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Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia

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Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Regno Lombardo-Veneto(Italian)
Königreich Lombardo-Venetien(German)
Österreichisches Italien[1]
1815–1866
Motto:A.E.I.O.U.
(Motto for theHouse of Habsburg)
"All the world is subject to Austria"[2][3]
Anthem:Inno Patriottico
"The Patriotic Song"
The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (green) and the Austrian Empire (light green) in 1815
The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (green) and the Austrian Empire (light green) in 1815
StatusCrown landof theAustrian Empire
Capital
Common languagesLombard,Venetian,Friulian,Italian,andGerman
Religion
Roman Catholic
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
King
• 1815–1835
Francis I
• 1835–1848
Ferdinand I
• 1848–1866
Francis Joseph I
Viceroy
• 1815
Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
• 1815–1816
Heinrich von Bellegarde
• 1816–1818
Anton Victor of Austria
• 1818–1848
Rainer Joseph of Austria
• 1848–1857
Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
• 1857–1859
Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria
History
9 June 1815
22 March 1848
• LombardycededtoFrance
10 November 1859
14 June 1866
23 August 1866
12 October 1866
Area
1852[4]46,782 km2(18,063 sq mi)
Population
• 1852[4]
4,671,000
Currency
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
Republic of San Marco
Second French Empire
Kingdom of Italy
Today part ofItaly

TheKingdom of Lombardy–Venetia(Latin:Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom"(Italian:Regno Lombardo-Veneto;German:Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land (crown land) of theAustrian Empirefrom 1815 to 1866. It was created in 1815 by resolution of theCongress of Viennain recognition of the AustrianHouse of Habsburg-Lorraine's rights to the formerDuchy of Milanand the formerRepublic of Veniceafter theNapoleonic Kingdom of Italy,proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed.[5]

The kingdom only survived for fifty years—the region ofLombardywas ceded toFrancein 1859 after theSecond Italian War of Independence,which then immediately ceded it to theKingdom of Sardinia.Lombardy-Venetia was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory was incorporated into the recently proclaimedKingdom of Italyfollowing the kingdom's victory against Austria in theThird Italian War of Independence.

History

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An Austrianherald'stabard(Wappenrock)with thecoat of armsof Lombardy-Venetia (1834) – Weltliche Schatzkammer inVienna

Creation

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In theTreaty of Parisin 1814, the Austrians had confirmed their claims to the territories of the former LombardDuchy of Milan,which had been ruled by theHabsburg monarchysince 1714 and together with the adjacentDuchy of Mantuaby theAustrianbranch ofthe dynasty from 1708 to 1796, and of the formerRepublic of Venice,which had been under Austrian rule intermittently upon the 1797Treaty of Campo Formio.

The Congress of Vienna combined these lands into a single kingdom, ruled inpersonal unionby the HabsburgEmperor of Austria;as distinct from the neighbouringGrand Duchy of Tuscany,theDuchy of Modena and Reggioas well as theDuchy of Parma,which remained independent entities under Habsburg rule. The Austrian emperor was represented day-to-day byviceroysappointed by the Imperial Court inViennaand resident inMilanandVenice.[4][6][7][8]

Years of the Kingdom

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The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was first ruled by EmperorFrancis Ifrom 1815 until his death in 1835. His sonFerdinand Iruled from 1835 to 1848. In Milan on 6 September 1838, he became the last king to be crowned with theIron Crown of Lombardy.The crown was subsequently brought to Vienna after the loss of Lombardy in 1859 but was restored to Italy after the loss of Venetia in 1866.

Though the local administration was Italian in language and staff, the Austrian authorities had to cope with theItalian unification(Risorgimento) movement. After a popular revolution on 22 March 1848, known as the "Five Days of Milan",the Austrians fled fromMilan,which became the capital city of aGoverno Provvisorio della Lombardia(Lombardy Provisional Government). The next day,Venicealso rose against the Austrian rule, forming theGoverno Provvisorio di Venezia(Venice Provisional Government). The Austrian forces under Field MarshalJoseph Radetzky,after defeating theSardiniantroops at theBattle of Custoza(24–25 July 1848), entered Milan (6 August) and Venice (24 August 1849), and once again restored Austrian rule.

EmperorFranz Joseph I of Austriaruled over the kingdom for the rest of its existence. The office of viceroy was abolished and replaced by agovernor-general.The office was initially assumed by Field Marshal Radetzky - upon his retirement in 1857, it passed to Franz Joseph's younger brotherMaximilian(who later becameemperor of Mexico), who served as governor-general in Milan from 1857 to 1859.

Lombardy–Venetia (1853) and its major cities

End of the Kingdom

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After theSecond Italian War of Independenceand the defeat in theBattle of Solferinoin 1859, Austria by theTreaty of Zurichhad to cede Lombardy up to theMincioRiver, except for the fortresses ofMantuaandPeschiera,to the French EmperorNapoleon III,who immediately passed it to theKingdom of Sardiniaand the embryonicItalianstate. Maximilian retired toMiramare CastlenearTrieste,while the capital was relocated toVenice.However, remaining Venetia and Mantua likewise fell to the Kingdom of Italy in the aftermath of theThird Italian War of Independence,by the 1866Peace of Prague.[9]The territory of Venetia and Mantua was formally transferred from Austria to France, and then handed over to Italy on 19 October 1866, for diplomatic reasons; aplebiscitemarked the Italian annexation on 21–22 October 1866.[10]

Administration

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Administratively the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia comprised two independent governments (Gubernien) in its two parts, which officially were declared separate crown lands in 1851. Each part was further subdivided into several provinces, roughly corresponding with thedépartementsof the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

Lombardy included the provinces of Milan, Como, Bergamo, Brescia, Pavia, Cremona, Mantua, Lodi-Crema, and Sondrio. Venetia included the provinces of Venice, Verona, Padua, Vicenza, Treviso, Rovigo, Belluno, and Udine.[9]

According to the Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by theImperial and RoyalAdministration of Statistics in 1855, the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia then had a population of 5,024,117 people, consisting of the following ethnic groups: 4,625,746 Italians (Lombard-Venetians); 351,805Friulians;12,084 Germans (Cimbriansin Venetia); 26,676Slovenians;and 7,806Jews.

For the first time since 1428, Lombardy reappeared as an entity, the first time in history that the term "Lombardy"was officially used to call specifically that entity and not for the whole ofNorthern Italy.

The administration used Italian as its language in its internal and external communications and documents, and the language's dominant position in politics, finance or jurisdiction was not questioned by the Austrian officials. The Italian-languageGazzetta di Milanowas theofficial newspaperof the kingdom. Civil servants employed in the administration were predominantly Italian, with only about 10% of them being recruited from other regions of the Austrian Empire. Some bilingual Italian-German-speaking civil servants came from the neighbouringCounty of Tyrol.The German language, however, was the command language of the military, and top police officials were native German-speakers from other parts of the empire.[11]The highest governorships were also reserved for Austrian aristocrats.

Austrian GeneralKarl von Schönhalswrote in his memoirs[12][13]that the Austrian administration enjoyed the support of the rural population and the middle class educated at the universities ofPaviaandPadua,who were able to pursue careers in the administration.

Von Schönhals further noted that the Austrians mistrusted and refused the local aristocrats from high government offices, as they traditionally had rejected university education and had been able to gain leadership positions because of their family background. Consequently, the aristocrats saw themselves deprived of the possibility of establishing themselves in the management of society and supported the wars of independence against the Austrians.

Kings

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Before theCongress of Vienna→ SeeDukes of Milan,Doges of Venice
King Reign Marriage(s)
Issue 		Succession right(s) Viceroy(s)
Francis I
(Francesco I)
1768–1835
(aged 67) 		9 June 1815
–
2 March 1835
List
1815–1816:Heinrich von Bellegarde
1816–1818:Anton Victor of Austria
1818–1848:Rainer Joseph of Austria
Ferdinand I
(Ferdinando I)
1793–1875
(aged 82) 		2 March 1835
–
2 December 1848
(Abdicated due to
1848 revolutions) 		Maria Anna of Savoy
(m.1831;w.1878)
Childless
  • Son of King Francis I
    (primogeniture)
Franz Joseph I
(Francesco Giuseppe I)
1830–1916
(aged 86) 		2 December 1848
–
12 October 1866
(Forced to cede
Lombardy and Venetia) 		Elisabeth in Bavaria
(m.1854;d.1898)
4 children
(3 survived to adulthood)
1848–1857:Joseph Radetzky
1857–1859:Maximilian of Austria
1859:Ferenc Gyulay

Governors of Lombardy

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Governors of Venetia

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Flags and Coats of Arms

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  • Official Flag of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
  • 1815–1866
    1815–1866
  • 1815
    1815
  • 1825
    1825
  • 1850
    1850
  • Coats of Arms of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
  • Lesser
    Lesser
  • Middle
    Middle
  • Greater
    Greater

References

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  1. ^Pütz, Wilhelm (1855).Leitfaden bei dem Unterricht in der vergleichenden Erdbeschreibung.Freiburg.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^Heimann, Heinz-Dieter (2010).Die Habsburger: Dynastie und Kaiserreiche.Munich: Beck. pp. 38–45.ISBN978-3-406-44754-9.
  3. ^German:Alles Erdreich ist Österreich untertan(All soil is subject to Austria),Latin:Austriae est imperare orbi universo(Austria is to rule the whole world). But in the book of the same author, another page in Latin "En, amor electis, iniustis ordinor ultor; Sic Fridericus ego mea iura rego" (En, the love of the elect, I am ordered to avenge the unjust; Thus, Frederick, I rule my rights) There are also others, but like House of Savoy'sFERT,the official interpretation is not set.
  4. ^abcFisher, Richard S. (1852).The Book of the World: Volume 2.New York.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^Rindler Schjerve, Rosita (2003).Diglossia and Power.Berlin.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^Francis Young & W.B.B. Stevens (1864).Garibaldi: His Life and Times.London.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^Pollock, Arthur William Alsager (1854).The United Service magazine: Vol.75.London.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^Förster, Ernst (1866).Handbuch für Reisende in Italien: Vol.1(in German). Munich.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^abRosita Rindler Schjerve (2003).Diglossia and Power: Language Policies and Practice in the 19th Century Habsburg Empire.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 199–200.ISBN3-11-017653-X.Retrieved23 March2022.
  10. ^"21st-22nd October 1866: annexation of Veneto to Italy".Archived fromthe originalon 10 July 2018.Retrieved20 November2023.(inItalian)
  11. ^Boaglio, Gualtiero. 2003. 6. Language and power in an Italian crownland of the Habsburg Empire: The ideological dimension of diglossia in Lombardy
  12. ^Schönhals, Karl von (1852)."'Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Veteranen aus dem italienischen Kriege der Jahre 1848 und 1849. 1'".MDZ.
  13. ^Schönhals, Karl von (1852)."'Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Veteranen aus dem italienischen Kriege der Jahre 1848 und 1849. 2'".MDZ.
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