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Long March 7

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Long March 7
Long March 7 Y6 transporting to launch site
FunctionMedium to heavy
launch vehicle
ManufacturerCALT
Country of originChina
Size
Height
  • CZ-7:53.10 m (174.2 ft)
  • CZ-7A:60.13 m (197.3 ft)[1]
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Mass
  • CZ-7:597,000 kg (1,316,000 lb)[2]
  • CZ-7A:573,000 kg (1,263,000 lb)[1]
Stages
  • CZ-7:Two
  • CZ-7A:Three[3]
Capacity
Payload toLEO(200 x 400 km x 42°)
Mass13,500 kg (29,800 lb)
Payload toGTO
Mass7,000 kg (15,000 lb)[3]
Payload toTLI
Mass5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
Payload toSSO
Altitude700 km (430 mi)
Mass5,500 kg (12,100 lb)
Associated rockets
FamilyLong March
ComparableDelta IV,Atlas V,Falcon 9 Block 5,GSLV Mk.III,H-IIA
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesWenchang,LC-2
Total launches16 (7:8,7A:8)
Success(es)15 (7:8,7A:7)
Failure(s)1 (7:0,7A:1)
First flight
  • Long March 7:25 June 2016
  • Long March 7A:16 march 2020
Last flight
  • Long March 7:17 January 2024
  • Long March 7A:22 August 2024
    (Both Active)
Boosters – K2 booster
No. boosters4
Height27 m (89 ft)
Diameter2.25 m (7 ft 5 in)
Powered by1YF-100
Maximum thrustSL:1,200 kN (270,000 lbf)
Vac:1,340 kN (300,000 lbf)
Total thrustSL:4,800 kN (1,100,000 lbf)
Vac:5,360 kN (1,200,000 lbf)
Specific impulseSL:300 s (2.9 km/s)
Vac:335 s (3.29 km/s)
PropellantRP-1/LOX
First stage – K3 core module
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Powered by2YF-100
Maximum thrustSea level:2,400 kN (540,000 lbf)
Vacuum:2,680 kN (600,000 lbf)
Specific impulseSea level:300 s (2.9 km/s)
Vacuum:335 s (3.29 km/s)
PropellantRP-1/LOX
Second stage
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Powered by4YF-115
Maximum thrust706 kN (159,000 lbf)
Specific impulse342 s (3.35 km/s)
PropellantRP-1/LOX
Third stage (CZ-7A)
Diameter3.0 m (9.8 ft)
Empty mass2,800 kg (6,200 lb)
Gross mass21,000 kg (46,000 lb)
Propellant mass18,200 kg (40,100 lb)
Powered by2YF-75
Maximum thrust167.17 kN (37,580 lbf)
Specific impulse4,295 m/s (438.0 s)
Burn time478 seconds
PropellantLH2/LOX
Fourth stage (optional) –YZ-1A
Powered by1 ×YF-50D
Maximum thrust6.5 kN (1,500 lbf)
Specific impulse315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
PropellantN2O4/UDMH
[edit on Wikidata]

TheLong March 7(Chinese:Trường chinh thất hào vận tái hỏa tiễn), orChang Zheng 7inpinyin,abbreviatedLM-7for export orCZ-7within China, originallyLong March 2F/HorChang Zheng 2F/H,nicknamedBingjian(Băng tiễn;'the Ice Arrow'), is a Chineseliquid-fuelledlaunch vehicleof theLong March family,developed by theChina Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation(CAST).[4]It made its inaugural flight on 25 June 2016.

Designed as a replacement of theLong March 2F,Long March 7 and its variants was expected to be the workhorse of the fleet, projected to account for around 70% of all Chinese launches. Long March 7 plays a critical role in theChinese Space Stationprogram: it is used to launch theTianzhourobotic cargo and resupply spacecraft to the station. The rocket was intended to replace theLong March 2Fas China's crew-rated launch vehicle in the future,[4]although by 2023 this role has apparently been taken over by the under-developmentLong March 10and Long March 10A.

Since 2020, in addition to the base Long March 7 configuration, there is theLong March 7A(CZ-7Aetc.) variant which differs from the base CZ-7 by the addition of aliquid hydrogen-liquid oxygenthird stage inherited from the third stage of theLong March 3B.[3]The rocket has also been developed into theLong March 8.

History

[edit]
Rendering of Long March 7
Rendering of Long March 7

The Long March 7 project started in 2008 with the formation of the development team within the traditional designer of space launch vehicles,CALT.[5]With the acquisition of theRD-120technology and development of theYF-100andYF-115engines, the original plan was to re-engine theLong March 2F.TheLong March 2F/H,as it would have been called, would "just" switch fromN2O4/UDMHto aLOX/kerosenepropellant and improved thrust engines to offer better performance. But the switch resulted in a cascade of changes that increased the project complexity significantly.[6]

At the same time, the originalLong March 5project was expected to include heavy, medium and light versions. Since the Long March 2F/H and the medium Long March 5 had significant overlaps, it was decided to merge both projects. This way, the high reliability and flight legacy components and technologies of the Long March 2F were merged with the new technologies developed for the Long March 5.[6]Although finished nearly at the same time, the Long March 6 was a completely separate product developed by a young team withinSAST.As such, it shares little more than tank diameters and propulsion with the LM-5 and LM7, but does cover the range of payloads between the medium Long March 7 and the very lightLong March 11.[7]

In 2010, the project name was changed officially toLong March 7.According to the project deputy manager, Zhang Tao, the project required eleven new major technologies. But the innovation was not only at the product level, but one at the process itself. This was, according to the project manager, Wang Xiaojun, the first time the whole process was developed in digital 3D, usingcomputer-aided designdirectly tocomputer-aided manufacturing.[8]

The inaugural flight was successfully performed on 25 June 2016, at 12:00UTCfrom theWenchang,LC-2 launch pad. It launched in theLM-7configuration with the addition of the simultaneously debutingYuanzheng-1Aupper stage; the flight performed its multi-orbit mission successfully.[9]

Design

[edit]

The Long March 7 is the medium-lift variant of a new generation rocket family that includes the heavier-liftLong March 5and the small-mid cargoLong March 6.The structure is based on the reliable,human-ratedLong March 2Flaunch vehicle. It inherited the 3.35 m-diameter core stage and 2.25 m-diameterliquid rocket boosters.Where the earlierLong March 2rocket family used expensive and dangerousN2O4/UDMHpropellants, the Long March 7 usesLOXandkerosene.The engines are shared with the Long March 5 and 6. The goal was to build a more cost-effective and less hazardous rocket family to replace today's Long March 2 and eventually the Long March 3.[10]It is capable of placing a 5,500 kg (12,100 lb) payload into aSun-synchronous orbit(SSO) of 700 km (430 mi).[11]

Stages

[edit]

The Long March 7 inherits the modular stages of the originalLong March 5project. As such, its first stage is the same module as the LM-5 boosters. It also shares tank diameters and engines with theLong March 6,but the design groups were completely different. The LM-5 and LM-7 were developed byChina Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology(CALT), while the LM-6 was done byShanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology(SAST). Even the avionics are different.[7]

The basic Long March 7 can be optimized by varying the number of boosters or enhanced by the addition of upper stages. These stages allow more mission flexibility, like direct injection to higher orbits or multiple orbit deployment. They can also increase the performance significantly. Thanks to this modularity, performance can be dialed between 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) and 13,500 kg (29,800 lb) forLEO,2,000 kg (4,400 lb) and 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) forSSOand 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) and 7,000 kg (15,000 lb) toGeostationary transfer orbit(GTO).[12][13]

Boosters

[edit]

The Long March 7 can use 0, 2 or 4 boosters usingRP-1/LOXpropellant.[14]They are powered by a single oxidizer-richstaged combustionYF-100engine. Each boosters supplies 1,200 kN (270,000 lbf) at sea level and 1,340 kN (300,000 lbf) in vacuum of thrust. Itsspecific impulseis 300 s (2.9 km/s) at sea level and 335 s (3.29 km/s) in vacuum. Each module has its own single axisthrust vector control,and thus it required a special design in the control systems of the rocket to coordinate all the rocket's nozzles.[11][14]They use the legacy 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) width of theLong March 2andLong March 3families, but due to the increased thrust of theYF-100with respect to theYF-20andYF-25,the boosters are almost twice as long, at 27 m (89 ft).[14]A Long March 7 rocket booster created a fireball visible from portions ofUtah,Nevada,Colorado,IdahoandCaliforniaon the evening of 27 July 2016; its disintegration was widely reported onsocial media,and the uncontrolled re-entry of such a five-ton object was regarded as a rare event.[15]

First stage

[edit]

The first stage has 3.35 m (11.0 ft) diameter tanks carrying RP-1/LOX propellant. It is powered by two YF-100 engines, sharing the same propulsion elements as the boosters, only that for the first stage the engines can gimbal in two axes.[14]Also, this first stage is the same basic module as theLong March 5boosters. The diameter was designed for land transport and as such, it will be able to launch from all the Chinese launch sites. This is a critical difference to the LM-5 that requires water transport for its core stages.[11]While it shares diameter and engines with theLong March 6first stage, the development was completely separated and done by different groups.[7]

Second stage

[edit]

The second stage also shares the first 3.35 m (11.0 ft) diameter tanks and propellant. It is powered by four oxidizer-rich staged combustion RP-1/LOXYF-115engines. Two are fixed and two can gimbal in two axis.[14]It offers 706 kN (159,000 lbf) of thrust in vacuum with a specific impulse of 341.5 s (3.349 km/s).[11]While it shares engines with the Long March 6 second stage, the development were completely separated and done by different groups.[7]

Optional stages

[edit]

Yuanzheng-1A

[edit]

It can use theYuanzheng-1Aupper stage to increase payload to higher energy orbits and enable multiple ignition missions. Particularly, allows direct injection toSSOorbits.[16]The inaugural flight successfully used this upper stage to deliver multiple payloads to different orbits.[12]

Hydrogen stage

[edit]

The Long March 7 is expected to be enhanced by a high-energyliquid hydrogenandliquid oxygenstage. This stage and the low inclination of Wenchang would enable to launch payload between 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) and 7,000 kg (15,000 lb) toGeostationary transfer orbit(GTO) orbit. That would be a 25% increase with respect to the previously most powerful Chinese launcher, theLong March 3B,but well below theLong March 5.[12]The Long March 7A variant, active since March 2020, accomplishes just this enhancement; it is made of the initial two stages of Long March 7, with a third stage powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.

In the 2013 presentation of variations, a hydrogen-powered stage was also used as a second stage. It was not clear if it would be the same stage used as the second stage or a different stage. In both cases (second and third stage) they would be powered by theYF-75or theYF-75D.[14]

Solid boosters

[edit]

The 2013 presentation of the variation also proposed smaller 2 m (6 ft 7 in) diameter solid boosters as a cheaper option for smaller payloads.[14]

Avionics

[edit]

After the inaugural flight, Song Zhengyu, Deputy Chief Control Systems Designer for the Long March 7 project, stated that the flight had proven indigenousavionics.They had to work with the local industry to developspace rateddual processorPLCs.It was also stated that thereal-time operating systemwas also an indigenous development. The general design was based on adistributed architectureto enablescalabilityandfault tolerance.This avionics would be the base for most future developments and had been designed withreusabilityin mind.[17]

2013 proposed variations

[edit]

In a paper published on theManned Spaceflightpublication of theCMSEO,the Long March 7 was presented as a family of launch vehicles.[14]The variations would be codified by a two number plus variable letters code, and a CZ-7 prefix in the formCZ-7##.The first digit would mean the number of stages in the core, which could be either2or3.The second number would mean the number of boosters, which could be0,2or4,with anSappended if the boosters were of solid type. There was also proposed an alternative second stage powered by theLH/LOXpropellant and dualYF-75engines would be identified by appending an(HO)to the designation. At last, it could have an additional upper stage, later identified as theYuanzheng-1A,that would be identified by appending to the designation/SM.[14]

For example, the version that debuted was codified under this nomenclature as theCZ-724/SM,since it had twoRP-1/LOXcore stages, four liquid boosters and was enhanced by the Yuanzheng-1A stage. ACZ-720would have two RP-1/LOX stages and no boosters. ACZ-724S(HO)would have a RP-1/LOX first stage, a LH/LOX second stage and four solid boosters. ACZ-732would have two RP-1/LOX stages, a LH/LOX third stage, and two liquid boosters. The paper expected the following performance from certain versions.[14]

Version LEO SSO GTO
CZ-720 2000 kg –
CZ-722 7500 kg 1300 kg
CZ-724 13500 kg 5500 kg
CZ-720/SM 1000 kg
CZ-722/SM 4500 kg
CZ-724/SM 8500 kg
CZ-722S/SM 1800 kg
CZ-724S/SM 3900 kg
CZ-730 1200 kg
CZ-732 4500 kg
CZ-734 7000 kg
CZ-720(HO) 5500 kg 2900 kg 1500 kg
CZ-722S(HO) 7500 kg 4400 kg 2400 kg

The paper also presented the propulsion options for each stage. TheRP-1/LOXsecond stage had only twoYF-115instead of the normal four, when used in the version with no boosters. It might have implied a different smaller upper stage or an under filled one.[14]

Version Boosters 1st Stage 2nd Stage 3rd Stage Maneuver Stage
CZ-720 0 YF-100× 2 YF-115× 2 / /
CZ-722 2.25 m liquid × 2 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 / /
CZ-724 2.25 m liquid × 4 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 / /
CZ-720/SM 0 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 2 / YF-50× 1
CZ-722/SM 2.25 m liquid × 2 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 / YF-50 × 1
CZ-724/SM 2.25 m liquid × 4 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 / YF-50 × 1
CZ-722S/SM 2 m solid × 2 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 / YF-50 × 1
CZ-724S/SM 2 m solid × 4 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 / YF-50 × 1
CZ-720(HO) 0 YF-100 × 2 YF-75× 2 / /
CZ-722(HO) 2.25 m liquid × 2 YF-100 × 2 YF-75 × 2 / /
CZ-724(HO) 2.25 m liquid × 4 YF-100 × 2 YF-75 × 2 / /
CZ-722S(HO) 2 m solid × 2 YF-100 × 2 YF-75 × 2 / /
CZ-724S(HO) 2 m solid × 4 YF-100 × 2 YF-75 × 2 / /
CZ-730 0 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 2 YF-75 × 2 /
CZ-732 2.25 m liquid × 2 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 YF-75 × 2 /
CZ-734 2.25 m liquid × 4 YF-100 × 2 YF-115 × 4 YF-75 × 2 /

CZ-7A variant

[edit]
Rendering of CZ-7A
Rendering of CZ-7A

Since 2020, the base two-stage CZ-7 configuration has been supplemented by the CZ-7A variant. This variant employs the boosters and the first two stages of the base configuration, and add to this a third stage that employs two cryogenicYF-75engines operating onLH2andLOXliquid fuels; the third stage of the 7A variant is inherited from the third stage of theLong March 3B.(Note that the 7A variant is similar to the CZ-73X variants first proposed in 2013; see previous subsection).

The maiden CZ-7A was launched on 16 March 2020 at 13:34 UTC from Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on Hainan island. Two hours after launch, state news sources announced that the flight ended in failure; no causes for the failure were indicated initially. Launch preparations for the maiden flight continued in the weeks prior to launch despite measures taken to combat the spread of the COVID-19 virus in China.[18]In 2021, some observers speculated, based on unconfirmed ChineseBaiduposts, that the failure of the CZ-7A's maiden flight was caused by the loss of pressurization in one of its four boosters just prior tomain engine cutoffand thestagingof the first stage (about 168 seconds into the flight).[19]

The second CZ-7A launched successfully from Wenchang on 11 March 2021.[20]The launch vehicle carried theShiyan-9satellite to test new technologies such as space environmental monitoring, according to theChina Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation(CASC).[21]

Launch Statistics

[edit]
1
2
3
4
2016
2020
2024
  • Failure
  • Partial failure
  • Success
  • Planned

List of launches

[edit]
Main article:List of Long March launches
Flight number Date (UTC) Variant Launch site Upper stage Payload Orbit Result References
Y1 25 June 2016
12:00[12] 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 YZ-1A Next-Generation Crew Capsule Scale Model• Star of Aoxiang • Aolong-1 • Tiange-1 • Tiange-2 LEO Success [22][23]
Y2 20 April 2017
11:41[24] 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 1 LEO Success [25][26]
7A-Y1 16 March 2020
13:34 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None XJY 6 GTO Failure [3][27][28]
7A-Y2 11 March 2021
17:51 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None Shiyan 9 GTO Success [21][20]
Y3 29 May 2021
12:55 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 2 LEO Success [29]
Y4 20 September 2021
07:10 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 3 LEO Success [30]
7A-Y3 23 December 2021
10:12 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None Shiyan 12-01
Shiyan 12-02 		GTO Success [31]
Y5 9 May 2022
17:56 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 4 LEO Success [32]
7A-Y5 13 September 2022
13:18 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None ChinaSat 1E GTO Success [33]
Y6 12 November 2022
02:03 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 5 LEO Success [34]
7A-Y4 8 January 2023
22:00 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None Shijian 23 GTO Success [35]
Y7 10 May 2023
13:22 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 6 LEO Success [36]
7A-Y6 3 November 2023
14:54 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None TJS-10 GTO Success [37]
Y8 17 January 2024
14:27 		7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 7 LEO Success [38]
7A-Y8 29 June 2024
11:57 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None ChinaSat 3A GTO Success [37]
7A-Y9 22 August 2024
12:25 		7A Wenchang,LC-2 None ChinaSat 4A GTO Success [37]
Y9 30 September 2024
 7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 8 LEO Planned [39]
7A-Y7 December 2024 7A Wenchang,LC-2 None XJY 6-02 GTO Planned [37]
Y10 January 2025
 7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 9 LEO Planned [39]
Y11 September 2025
 7 Wenchang,LC-2 None Tianzhou 10 LEO Planned [39]
7A-Y10 December 2025 7A Wenchang,LC-2 None TBA GTO Planned [37]
7A-Y11 December 2025 7A Wenchang,LC-2 None TBA GTO Planned [37]
7A-Y12 December 2026 7A Wenchang,LC-2 None TBA GTO Planned [37]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^[1]- 8 May 2020
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    [...]
    07/24 CZ5B Wentian
    08/.. CZ7A ❓
    10/.. CZ5B Mengtian
    11/.. CZ7 Tianzhou-5
    12/.. CZ7A ❓
    2 crewed launches from Jiuquan
    06/05 SZ14
    12/.. SZ15 "    (Tweet).Retrieved18 April2022– viaTwitter.
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