Patrick (1989)."Black Christian Republicans: Delegates to the 1847 Liberian Constitutional Convention".Liberian Studies Journal.14(2): 67.RetrievedJune 10,2022.
  187. ^"Biography – Ward, Samuel Ringgold".Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume IX (1861–1870).RetrievedSeptember 29,2023.
  188. ^Chris Wickham,The Inheritance of Rome,p. 204,ISBN978-0-14-311742-1
  189. ^Coddington, Ronald S. (September 24, 2013)."A Slave's Service in the Confederate Army".The New York Times Opinionator Blog.
  190. ^Chisholm, Hugh(1911)."Solomon Northup".Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.).Cambridge University Press.
  191. ^Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (2002)."Solomon Northup (1808–1863?)".In Marsden, Elizabeth (ed.).African American Autobiographers: A Sourcebook.Greenwood Publishing Group.p. 290.ISBN9780313314094.
  192. ^Richard Miles,Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization,p. 203,ISBN9780143121299
  193. ^Bernacki: Teatr; Mamontowicz-Łojek: Szkoła Tyzenhauza s. 53, 54, 70, 86-89, 92; Wierzbicka: Sześć studiów; Muzyka 1969 nr 2 (J. Prosnak).
  194. ^Christina Snyder,Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America,p. 153,ISBN978-0-674-04890-4
  195. ^Christina Snyder,Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America,p. 154,ISBN978-0-674-04890-4
  196. ^O'Connor, John J.;Robertson, Edmund F.,"Thomas Fuller",MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive,University of St Andrews
  197. ^Elaine Fantham, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy, H. A. Shapiro,Women in the Classical Worldpp. 369–70,ISBN0-19-509862-5
  198. ^Breslaw, E.G. (1996).Tituba, Reluctant Witch of Salem Devilish Indians and Puritan Fantasies.New York New York University Press.ISBN0814713076.
  199. ^Gordon-Reed, Annette (August 25, 2009).The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family.W. W. Norton & Company. p. 569.ISBN978-0-393-33776-1.
  200. ^"Slavery and French Cuisine in Jefferson's Working White House".WHHA (en-US).RetrievedDecember 19,2022.
  201. ^This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Dégert, Antoine (1912)."St. Vincent de Paul".In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  202. ^Elaine Fantham, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy, H. A. Shapiro,Women in the Classical Worldp. 380,ISBN0-19-509862-5
  203. ^Sarah B. Pomeroy,Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves,pp. 198–9,ISBN0-8052-1030-X
  204. ^Lily Wakefield (February 1, 2020)."Researcher says first self-described drag queen was a formerly enslaved man who 'reigned over a secret world of drag balls' in the 1800s".PinkNews.Archivedfrom the original on February 2, 2020.RetrievedMarch 9,2023.
  205. ^Smith, Jean Edward(2001).Grant.New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 94–95.ISBN0-684-84927-5.
  206. ^White, Ronald C. (2016).American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant.Random House Publishing Group. p. 130.ISBN978-1-5883-6992-5.
  207. ^Brands, H. W.(2012).The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace.Doubleday.pp. 86–87.ISBN978-0-385-53241-9.
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  209. ^McFeely, William S. (1981).Grant: A Biography.Norton. p. 69.ISBN0-393-01372-3.
  210. ^"The Works of William Wells Brown".Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon May 22, 2011.RetrievedSeptember 29,2023.
  211. ^Patricia Buckley Ebrey: Emperor Huizong
  212. ^Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  213. ^Daniel Odgen,Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds,p. 11,ISBN978-0-19-538520-5
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