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collage showing six species of small, colorful birds with long bills perched on different plants
Clockwise from top left:ruby-cheeked sunbird,collared sunbird,Loten's sunbird,little spiderhunter,fire-tailed sunbird,andmalachite sunbird

Nectariniidaeis afamilyofpasserine birdsin the superfamilyPasseroidea,comprising the sunbirds and spiderhunters.[1]Members of Nectariniidae are also known as nectariniids.[2]Their range extends from theAfrotropicsnorth to theLevantand southernArabian Peninsula,and east throughSouthandSoutheast Asiaup toNew Guineaand northern Australia.[3]They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, from aridsavannahto tropicalrainforests,and can be found fromsea levelto an altitude of 4,900 m (16,100 ft). Sunbirds are generally small birds with long, thin, down-curved bills and brightly coloured,iridescentplumages.[2]They display markedsexual dimorphism,and males are much more visually striking than females, who are usually dull green, brown, or grey. Thespiderhunters(Arachnothera) are larger than other sunbirds and show less sexual dimorphism.[3]

The primary threat facing sunbirds ishabitat lossanddegradationcaused by deforestation due to agriculture.[2]Most species of sunbird are considered to be ofLeast Concernby theIUCN,although three species, theAmani sunbird,Loveridge's sunbird,and theelegant sunbird,areEndangered,and several others are consideredNear ThreatenedorVulnerable.

The exact delineation of sunbird species is somewhat contested and varies from authority to authority: theInternational Ornithologists' Union(IOU) recognizes 146 species of sunbirds in 16 genera,[1]while other authorities recognise 143–147 species.[4][5]The largest genera areCinnyrisandAethopyga,with 53 and 23 species, respectively.[1]Recentphylogeneticstudies indicate that several widespread species such as theolive-backedandblack sunbirdsmay represent complexes of multiplecryptic species.[6]Severalundescribed speciesof sunbird may also exist inSierra Leone,Djibouti,[3]andTanzania.[5]

Conventions

[edit]
IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EXExtinct(0 species)
EWExtinct in the wild(0 species)
CRCritically Endangered(0 species)
ENEndangered(3 species)
VUVulnerable(4 species)
NTNear threatened(7 species)
LCLeast concern(116 species)
Other categories
DDData deficient(0 species)
NENot evaluated(16 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species.Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the sunbird's range is provided. Ranges are based on theIOC World Bird Listfor that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows thetaxonomic treatment(designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[1]Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a]or the 2023 edition ofThe Clements Checklist of Birds of the World,the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

[edit]

TheInternational Ornithologists' Union(IOU) recognizes 146 species of sunbirds in 16 genera;[1]other authorities recognise 143–147 species.[4][5]This list does not includehybrid species,extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Nectariniids

[edit]
GenusChalcoparia–Cabanis,1851– 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Ruby-cheeked sunbird

sunbird with orange breast, yellow belly, black wings, and metallic green back

C. singalensis
(Gmelin, J. F.,1789)

Eleven subspecies
  • C. s. singalensis
  • C. s. assamensis
  • C. s. bantenensis
  • C. s. borneana
  • C. s. internota
  • C. s. interposita
  • C. s. koratensis
  • C. s. pallida
  • C. s. panopsia
  • C. s. phoenicotis
  • C. s. sumatrana
South Asia,Indochina,Java,andBorneo[7] LC


UnknownPopulation steady[8]

GenusDeleornis–Wolters,1977– two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Fraser's sunbird

illustration of olive-green sunbird with orange-red patch on shoulder

D. fraseri
(Jardine&Selby,1843)

Three subspecies
  • D. f. idius
  • D. f. cameroonensis
  • D. f. fraseri
WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[9]

Grey-headed sunbird

sunbird with grey head and green body

D. axillaris
(Reichenow,1893) 		Central Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[10]

GenusAnthreptes–Swainson,1832– fifteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Plain-backed sunbird

greenish sunbird with yellow undersides and bluish-black face

A. reichenowi
Gunning,1909

Two subspecies
  • A. r. yokanae
  • A. r. reichenowi
Disjunctly in coastalEast Africaand westernSouthern Africa NT


UnknownPopulation declining[11]

Anchieta's sunbird

brown sunbird with yellow sides, red belly, and bluish-black face and throat

A. anchietae
(Barboza du Bocage,1878) 		Angola east toTanzaniaandMozambique LC


UnknownPopulation steady[12]

Plain sunbird

greenish sunbird with grey undersides

A. simplex
(Müller, S.,1843) 		Malay Peninsula,Borneo,andSumatra LC


UnknownPopulation declining[13]

Brown-throated sunbird

sunbird with yellow undersides, pale purplish throat, brown back, metallic blue head, and brown patch around the eyes

A. malacensis
(Scopoli,1786)

Sixteen subspecies
  • A. m. malacensis
  • A. m. anambae
  • A. m. erixanthus
  • A. m. bornensis
  • A. m. mjobergi
  • A. m. paraguae
  • A. m. heliolusius
  • A. m. wiglesworthi
  • A. m. iris
  • A. m. chlorigaster
  • A. m. cagayanensis
  • A. m. heliocalus
  • A. m. celebensis
  • A. m. extremus
  • A. m. convergens
  • A. m. rubrigena
Southeast Asia LC


UnknownPopulation steady[14]

Grey-throated sunbird

illustration of three sunbirds; the one on top has yellow undersides, a grey throat, blue-green back, and a brown patch around the eyes, the lower two are olive-green with yellowish-green undersides

A. griseigularis
Tweeddale,1878

Two subspecies
  • A. g. birgitae
  • A. g. griseigularis
Philippines LC


UnknownPopulation steady[15]

Red-throated sunbird

sunbird with yellow undersides, red throat, brown back, and metallic green on top of the head

A. rhodolaemus
Shelley,1878 		Malay Peninsula,Borneo,andSumatra NT


UnknownPopulation declining[16]

Mangrove sunbird[b]

grey sunbird with pale white patch around eyes

A. gabonicus
(Hartlaub,1861) 		WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[17]

Western violet-backed sunbird

sunbird with black upper body, white undersides, metallic purple patch on shoulder, and thick black bill

A. longuemarei
(Lesson, R. P.,1831)

Three subspecies
  • A. l. longuemarei
  • A. l. angolensis
  • A. l. nyassae
Sub-Saharan Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[18]

Eastern violet-backed sunbird

sunbird with black upper body, white undersides, metallic bluish-green patch on shoulder, and thick black bill

A. orientalis
Hartlaub,1880 		Horn of Africasouth toTanzania LC


UnknownPopulation steady[19]

Uluguru violet-backed sunbird


A. neglectus
Neumann,1922 		East Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[20]

Violet-tailed sunbird

illustration of two sunbird: the one on top has metallic bluish-green uppersides, beige undersides, black wings, and an orange shoulder patch, while the one on the bottom has metallic bluish-green uppersides, beige undersides, black wings, and a whitish face and throat

A. aurantius
Verreaux, J.&Verreaux, É.,1851 		Central Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[21]

Little green sunbird

greenish-brown sunbird with whitish-yellow undersides and black bill

A. seimundi
(Ogilvie-Grant,1908)

Three subspecies
  • A. s. kruensis
  • A. s. seimundi
  • A. s. minor
West Africa,Central Africa,and westernEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[22]

Yellow-chinned sunbird[c]

greenish sunbird with paler undersides and brownish wings and tail

A. rectirostris[d]
(Shaw,1812) 		West Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[23]

Grey-chinned sunbird[e]

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, grey chin, whitish undersides, and a orangish and across the breast

A. tephrolaemus[d]
(Jardine&Fraser,1852) 		Central Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[24]

Banded green sunbird[f]


A. rubritorques
Reichenow,1905 		Tanzania VU


1500–7000Population steady[25]

GenusHedydipna–Cabanis,1851– four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Collared sunbird

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, yellow belly, black wings, and a narrow purple breastband

H. collaris
(Vieillot,1819)

Nine subspecies
  • H. c. subcollaris
  • H. c. hypodila
  • H. c. somereni
  • H. c. djamdjamensis
  • H. c. garguensis
  • H. c. elachior
  • H. c. zambesiana
  • H. c. zuluensis
  • H. c. collaris
Sub-Saharan Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[26]

Pygmy sunbird

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, yellow belly, and two long tail streamers

H. platura
(Vieillot,1819) 		WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[27]

Nile Valley sunbird

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, yellow belly, a narrow purple breastband, and two long tail streamers

H. metallica
(Lichtenstein, M. H. C.,1823) 		Egypt south toSudanand northernHorn of Africa,southwestern Arabian peninsula LC


UnknownPopulation steady[28]

Amani sunbird


H. pallidigaster
(Sclater, W. L.&Moreau,1935) 		Tanzaniaand southeastern Kenya EN


1500–7000Population declining[29]

GenusAnabathmis–Reichenow,1905– three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Reichenbach's sunbird

frontal view of dark greenish sunbird with dirty white underparts and metallic blue face

A. reichenbachii
(Hartlaub,1857) 		Extreme southernWest Africaeast toCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[30]

Príncipe sunbird

frontal view of dark greenish sunbird with paler underparts and metallic purplish throat

A. hartlaubii
(Hartlaub,1857) 		Príncipe
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation steady[31]

Newton's sunbird

brownish sunbird with glossy bluish-black throat, white underparts, and yellow band across the belly

A. newtonii
(Barboza du Bocage,1887) 		São Tomé Island
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation steady[32]

GenusDreptes–Reichenow,1914– one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Giant sunbird[g]

two blackish sunbirds with glossy bluish tint to face

D. thomensis
(Barboza du Bocage,1889) 		São Tomé Island
Map of range 		VU


250–999Population declining[33]

GenusAnthobaphes–Cabanis,1851– one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Orange-breasted sunbird

sunbird with glossy bluish-green head, blackish face, brownish-green upperparts, orange underparts turning yellow towards the bottom, and purple chestband

A. violacea
(Linnaeus,1766) 		Southwestern South Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[34]

GenusCyanomitra–Reichenbach,1853– seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Green-headed sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, grey underparts, and glossy purplish-blue head held in hand

C. verticalis
(Latham,1790)

Four subspecies
  • C. v. verticalis
  • C. v. bohndorffi
  • C. v. cyanocephala
  • C. v. viridisplendens
West,Central,andEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[35]

Bannerman's sunbird


C. bannermani
Grant, C. H. B.&Mackworth-Praed,1943 		Central Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[36]

Blue-throated brown sunbird

brownish sunbird with dark throat and pale grey underparts

C. cyanolaema
(Jardine&Fraser,1852)

Three subspecies
  • C. c. magnirostrata
  • C. c. cyanolaema
  • C. c. octaviae
WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[37]

Cameroon sunbird

greenish-brown sunbird with glossy blue head and yellowish underparts held in hand

C. oritis
(Reichenow,1892)

Three subspecies
  • C. o. poensis
  • C. o. oritis
  • C. o. bansoensis
WesternCameroon,southeasternNigeria,andBioko LC


UnknownPopulation declining[38]

Blue-headed sunbird

back view of greenish-brown sunbird with glossy blue head

C. alinae
Jackson, F. J.,1904

Five subspecies
  • C. a. derooi
  • C. a. kaboboensis
  • C. a. alinae
  • C. a. tanganjicae
  • C. a. marungensis
Eastern Rift Mountains LC


UnknownPopulation declining[39]

Olive sunbird

grey sunbird with olive-tinted throat, wings, and tail

C. olivacea
(Smith, A.,1840)

Eleven subspecies
  • C. o. guineensis
  • C. o. cephaelis
  • C. o. obscura
  • C. o. ragazzii
  • C. o. changamwensis
  • C. o. neglecta
  • C. o. granti
  • C. o. alfredi
  • C. o. sclateri
  • C. o. olivacina
  • C. o. olivacea
Sub-Saharan Africasouth of theSahel LC


UnknownPopulation steady[40]

Grey sunbird[h]

grey sunbird with pale throat and small red patch on shoulders held in hand

C. veroxii
(Smith, A.,1832)

Three subspecies
  • C. v. fischeri
  • C. v. zanzibarica
  • C. v. veroxii
Coasts ofEastandSouthern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[41]

GenusChalcomitra–Reichenbach,1853– seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Buff-throated sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with a brownish body and dark-streaked greenish underparts, and the one on the bottom having black upperparts, reddish-brown underparts, a bright yellow throat, and metallic green on the head

C. adelberti
(Gervais,1834)

Two subspecies
  • C. a. adelberti
  • C. a. eboensis
West Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[42]

Carmelite sunbird

brown sunbird with black face behind a flower

C. fuliginosa
(Bechstein,1811)

Two subspecies
  • C. f. aurea
  • C. f. fuliginosa
WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[43]

Green-throated sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with a brownish body, blue-green on the face and head, and a blackish stripe through the eyes, and the one on the bottom with brownish upperparts and darks-streaked pale underparts

C. rubescens
(Vieillot,1819)

Three subspecies
  • C. r. crossensis
  • C. r. stangerii
  • C. r. rubescens
Central Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[44]

Amethyst sunbird

black sunbird with glossy green on the top of the head and glossy purplish-pink on the throat and shoulder

C. amethystina
(Shaw,1812)

Four subspecies
  • C. a. kalckreuthi
  • C. a. kirkii
  • C. a. deminuta
  • C. a. amethystina
Central,East,andSouthern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[45]

Scarlet-chested sunbird

brownish sunbird with blackish head, glossy green on the crown and throat, and scarlet on the chest

C. senegalensis
(Linnaeus,1766)

Six subspecies
  • C. s. senegalensis
  • C. s. acik
  • C. s. proteus
  • C. s. lamperti
  • C. s. saturatior
  • C. s. gutturalis
Sub-Saharan Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[46]

Hunter's sunbird

blackish sunbird with glossy blue-green on the head and bright red on the throat and chest

C. hunteri
(Shelley,1889) 		Horn of AfricaandEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[47]

Socotra sunbird

illustration of sunbird with brownish upperparts, white underparts, and yellow patches on the sides

C. balfouri
(Sclater, P. L.&Hartlaub,1881) 		Socotra LC


UnknownPopulation declining[48]

GenusLeptocoma–Cabanis,1851– six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Purple-rumped sunbird

sunbird with yellow underparts, reddish-brown upperparts, and glossy blue-green crown

L. zeylonica
(Linnaeus,1766)

Two subspecies
  • L. z. flaviventris
  • L. z. zeylonica
Indian subcontinent LC


UnknownPopulation steady[49]

Crimson-backed sunbird

sunbird with yellowish underparts, purple throat, reddish upperparts, brown wings, glossy blue-green crown, and black face

L. minima
(Sykes,1832) 		Southwestern India LC


UnknownPopulation steady[50]

Purple-throated sunbird

illustration of three sunbirds

L. sperata[i]
(Linnaeus,1766)

Four subspecies
  • L. s. henkei
  • L. s. sperata
  • L. s. trochilus
  • L. s. juliae
Philippines NE


UnknownUnknown

Van Hasselt's sunbird

sunbird with red underparts, blackish upperparts, purplish throat, and glossy blue-green crown

L. brasiliana
(Gmelin, J. F.,1788)

Five subspecies
  • L. b. brasiliana
  • L. b. emmae
  • L. b. mecynorhyncha
  • L. b. eumecis
  • L. b. axantha
EasternIndian subcontinentandSoutheast Asia LC


UnknownPopulation steady[51]

Black sunbird

blackish sunbird with glossy blue-green throat

L. aspasia
(Lesson, R. P.andGarnot,1828)

Twenty-one subspecies
  • L. a. talautensis
  • L. a. sangirensis
  • L. a. grayi
  • L. a. porphyrolaema
  • L. a. auriceps
  • L. a. auricapilla
  • L. a. aspasioides
  • L. a. proserpina
  • L. a. chlorolaema
  • L. a. mariae
  • L. a. cochrani
  • L. a. aspasia
  • L. a. maforensis
  • L. a. nigriscapularis
  • L. a. mysorensis
  • L. a. veronica
  • L. a. cornelia
  • L. a. christianae
  • L. a. caeruleogula
  • L. a. corinna
  • L. a. eichhorni
Eastern Indonesia andPapua New Guinea LC


UnknownPopulation steady[52]

Copper-throated sunbird

blackish sunbird with glossy blue-green crown and reddish throat

L. calcostetha
(Jardine,1842) 		Southeast Asia LC


UnknownPopulation steady[53]

GenusNectarinia–Illiger,1811– six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Bocage's sunbird

blackish-blue sunbird

N. bocagii
Shelley,1879 		Democratic Republic of the CongoandAngola LC


UnknownPopulation steady[54]

Purple-breasted sunbird

blackish sunbird with orangish throat

N. purpureiventris
(Reichenow,1893) 		Albertine Rift Mountains LC


UnknownPopulation declining[55]

Tacazze sunbird

brown and green sunbird with purple shoulder patch and reddish tint to side of head

N. tacazze
(Stanley,1814)

Two subspecies
  • N. t. tacazze
  • N. t. jacksoni
Horn of AfricaandEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[56]

Bronzy sunbird[j]

glossy bluish sunbird with bronzy wash and brown wings

N. kilimensis
Shelley,1885

Three subspecies
  • N. k. kilimensis
  • N. t. arturi
  • N. t. gadowi
CentralandEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[57]

Malachite sunbird

bright green sunbird with black wings

N. famosa
(Linnaeus,1766)

Two subspecies
  • N. f. cupreonitens
  • N. f. famosa
East AfricaandSouthern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[58]

Scarlet-tufted sunbird[k]

black and glossy blue-green sunbird

N. johnstoni
Shelley,1885

Four subspecies
  • N. j. johnstoni
  • N. j. dartmouthi
  • N. j. nyikensis
  • N. j. reichenowi
East Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[59]

GenusDrepanorhynchus–Fischer, G. A.&Reichenow,1884– one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Golden-winged sunbird

brown sunbird with yellow on back and wings feeding on flower

D. reichenowi
Fischer, G. A.,1884

Three subspecies
  • D. r. shellyae
  • D. r. lathburyi
  • D. r. reichenowi
East Africa
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation steady[60]

GenusCinnyris–Cuvier,1816– fifty-three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Olive-bellied sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, black wings, red belly, and whitish underparts

C. chloropygius
(Jardine,1842)

Three subspecies
  • C. c. kempi
  • C. c. chloropygius
  • C. c. orphogaster
WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[61]

Tiny sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red chest, and whitish underparts

C. minullus
Reichenow,1899 		WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[62]

Eastern miombo sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. manoensis
Reichenow,1907

Two subspecies
  • C. m. manoensis
  • C. m. amicorum
East Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[63]

Western miombo sunbird


C. gertrudis
Grote,1926 		CentralandEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[64]

Southern double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red and blue chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. chalybeus
(Linnaeus,1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. c. subalaris
  • C. c. chalybeus
Southern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[65]

Neergaard's sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds

C. neergaardi
Grant, C. H. B.,1908 		Southern Africa NT


3300–6700Population declining[66]

Rwenzori double-collared sunbird[l]

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red and blue chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. stuhlmanni
Reichenow,1893

Four subspecies
  • C. s. stuhlmanni
  • C. s. graueri
  • C. s. chapini
  • C. s. schubotzi
Eastern Rift Mountains LC


UnknownPopulation steady[67]

Whyte's double-collared sunbird


C. whytei[m]
Benson,1948

Two subspecies
  • C. w. whytei
  • C. w. skye
East Africa NE


UnknownUnknown

Prigogine's double-collared sunbird


C. prigoginei
MacDonald,1958 		SoutheasternDemocratic Republic of the Congo NT


UnknownPopulation declining[68]

Ludwig's double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. ludovicensis[m]
(Barboza du Bocage,1868) 		Angola NE


UnknownUnknown

Northern double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and brown wings and underparts

C. reichenowi
Sharpe,1891

Two subspecies
  • C. r. preussi
  • C. r. reichenowi
WesternCentral AfricaandEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[69]

Greater double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and brown wings and underparts

C. afer
(Linnaeus,1766) 		Southern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[70]

Regal sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red and yellow underparts, and brown wings

C. regius
Reichenow,1893

Two subspecies
  • C. r. regius
  • C. r. anderseni
Albertine Rift Valley LC


UnknownPopulation declining[71]

Rockefeller's sunbird


C. rockefelleri
Chapin,1932 		EasternDemocratic Republic of the Congo VU


1100–11900Population declining[72]

Eastern double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, brown wings, and greyish underparts

C. mediocris
Shelley,1885 		Kenya andTanzania LC


UnknownPopulation steady[73]

Usambara double-collared sunbird


C. usambaricus
Grote,1922 		Southeast Kenya and northeastTanzania NT


UnknownPopulation steady[74]

Forest double-collared sunbird

illustration of sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and brown wings, and yellowish underparts

C. fuelleborni
Reichenow,1899

Two subspecies
  • C. f. fuelleborni
  • C. f. bensoni
East Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[75]

Moreau's sunbird


C. moreaui
Sclater, W. L.,1933 		CentralTanzania NT


UnknownPopulation declining[76]

Loveridge's sunbird

taxidermied sunbird with green upperparts, orangish chest, and brown wings, and yellowish underparts

C. loveridgei
Hartert, E. J. O.,1922 		Eastern centralTanzania EN


14000–24700Population declining[77]

Beautiful sunbird

bright green sunbird with red and yellow chest

C. pulchellus[n]
(Linnaeus,1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. p. pulchellus
  • C. p. melanogastrus
West,Central,andEast Africa NE


UnknownUnknown

Marico sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings and underparts, and maroon chest

C. mariquensis
Smith, A.,1836

Three subspecies
  • C. m. osiris
  • C. m. suahelicus
  • C. m. mariquensis
EastandSouthern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[78]

Shelley's sunbird

two sunbirds; the one on the left pale greyish-brown with dark-streaked cream white underparts, and the one on the right with brownish body, blue-green head and mantle, and red and purple bands on breast

C. shelleyi[o]
Alexander,1899 		East Africa NE


UnknownUnknown

Hofmann's sunbird


C. hofmanni[o]
Reichenow,1915 		EasternTanzania NE


UnknownUnknown

Congo sunbird


C. congensis
(van Oort,1910) 		Congo Basin LC


UnknownPopulation declining[79]

Red-chested sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, purplish throat, and orange-red breast

C. erythrocercus
(Hartlaub,1857) 		Extreme southernSudanto centralTanzania LC


UnknownPopulation steady[80]

Black-bellied sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, and orange breast

C. nectarinioides
Richmond,1897

Two subspecies
  • C. n. erlangeri
  • C. n. nectarinioides
East Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[81]

Purple-banded sunbird

sunbird with blackish body, green head and mantle, and red and purple bands on breast

C. bifasciatus
(Shaw,1812)

Two subspecies
  • C. b. bifasciatus
  • C. b. microrhynchus
East,Central,andSouthern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[82]

Tsavo sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, and purple breast

C. tsavoensis
van Someren,1922 		Kenya and northeasternTanzania LC


UnknownPopulation steady[83]

Violet-breasted sunbird


C. chalcomelas
Reichenow,1905 		Somaliaand Kenya LC


UnknownPopulation steady[84]

Pemba sunbird

blue-green sunbird with blackish wings

C. pembae
Reichenow,1905 		Pemba Island
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation steady[85]

Orange-tufted sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, and orangish breast

C. bouvieri
Shelley,1877 		Central Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[86]

Palestine sunbird

back view of green sunbird with brown wings

C. osea
Bonaparte,1856

Two subspecies
  • C. o. osea
  • C. o. decorsei
Arabian Peninsula andCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[87]

Arabian sunbird

green sunbird with purplish crown, red breast, and black wings and belly

C. hellmayri[p]
Neumann,1904

Two subspecies
  • C. h. kinneari
  • C. h. hellmayri
Arabian Peninsula NE


UnknownUnknown

Shining sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top pale greyish-brown, and the one on the bottom green with black wings, purplish crown, and reddish breast

C. habessinicus[p]
(Hemprich&Ehrenberg,1828)

Three subspecies
  • C. h. habessinicus
  • C. h. alter
  • C. h. turkanae
East Africa NE


UnknownUnknown

Splendid sunbird

sunbird with black face, wings, and belly, red chest, purple hindneck, and greenish upper wings

C. coccinigastrus
(Latham,1801) 		WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[88]

Johanna's sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with greenish-brown upperparts and darks-peaked yellow underparts, and the one on the bottom with green upperparts, red underparts, black wings and vent, and purple breast

C. johannae
Verreaux, J.&Verreaux, É.,1851

Two subspecies
  • C. h. fasciatus
  • C. h. johannae
WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[89]

Superb sunbird

sunbird with deep red underparts, glossy green upperparts, black face, throat, and wings, and glossy purple breast and crown

C. superbus
(Shaw,1812)

Four subspecies
  • C. s. ashantiensis
  • C. s. nigeriae
  • C. s. superbus
  • C. s. buvuma
WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation declining[90]

Rufous-winged sunbird


C. rufipennis
(Jensen,1983) 		CentralTanzania VU


2500–9999Population declining[91]

Oustalet's sunbird

illustration of sunbird with green upperparts, white underparts, and multicolored breast

C. oustaleti
(Barboza du Bocage,1878)

Two subspecies
  • C. o. oustaleti
  • C. o. rhodesiae
Disjunctly, inAngola,and inTanzaniaandZambia LC


UnknownPopulation steady[92]

White-bellied sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, white underparts, blackish wings, and blue-and-black breast

C. talatala
Smith, A.,1836 		Southern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[93]

Variable sunbird

sunbird with brownish wings, white underparts, blue-green upperparts, black face, and black-and-purple breast

C. venustus
(Shaw,1799)

Five subspecies
  • C. v. venustus
  • C. v. fazoqlensis
  • C. v. albiventris
  • C. v. falkensteini
  • C. v. igneiventris
West,Central,andEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[94]

Dusky sunbird

chocolate-brown sunbird with white belly

C. fuscus
Vieillot,1819

Two subspecies
  • C. f. fuscus
  • C. f. inclusus
Southwestern Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[95]

Ursula's sunbird

brownish sunbird with paler underparts and small red patch on sides

C. ursulae
(Alexander,1903) 		Cameroon LC


UnknownPopulation declining[96]

Bates's sunbird

view from below of sunbird with pale underparts

C. batesi
Ogilvie-Grant,1908 		WestandCentral Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[97]

Copper sunbird

sunbird with iridescent coppery body and black wings and tail

C. cupreus
(Shaw,1812)

Two subspecies
  • C. c. cupreus
  • C. c. chalceus
West,Central,andEast Africa LC


UnknownPopulation steady[98]

Purple sunbird

black and glossy blue sunbird

C. asiaticus
(Latham,1790)

Thre subspecies
  • C. a. brevirostris
  • C. a. asiaticus
  • C. a. intermedius
Eastern Arabian Peninsula east toSouth AsiaandIndochina LC


UnknownPopulation steady[99]

Olive-backed sunbird

sunbird with yellow underparts, green upperparts, and a blue throat

C. jugularis[q]
(Linnaeus,1766)

Twenty-one subspecies
  • C. j. andamanicus
  • C. j. proselius
  • C. j. klossi
  • C. j. rhizophorae
  • C. j. flammaxillaris
  • C. j. ornatus
  • C. j. polyclystus
  • C. j. aurora
  • C. j. obscurior
  • C. j. jugularis
  • C. j. woodi
  • C. j. plateni
  • C. j. infrenatus
  • C. j. robustirostris
  • C. j. teysmanni
  • C. j. frenatus
  • C. j. buruensis
  • C. j. clementiae
  • C. j. keiensis
  • C. j. idenburgi
  • C. j. flavigastra
Southeast AsiatoPapua New Guineaand northern Australia NE


UnknownUnknown

Apricot-breasted sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, glossy blue throat, and yellowish underparts with an orange tint on the breast

C. buettikoferi
Hartert, E. J. O.,1896 		Sumba
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation steady[100]

Flame-breasted sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with greenish-brown upperparts, red-orange underparts, and a blue-green face, and the one on the bottom with greenish-brown upperparts and yellow underparts

C. solaris
(Temminck,1825)

Two subspecies
  • C. s. exquisitus
  • C. s. solaris
Lesser Sunda IslandsandWetar LC


UnknownPopulation steady[101]

Souimanga sunbird

brown sunbird with glossy green face and paler underparts

C. sovimanga
(Gmelin, J. F.,1788)

Five subspecies
  • C. s. sovimanga
  • C. s. apolis
  • C. s. aldabrensis
  • C. s. abbotti
  • C. s. buchenorum
Madagascar andSeychelles LC


UnknownPopulation steady[102]

Malagasy green sunbird[r]

glossy green sunbird with black underparts and wings

C. notatus[s]
(Müller, P. L. S.,1776)

Three subspecies
  • C. n. notatus
  • C. n. moebii
  • C. n. voeltzkowi
Madagascar andComoros NE


UnknownUnknown

Seychelles sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds: the one on top has brown upperparts, pale underparts, green crown, blue throat, and a yellow-orange shoulder patch, while the one on the bottom is wholly brown, darker on top

C. dussumieri
(Hartlaub,1861) 		Seychelles LC


UnknownPopulation steady[103]

Humblot's sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, yellow and red underparts, and black throat

C. humbloti
Milne-Edwards, A.&Oustalet,1885

Two subspecies
  • C. h. humbloti
  • C. h. mohelicus
Grande ComoreandMohéli LC


UnknownPopulation steady[104]

Anjouan sunbird

illustration of sunbird with blue-green upperparts, black underparts and wings, and dark red band across the chest

C. comorensis
Peters, W.,1864 		Anjouan LC


UnknownPopulation steady[105]

Mayotte sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds, both with blue-green upperparts, orange chest, and yellow underparts

C. coquerellii
(Hartlaub,1860) 		Mayotte
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation steady[106]

Loten's sunbird

sunbird with glossy blue-green head, purplish chest, and brownish body

C. lotenius
(Linnaeus,1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. l. hindustanicus
  • C. l. lotenius
India andSri Lanka LC


UnknownPopulation steady[107]

GenusAethopyga–Cabanis,1851– twenty-two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Grey-hooded sunbird

sunbird with yellow-green upperparts, grey head, and whitish underparts

A. primigenia
(Hachisuka,1941)

Two subspecies
  • A. p. diuatae
  • A. p. primigenia
Mindanao LC


20000–49999Population steady[108]

Apo sunbird

sunbird with brownish upperparts and pale orange-tinted underparts

A. boltoni[t]
Mearns,1905

Three subspecies
  • A. b. malindangensis
  • A. b. boltoni
  • A. b. tibolii
Mindanao LC


15000–24999Population steady[109]

Lina's sunbird

sunbird with dark upperparts, yellowish underparts, metallic blue ear patch, and orange stripe down belly

A. linaraborae
Kennedy, R. S.,Gonzales&Miranda,1997 		Mindanao NT


UnknownPopulation steady[110]

Flaming sunbird

sunbird with brownish upperparts, whitish underparts, metallic blue face and throat, and orange chest

A. flagrans
Oustalet,1876 		LuzonandCatanduanes LC


UnknownPopulation declining[111]

Maroon-naped sunbird

sunbird with reddish-brown upperparts, yellowish underparts, and metallic green on top of head

A. guimarasensis
(Steere,1890)

Two subspecies
  • A. g. guimarasensis
  • A. g. daphoenonota
Negros,Panay,andGuimaras LC


UnknownPopulation declining[112]

Metallic-winged sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, yellowish underparts, and metallic blue green on shoulder and ear

A. pulcherrima[u]
Sharpe,1876 		Central and southernPhilippines NE


UnknownUnknown

Luzon sunbird

illustration of sunbird with greenish upperparts, yellowish underparts, blue on forehead, metallic green wings and tail, and orange on chest

A. jefferyi[u]
(Ogilvie-Grant,1894) 		Luzon NE


UnknownUnknown

Bohol sunbird

A. decorosa[u]
(McGregor, 1907) 		Bohol NE


UnknownUnknown

Elegant sunbird

An illustration of two sunbirds; one on top has multicolored red, blue, and brown upperparts, blue wings, yellow rump, purple-based brown tail, and yellow underparts. The one on bottom has greenish-brown upperparts and yellow underparts.

A. duyvenbodei
(Schlegel,1871) 		Sangihe Islands EN


13000–29000Population declining[113]

Lovely sunbird

sunbird with pale yellow underparts, brownish upperparts, and bright red face and upper back

A. shelleyi
Sharpe,1876 		Palawan archipelago LC


UnknownPopulation steady[114]

Handsome sunbird

sunbird with pale yellow-white underparts, greenish-brown upperparts, dark red face and upper back, and greenish-brown crown

A. bella
Tweeddale,1877

Six subspecies
  • A. b. flavipectus
  • A. b. minuta
  • A. b. rubrinota
  • A. b. bella
  • A. b. bonita
  • A. b. arolasi
Philippines LC


UnknownPopulation steady[115]

Mrs. Gould's sunbird

sunbird with brown wings, yellow belly, red face, chest, and upper back, and black on face

A. gouldiae
(Vigors,1831)

Four subspecies
  • A. g. gouldiae
  • A. g. isolata
  • A. g. dabryii
  • A. g. annamensis
Indochina,southern China, andHimalayan foothills LC


UnknownPopulation steady[116]

Green-tailed sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown wings, yellow-orange belly, red upper back, and bluish-black face

A. nipalensis
(Hodgson,1836)

Nine subspecies
  • A. n. horsfieldi
  • A. n. nipalensis
  • A. n. koelzi
  • A. n. victoriae
  • A. n. karenensis
  • A. n. angkanensis
  • A. n. australis
  • A. n. blanci
  • A. n. ezrai
Indochina,southern China, andHimalayan foothills LC


UnknownPopulation steady[117]

White-flanked sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown body, red throat and chest, and metallic blue crown

A. eximia
(Horsfield,1821) 		Java LC


UnknownPopulation steady[118]

Fork-tailed sunbird

sunbird with yellowish underparts, red chest, brown wings, black face, and bluish crown and nape

A. christinae[v]
Swinhoe,1869

Three subspecies
  • A. c. latouchii
  • A. c. sokolovi
  • A. c. christinae
China,Vietnam,andLaos NE


UnknownUnknown

Black-throated sunbird

sunbird with blackish face and throat, red back, white underparts, and brown wings

A. saturata
(Hodgson,1836)

Ten subspecies
  • A. s. saturata
  • A. s. assamensis
  • A. s. galenae
  • A. s. petersi
  • A. s. sanguinipectus
  • A. s. anomala
  • A. s. wrayi
  • A. s. ochra
  • A. s. johnsi
  • A. s. cambodiana
Indochina,southern China, andHimalayan foothills LC


UnknownPopulation steady[119]

Crimson sunbird

sunbird with brownish body, bright red head, throat, and upper back, and blue forehead

A. siparaja
(Raffles,1822)

Fourteen subspecies
  • A. s. seheriae
  • A. s. labecula
  • A. s. owstoni
  • A. s. tonkinensis
  • A. s. mangini
  • A. s. insularis
  • A. s. cara
  • A. s. trangensis
  • A. s. siparaja
  • A. s. nicobarica
  • A. s. heliogona
  • A. s. natunae
  • A. s. flavostriata
  • A. s. beccarii
South Asia,Southeast Asia,and southern China LC


UnknownPopulation steady[120]

Magnificent sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on top with brownish body, bright red head, throat, and upper back, and purple forehead and tail, and the one on bottom with greenish-brown body washed reddish towards the tail

A. magnifica
Sharpe,1876 		WesternandCentral Visayas LC


UnknownPopulation steady[121]

Vigors's sunbird

sunbird with brownish wings, grey underparts, bright red throat and upper back, and blackish-red head

A. vigorsii
(Sykes,1832) 		Western India LC


UnknownPopulation steady[122]

Javan sunbird

sunbird with bright red head and throat, white underparts, and blackish forehead

A. mystacalis
(Temminck,1822) 		Java LC


UnknownPopulation declining[123]

Temminck's sunbird

sunbird with brownish wings, greyish-white underparts, bright red throat and upper back, and black stripes on head

A. temminckii
(Müller, S.,1843) 		Malay Peninsula,Sumatra,andBorneo LC


UnknownPopulation declining[124]

Fire-tailed sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown wings, orange-and-yellow underparts, blackish face, reddish back, yellow rump, and long orange tail

A. ignicauda
(Hodgson,1836)

Two subspecies
  • A. i. ignicauda
  • A. i. flavescens
Himalayas LC


UnknownPopulation steady[125]

GenusKurochkinegramma–Kashain, 1978– one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Purple-naped sunbird

greenish-brown sunbird with yellow streaks on underside

K. hypogrammicum
(Müller, S.,1843)

Five subspecies
  • K. h. lisettae
  • K. h. mariae
  • K. h. nuchale
  • K. h. hypogrammicum
  • K. h. natunense
Indochina,Borneo,andSumatra LC


UnknownPopulation steady[126]

GenusArachnothera–Temminck,1826– thirteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Little spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts, yellowish underparts, and a whitish throat

A. longirostra
(Latham,1790)

Ten subspecies
  • A. l. longirostra
  • A. l. sordida
  • A. l. pallida
  • A. l. cinereicollis'
  • A. l. zarhina
  • A. l. niasensis
  • A. l. prillwitzi
  • A. l. rothschildi
  • A. l. atita
  • A. l. buettikoferi
SouthandSoutheast Asia LC


UnknownPopulation steady[127]

Orange-tufted spiderhunter

illustration of two spiderhunters with greenish-brown upperparts, grey throats and undersides of wings, yellow underparts, and orange patches under the wing

A. flammifera
Tweeddale,1878

Two subspecies
  • A. f. flammifera
  • A. f. randi
Philippines LC


UnknownPopulation steady[128]

Pale spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and whitish underparts fanning its wings out

A. dilutior
Sharpe,1876 		Palawan LC


UnknownPopulation steady[129]

Thick-billed spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and yellowish underparts

A. crassirostris
(Reichenbach,1853) 		Malay Peninsula,Sumatra,andBorneo LC


UnknownPopulation declining[130]

Long-billed spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and yellowish-white underparts

A. robusta
Müller, S.&Schlegel,1844

Two subspecies
  • A. r. robusta
  • A. r. armata
Malay Peninsula,Sumatra,Java,andBorneo LC


UnknownPopulation declining[131]

Spectacled spiderhunter

spiderhunter with yellowish-grey underparts and prominent yellow eye-ring

A. flavigaster
(Eyton,1839) 		Malay Peninsula,Sumatra,andBorneo LC


UnknownPopulation declining[132]

Yellow-eared spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts, yellowish-grey underparts, and yellow tufts on the face

A. chrysogenys
(Temminck,1826)

Two subspecies
  • A. c. chrysogenys
  • A. c. harrissoni
Malay Peninsula,Sumatra,Java,andBorneo LC


UnknownPopulation declining[133]

Naked-faced spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts, greyish underparts, and featherless patches on the face

A. clarae
Blasius, W.,1890

Four subspecies
  • A. c. luzonensis
  • A. c. philippinensis
  • A. c. clarae
  • A. c. malindangensis
Philippines LC


UnknownPopulation steady[134]

Gray-breasted spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and greyish underparts

A. modesta
(Eyton,1839)

Three subspecies
  • A. m. caena
  • A. m. modesta
  • A. m. concolor
Malay Peninsula,Sumatra,andBorneo LC


UnknownPopulation declining[135]

Streaky-breasted spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and greyish underparts

A. affinis
(Horsfield,1821) 		JavaandBali LC


UnknownPopulation declining[136]

Bornean spiderhunter

back view of spiderhunter with greenish upperparts

A. everetti[w]
(Sharpe,1893) 		Borneo NE


UnknownUnknown

Streaked spiderhunter

spiderhunter with yellow-green upperparts and whitish underparts, both heavily streaked black

A. magna[w]
(Hodgson,1836)

Five subspecies
  • A. m. magna
  • A. m. aurata
  • A. m. musarum
  • A. m. remota
  • A. m. pagodarum
EasternIndian subcontinentandIndochina NE


UnknownUnknown

Whitehead's spiderhunter

illustration of bird with streaked white and brown body, brown wings, and black tail with extensive yellow at base

A. juliae
Sharpe,1887 		Borneo
Map of range 		LC


UnknownPopulation declining[137]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by theHBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[4]
  2. ^Called mouse-brown sunbird byThe Clements Checklist.[5]
  3. ^Called yellow-throated sunbird byThe Clements Checklist.[5]
  4. ^abThe yellow-chinned and grey-chinned sunbirds are treated as a single species, the green sunbird, by the Clements Checklist.[5]
  5. ^Called gray-throated sunbird byThe Clements Checklist.[5]
  6. ^Called banded sunbird byThe Clements Checklist.[5]
  7. ^Called São Tomé sunbird byThe Clements Checklist.[5]
  8. ^Called mouse-colored sunbird byThe Clements Checklist.[5]
  9. ^The IUCN splits the purple-throated sunbirdsensu latointo two species, the purple-throated sunbirdsensu stricto(L. sperata) and the orange-lined sunbird (L. juliae).[4]
  10. ^Called bronze sunbird byThe Clements Checklistand theIUCN.[5]
  11. ^Called red-tufted sunbird byThe Clements Checklistand theIUCN.[5]
  12. ^Called Stuhlmann's sunbird byThe Clements Checklistand the Ruwenzori sunbird by theIUCN.[5]
  13. ^abWhyte's double-collared sunbird and Ludwig's double-collared sunbird are treated as a single species, the montane double-collared sunbird, by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  14. ^The IUCN splits the beautiful sunbirdsensu latointo two species, the gorgeous sunbird (C. melanogastrus) and beautiful sunbirdsensu stricto(C. pulchellus).[4]
  15. ^abHofmann's sunbird is considered a subspecies of Shelley's sunbird by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  16. ^abThe Arabian sunbird is treated as a subspecies of the shining sunbird by the Clement's Checklist.[5]
  17. ^The IUCN splits the olive-backed sunbirdsensu latointo two species, Rand's sunbird (C. idenburgi) and olive-backed sunbirdsensu stricto(C. jugularis),[4]while The Clements Checklist splits it into eight different species.[5]
  18. ^Called Malagasy sunbird byThe Clements Checklist.[5]
  19. ^The IUCN splits the Malagasy green sunbird into three species, the long-billed sunbird (C. notatus), Grand Comoro sunbird (C. moebii), and Moheli sunbird (C. voeltzkowi).[4]
  20. ^The Clement's Checklist splits the Apo sunbirdsensu latointo two species, Tboli sunbird (A. tibolii) and Apo sunbirdsensu stricto(A. malindangensis).[5]
  21. ^abcThe Bohol and Luzon sunbirds are treated as a subspecies of the metallic-winged sunbird by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  22. ^The IUCN splits the fork-tailed sunbirdsensu latointo two species, the Hainan sunbird (A. christinae) and fork-tailed sunbirdsensu stricto(A. latouchii).[4]
  23. ^abThe Bornean spiderhunter is treated as a subspecies of the streaked spiderhunter by the IUCN.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeGill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023)."Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds".IOC World Bird List.v 13.2.Archivedfrom the original on October 23, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  2. ^abcWinkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (March 4, 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.)."Sunbirds and Spiderhunters (Nectariniidae)".Birds of the World.Cornell Lab of Ornithology.doi:10.2173/bow.nectar1.01.S2CID216264284.RetrievedMay 25,2023.
  3. ^abcCheke, Robert A.; Mann, Clive F. (2010).Sunbirds: A Guide to the Sunbirds, Flowerpeckers, Spiderhunters and Sugarbirds of the World.London:Christopher Helm.ISBN978-1-4081-3567-9.Archivedfrom the original on October 7, 2023.RetrievedJuly 10,2023.
  4. ^abcdefghijkl"Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7".HBW and BirdLife International. 2022.Archivedfrom the original on December 8, 2023.RetrievedJune 9,2023.
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstClements, James F.;Rasmussen, P. C.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2023)."The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2023".Clements Checklist.Archivedfrom the original on January 1, 2020.RetrievedOctober 30,2023.
  6. ^Ó Marcaigh, Fionn; Kelly, David J; O’Connell, Darren P; Analuddin, Kangkuso; Karya, Adi; McCloughan, Jennifer; Tolan, Ellen; Lawless, Naomi; Marples, Nicola M (May 5, 2023)."Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.198(1): 72–92.doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081.hdl:2262/101492.ISSN0024-4082.Archivedfrom the original on June 12, 2023.RetrievedJune 14,2023.
  7. ^Karuthedathu, Dipu; Das, Vinay; J., Praveen; Ramachandran, Vijay; Shurpali, Sachin; Nair, Manoj V. (January 17, 2014)."Some significant avian records from Odisha"(PDF).Indian Birds.9(1): 16.Archived(PDF)from the original on May 25, 2023.RetrievedJune 14,2023.
  8. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Chalcoparia singalensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717626A94542835.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717626A94542835.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  9. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Deleornis fraseri".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103792577A94541369.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792577A94541369.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  10. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Deleornis axillaris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103792599A104232364.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792599A104232364.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  11. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes reichenowi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717602A94541610.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717602A94541610.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  12. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes anchietae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717606A94541876.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717606A94541876.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  13. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes simplex".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717611A94542063.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717611A94542063.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  14. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes malacensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103792612A94542270.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792612A94542270.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  15. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes griseigularis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103792631A104295009.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792631A104295009.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  16. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes rhodolaemus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717618A94542527.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717618A94542527.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  17. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Anthreptes gabonicus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717629A131977277.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717629A131977277.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  18. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes longuemarei".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717635A94543374.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717635A94543374.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  19. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes orientalis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717640A94543716.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717640A94543716.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  20. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes neglectus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717645A94543945.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717645A94543945.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  21. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes aurantius".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717649A94544121.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717649A94544121.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  22. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Anthreptes seimundi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717683A131977855.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717683A131977855.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  23. ^BirdLife International (2022)."Anthreptes rectirostris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2022:e.T103792746A210661407.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T103792746A210661407.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  24. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthreptes tephrolaemus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103792796A104295279.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792796A104295279.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  25. ^BirdLife International (2017)."Anthreptes rubritorques".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2017:e.T22717663A118905827.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22717663A118905827.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  26. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Hedydipna collaris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717668A94545190.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717668A94545190.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  27. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Hedydipna platura".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717672A131977543.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717672A131977543.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  28. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Hedydipna metallica".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717676A94545911.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717676A94545911.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  29. ^BirdLife International (2021)."Hedydipna pallidigaster".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021:e.T22717653A180120536.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717653A180120536.en.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  30. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anabathmis reichenbachii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717705A94547607.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717705A94547607.en.RetrievedNovember 17,2021.
  31. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Anabathmis hartlaubii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717709A131458593.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717709A131458593.en.RetrievedNovember 16,2021.
  32. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Anabathmis newtonii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717714A131458327.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717714A131458327.en.RetrievedNovember 17,2021.
  33. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Dreptes thomensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717719A132236453.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717719A132236453.en.RetrievedNovember 17,2021.
  34. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Anthobaphes violacea".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717695A94547235.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717695A94547235.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  35. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cyanomitra verticalis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717738A94548805.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717738A94548805.en.RetrievedNovember 17,2021.
  36. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cyanomitra bannermani".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717742A94549169.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717742A94549169.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  37. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cyanomitra cyanolaema".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717746A131978715.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717746A131978715.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  38. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cyanomitra oritis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717728A94548457.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717728A94548457.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  39. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cyanomitra alinae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717733A131978531.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717733A131978531.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  40. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cyanomitra olivacea".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717691A131978137.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717691A131978137.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  41. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cyanomitra verreauxii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717699A94547409.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717699A94547409.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  42. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Chalcomitra adelberti".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717778A94551393.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717778A94551393.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  43. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Chalcomitra fuliginosa".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717758A131979010.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717758A131979010.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  44. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Chalcomitra rubescens".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717766A94550517.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717766A94550517.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  45. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Chalcomitra amethystina".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717762A94550241.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717762A94550241.en.RetrievedNovember 17,2021.
  46. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Chalcomitra senegalensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717770A131979279.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717770A131979279.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  47. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Chalcomitra hunteri".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717774A94551180.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717774A94551180.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  48. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Chalcomitra balfouri".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717750A94549624.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717750A94549624.en.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
  49. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Leptocoma zeylonica".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717782A94551632.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717782A94551632.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  50. ^BirdLife International(2020)."Leptocoma minima".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T22717785A94551846.RetrievedNovember 6,2021.
  51. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Leptocoma brasiliana".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103795247A104297009.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103795247A104297009.en.RetrievedNovember 18,2021.
  52. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Leptocoma aspasia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717791A132114755.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717791A132114755.en.RetrievedNovember 18,2021.
  53. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Leptocoma calcostetha".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717794A94552451.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717794A94552451.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  54. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Nectarinia bocagii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717966A94560196.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717966A94560196.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  55. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Nectarinia purpureiventris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717962A94560024.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717962A94560024.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  56. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Nectarinia tacazze".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717958A94559801.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717958A94559801.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  57. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Nectarinia kilimensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717970A94560374.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717970A94560374.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  58. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Nectarinia famosa".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717979A132114939.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717979A132114939.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  59. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Nectarinia johnstoni".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717984A132115208.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717984A132115208.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  60. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Drepanorhynchus reichenowi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717975A131981080.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717975A131981080.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  61. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris chloropygius".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717919A94557353.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717919A94557353.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  62. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris minullus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717923A131980390.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717923A131980390.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  63. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris manoensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103797506A94556226.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103797506A94556226.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  64. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris gertrudis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103797518A104294788.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103797518A104294788.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  65. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris chalybeus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717869A131979925.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717869A131979925.en.RetrievedNovember 20,2021.
  66. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris neergaardi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717903A131980130.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717903A131980130.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  67. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris stuhlmanni".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103798409A104275812.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103798409A104275812.en.RetrievedNovember 18,2021.
  68. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris prigoginei".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103798427A104275573.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103798427A104275573.en.RetrievedNovember 18,2021.
  69. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris reichenowi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717887A94556635.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717887A94556635.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  70. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris afer".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103798399A94556884.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103798399A94556884.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  71. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris regius".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717927A94557969.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717927A94557969.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  72. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris rockefelleri".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717941A94558639.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717941A94558639.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  73. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris mediocris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103799498A95119695.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103799498A95119695.en.RetrievedNovember 17,2021.
  74. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris usambaricus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103799620A104276065.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103799620A104276065.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  75. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris fuelleborni".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22735340A95108399.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22735340A95108399.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  76. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris moreaui".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717936A94558420.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717936A94558420.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  77. ^BirdLife International (2021)."Cinnyris loveridgei".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021:e.T22717931A179267691.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717931A179267691.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  78. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris mariquensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22718003A131882840.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718003A131882840.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  79. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris congensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717998A94561701.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717998A94561701.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  80. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris erythrocercus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717994A131981463.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717994A131981463.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  81. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris nectarinioides".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718043A94564210.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718043A94564210.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  82. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris bifasciatus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103801419A94562143.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103801419A94562143.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  83. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris tsavoensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103801517A104297631.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103801517A104297631.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  84. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris chalcomelas".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718012A94562467.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718012A94562467.en.RetrievedNovember 16,2021.
  85. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris pembae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718017A94562636.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718017A94562636.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  86. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris bouvieri".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717846A131979675.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717846A131979675.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  87. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris osea".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717850A94555242.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717850A94555242.en.RetrievedFebruary 20,2022.
  88. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris coccinigastrus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22718027A131981699.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718027A131981699.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  89. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris johannae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22718031A131982012.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718031A131982012.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  90. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris superbus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22718035A131982280.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718035A131982280.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  91. ^BirdLife International (2021)."Cinnyris rufipennis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021:e.T22717954A179271612.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22717954A179271612.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  92. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris oustaleti".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717841A94554825.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717841A94554825.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  93. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris talatala".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717836A132441087.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717836A132441087.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  94. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris venustus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717826A131882422.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717826A131882422.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  95. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris fuscus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717950A94559334.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717950A94559334.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  96. ^BirdLife International (2017)."Cinnyris ursulae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2017:e.T22717831A118496874.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22717831A118496874.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  97. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris batesi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717687A94546628.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717687A94546628.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  98. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Cinnyris cupreus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22717945A131980663.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717945A131980663.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  99. ^BirdLife International (2019)."Cinnyris asiaticus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2019:e.T22717855A155489800.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22717855A155489800.en.RetrievedNovember 20,2021.
  100. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris buettikoferi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717801A94552966.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717801A94552966.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  101. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris solaris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717805A94553131.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717805A94553131.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  102. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris sovimanga".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717808A94553308.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717808A94553308.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  103. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris dussumieri".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717754A94549803.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717754A94549803.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  104. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris humbloti".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717813A94553492.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717813A94553492.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  105. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris comorensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717817A94553660.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717817A94553660.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  106. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Cinnyris coquerellii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717822A94553815.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717822A94553815.en.RetrievedNovember 16,2021.
  107. ^BirdLife International(2016)."Cinnyris lotenius".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717862A94556053.RetrievedNovember 6,2021.
  108. ^BirdLife International (2020)."Aethopyga primigenia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T22718048A179048340.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22718048A179048340.en.RetrievedNovember 14,2021.
  109. ^BirdLife International (2020)."Aethopyga boltoni".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T22718059A179061446.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22718059A179061446.en.RetrievedNovember 14,2021.
  110. ^BirdLife International (2020)."Aethopyga linaraborae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T22724518A177948824.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22724518A177948824.en.RetrievedNovember 14,2021.
  111. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga flagrans".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103805010A94564834.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103805010A94564834.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  112. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga guimarasensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103809131A104301389.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103809131A104301389.en.RetrievedNovember 18,2021.
  113. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga duyvenbodei".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718068A94565160.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718068A94565160.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  114. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Aethopyga shelleyi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22734230A132035299.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22734230A132035299.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  115. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Aethopyga bella".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22732130A132034102.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22732130A132034102.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  116. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga gouldiae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718077A94565475.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718077A94565475.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  117. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga nipalensis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718081A94565721.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718081A94565721.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  118. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga eximia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718084A94565956.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718084A94565956.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  119. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga saturata".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718090A94566293.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718090A94566293.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  120. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga siparaja".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103804411A94566535.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804411A94566535.en.RetrievedNovember 19,2021.
  121. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Aethopyga magnifica".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T103810377A132044827.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103810377A132044827.en.RetrievedNovember 19,2021.
  122. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga vigorsii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103804493A104300369.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804493A104300369.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  123. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga mystacalis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103804351A94566823.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804351A94566823.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  124. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Aethopyga temminckii".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103804369A104300960.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804369A104300960.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  125. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Aethopyga ignicauda".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22718100A131982762.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718100A131982762.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  126. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22717680A94546136.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717680A94546136.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  127. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera longirostra".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103778625A94567188.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778625A94567188.en.RetrievedNovember 15,2021.
  128. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Arachnothera flammifera".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T103778923A132044412.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103778923A132044412.en.RetrievedNovember 18,2021.
  129. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera dilutior".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103778680A104295930.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778680A104295930.en.RetrievedNovember 18,2021.
  130. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera crassirostris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718106A94567472.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718106A94567472.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  131. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera robusta".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718109A94567652.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718109A94567652.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  132. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera flavigaster".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718112A94567832.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718112A94567832.en.RetrievedNovember 11,2021.
  133. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera chrysogenys".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718115A94568017.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718115A94568017.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  134. ^BirdLife International (2018)."Arachnothera clarae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T22718118A131982953.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718118A131982953.en.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  135. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera modesta".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103792501A104296539.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792501A104296539.en.RetrievedNovember 16,2021.
  136. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera affinis".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T103792496A94568389.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792496A94568389.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
  137. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Arachnothera juliae".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22718131A94569006.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718131A94569006.en.RetrievedNovember 12,2021.
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